TJHE

HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

What is Behavior?

Refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the

environment. Behavior can be conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and
voluntary or involuntary

Attributes of Behavior
Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable.
Covert behavior – those that are hidden from the view of the observer.
Simple behavior – less number of neurons are consumed in the process of
behaving
Complex behavior – combination of simple behavior
Rational behavior- acting with sanity or with reasons
Irrational behavior – acting without reason/ unaware
Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of will.
Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that goes on even when we are awake or
asleep.

Aspects of Behaviors

a. Intellectual Aspect – way of thinking, reasoning, solving problem, processing

info and coping with the environment.
b. Emotional Aspect – feelings, moods, temper, strong motivational force with
in the person.
c. Social Aspect – people interaction or relationship with other people.
d. Moral Aspect – conscience, concept on what is good or bad.
e. Psychosexual Aspect – being a man or a woman and the expression of
love.
f. Political Aspect – ideology towards society/government
g. Values/ Attitude – interest towards something, likes and

Why do we need to study human behavior?

 Modern Criminologists regard crime as social phenomenon: meaning – an

individual’s criminal behavior could be attributed directly or indirectly with his
experiences and interactions to his social environment.

What do we used to understand human Behavior?

 Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the systematic,
and often scientific, study of human/animal mental functions and behavior.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Relationship of Human Behavior to Crime

 Committing crime is an extremely common human behavior. Nearly everyone
has broken the law and committed a crime at some point.

 Considering physiological, psychological and pharmacological factors, we

explore the influences of family, peers and the effects of alcohol and drugs on
the incidence of criminal behavior.

 And we examine how the urban and social environment encourages (or
inhibits) opportunities to commit crime.

Application of Psychology in Law Enforcement

a. Psychology in public relation
b. Psychology in investigation
c. Psychology and group control
d. Psychology and alcoholics
e. Psychology and the courts

Goals and Objectives of Studying Human Behavior

1. To describe behavior whether normal and acceptable norms or it is abnormal

and a deviant behavior.

2. To identify factors that can predict behavior, e.g. depressed, unrealistic and
unreasonable.

3. To understand and explain by identifying causes that bring about certain

effects, assemble them which are common facts or gather facts and define
principles.

4. To control and change behavior as a result of the prediction.

Approaches in the Study of Human Behavior

1. Neurological - emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place
inside the body, especially the brain and the nervous system.

2. Behavioral - focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be

observed and measured. Ex: rewards and punishments

3. Cognitive - concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms
information in various ways.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

4. Psychoanalytical - emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from

repressed sexual and aggressive impulses in childhood.

5. Humanistic - focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and

motivation toward self-actualization.

The Five Basic Factors Affecting Behavior

1. Heredity/Biological Factors (nature) - are those that explained by heredity, the
characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one
generation to another. It explains that certain emotional aggression, our
intelligence, ability and potentials and our physical appearance are inherited.

2. Environmental Factors (nurture) – refers to anything around the person that

influences his actions.

3. Institutional influences such as: peer groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO’s, etc.

4. Socio-cultural factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and

discrimination, economic and employment problems and other social
changes.

5. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that
influence man to commit crime because poverty is one of the many reasons
to criminal behavior.

OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

1. Needs, Drives and Motivations

a. Needs are the triggering factor that drives or moves a person to act. It is a
psychological state of tissue deprivation.

b. Drives are aroused state that results from some biological needs. The
aroused condition motivates the person to remedy the need.

c. Motivation on the other hand refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior as
required by a need.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Drive and motivation covers all of psychology, they energizes behavior

and give its direction to man’s action. For example, a motivated individual is
engaged in a more active, more vigorous, and more effective that unmotivated one,
thus a hungry person directs him to look for food.

 Types of Human Needs:

Human needs arise out of a person’s biological or psychological make up.

They can be biological (biogenic) needswhich are the needs of the body
which exist for the maintenance of health and protection of the body
against physical injuries. These include the need for:
1. food – hunger: the body needs adequate supply of nutrients to function
efficiently. “An empty stomach sometimes drives a person to steal.”

2. air – need of oxygen

3. water - thirst

4. rest – weary bodies needs this.

5. sex– a powerful motivator but unlike food and water, sex is not vital for
survival but essential to the survival of the species.

6. avoidance of pain – the need to avoid tissue damage is essential to the

survival of the organism. Pain will activate behavior to reduce discomfort.

7. stimulus seekingcuriosity – most people and animal is motivated to explore

the environment even when the activity satisfies no bodily needs.

FRUSTRATION, CONFLICT and HUMAN VALUES

 Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that results from the blocking of
motive satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It is the
feeling that is experienced when something interferes with our hopes, wishes,
plans and expectations.

 Common Sources of Frustration

1. Physical Obstacles – are physical barriers or circumstances that prevent a

person from doing his plan or fulfilling his wishes.

2. Social Circumstances – are restrictions or circumstances imposed by other

people and the customs and laws of social living.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

3. Personal shortcoming – such as being handicapped by diseases, deafness,

paralysis, etc. which serves as a barrier to the things one ought to do.

4. Conflicts between motives

 Reactions to Frustrations

1. by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by breaking the

obstacles barring him from his goal, or by getting angry and become
aggressive; and/or

2. by running away (flight) from the problem, retreating, becoming indifferent,

and by giving up without a fight.

 These reactions to frustrations are sometimes called fight-reactions.

 Frustration-tolerance

 Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states, or

frustration tolerance. Some people are able to withstand prolonged periods of
tension without showing signs of abnormality. Others become neurotic or
psychotic, or convert their frustrations into physical illness, while some act out
their frustrations by committing anti-social acts or becoming alcoholics or drug
addicts.

 Most normal persons react to frustration in the following ways:

a. direct approach
b. detour
c. substitution
d. withdrawal or retreat
e. developing feelings of inferiority
f. aggression
g. use of defense mechanism

What is a Defense Mechanism?

 Defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to prevent a
person’s self image from being damage.

Kinds of Defense Mechanism

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Denial of reality – protection of one self from unpleasant reality by refusal to

perceive or face it. Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant. Or in
denial, the ego shuts itself off from certain realities.

 Fantasy – the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary achievement.

Paying attention not to what is going on around him but rather to what is
taking place on his thoughts.

 Projection – placing blame for difficulties upon others or attributing one’s own
unethical desires to others in an effort to prevent ourselves being blamed.

 Rationalization– the use of excuses an individual to him and to others.

Attempting to prove that one’s behavior is justifiable and thus worthy of self
and social approval. It is also an elaborate justification for what were
obviously illogical or immature actions.

 Reaction Formation – it occurs when someone tries to prevent his

submission to unacceptable impulses by vigorously taking an opposite stand.

 Displacement – discharging pent-up emotion on objects less dangerous than

those that initially aroused the emotion.

 Emotional Insulation - withdrawal into passivity to protect self from hurt.

 Isolation/Intellectualization – serves to cut off the emotions from a situation

which is normally is full of feeling.

 Regression– revert from a past behavior or retreating to earlier

developmental level involving less mature responses and usually a lower
level of aspiration. Example is falling back to childish behavior patterns; some
respond to stress by overeating or by drinking too much.

 Sublimation – a process by which instinctual drives, consciously

unacceptable, are diverted into personally and socially accepted channels.
Example is gratification of frustrated sexual desires in substitutive men sexual
activities.

 Identification– increasing feeling of worth by identifying self with person or

institution. The person can associate himself with something or someone to
elevate position. Or it is a process whereby an individual without conscious

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

awareness, satisfied frustrated desires by psychologically assuming the role

or some of the traits of another person.

 Introjection– incorporating external values and standards into ego structures

so individual is not at their mercy as external threats. The acceptance of
others’ values even they are contrary to one’s own assumption.

 Undoing – Apologizing for wrongs, repentance, doing penance and

undergoing punishment to negate a disapproved act.

 Sympathism– striving to gain sympathy from others. The person seeks to be

praised by relating faults or problem.

 Acting-out – reduction of the anxiety aroused by forbidden desires by

permitting their expression. The individual deals with all his impulses by
expressing them.

 Substitution (displacement) - a process by which an unattainable or

unacceptable goal, emotion or object is replaced by one that is more
attainable or acceptable.

 Repression- the ego blocks off threatening thoughts or desires and thus
keeps them from sweeping into the spotlight of consciousness.

Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives

resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to
normal behavior.

 Types of Conflicts

1. Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two

desirable activities that can not be pursued simultaneously.

2. Double Avoidance Conflict - a person faces two undesirable situations in

which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an
intense emotion.

3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces a situation having both a

desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”, because
some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless of
which course of action is chosen.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

4. Multiple Approach- Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice must

be made between two or more alternatives each of which has both positive
and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features
of each portion are often difficult to compare.

HUMAN VALUES
Human values are relevant in understanding human behavior. It is the
standard which people uses to cognize, express, and evaluates behavior as
right or wrong, just or unjust, appropriate or inappropriate.
Two General Classifications of Behaviors
1. Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the socially accepted behavior
because they follow the standard norms of society.

2. Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant from social expectations

because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.

A normal person is characterized by the following criteria:

A. Free expression of personality
B. Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
C. Adequate security feeling
D. Self-esteem and acceptance
E. Efficient contact/perception of reality
F. Adaptability to group norms or ability to form affectionate relationship with
others
G. Emotional maturity
H. Adequate self-knowledge
I. Integrated and consistent personality
J. Productivity
Abnormal Behavior
A. Deviation from average (statistical norm)
B. Deviation from the ideal (from social norms).
C. Abnormality as a sense of subjective discomfort (personal distress).
D. Abnormality as the inability to function effectively (maladaptive
behavior).

Classifications or Patterns of Abnormal Behaviors

A. The Neurotic Behaviors
B. The Psychopathic Behaviors
C. The Psychotic Behaviors

What are Neurotic Behaviors?

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 NEUROTIC BEHAVIORS - group of mild functional personality disorders in

which there is no gross personality disorganization and the individual is not
required for hospitalization.

 People with neurotic behaviors are sometimes called psychoneurotic.These

are persons who are in the twilight zone between normality and abnormality.
They are not insane, but neither are they normal. They are always tense,
restless and anxious. Frequently, they have obsessions, compulsions,
phobias and in some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant
characteristics.

 Neurotic Behaviors are composed of the following disorders:

1. Anxiety disorders - These are commonly known as “neurotic fear”. When it

is occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it
is called “worry”. They are considered as the central feature of all neurotic
patterns. They are characterized by:

A. mild depressions
B. fear and tensions
C. mild stresses

Anxiety disorders are grouped as:

a. Obsessive-compulsive disorders

b. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - anxiety disorder characterized by

chronic mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains.

c. Phobic Disorders – the persistent fear on some objects or situation that

present no actual danger to the person.

 Example of Phobias

Acrophobia - high places

Agoraphobia - open places
Algophobia - pain
Asthraphobia - storms, thunder, lightning
Claustrophobia - closed places
Hematophobia - blood

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Hydrophobia - water
Mysophobia - contamination/germs
Monophobia - being alone
Nyctophobia - darkness
Ocholophobia - crowds

2. Somatoform Disorders - Complains of bodily symptoms that suggest the

presence of physical problem but no organic basis can be found. The
individual is pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases.

a. Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern about state of health or physical

condition (multiplicity about illness).A Hypochondriacally person tend to seek
medical advises, but their fears is not lessened by their doctor’s
reassurances, and they maybe disappointed when no physical problem is
found.

b. Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterized by the report of severe and

lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is greatly in
excess of what would be expected form the physical abnormality.

c. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) – a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of

some physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic
abnormality.

 EXAMPLES OF HYSTERIA

1. Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria:

A. Anasthesia – loss of sensitivity

B. Hyperesthesia – excessive sensitivity
C. Hypesthesia – partial loss of sensitivity
D. Analgesia – loss of sensitivity to pain
E. Paresthesia - exceptional sensations
2. Motor Symptoms of Hysteria

D. Paralysis – selective loss of function

E. Astasia-abasia – inability to control leg when standing
F. Aphonia – partial inability to speak
G. Mutism – total inability to speak

3. Visceral Symptoms of Hysteria

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

A. Choking sensation
B. Coughing spells
C. Difficulty in breathing
D. Cold and clammy extremities
E. Nausea

3. Dissociative Disorders - A response to obvious stress characterized by:

A. Amnesia – partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences.

a. brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it can not be

retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of medication.

b. Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still

they are beneath the level of consciousness but “forgotten
material”.

B. Multiple Personality – also called “dual personalities”. The person

manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically
different.

C. Depersonalization – loss of sense of self or the so called out of body

experience.

4. Affective Disorders - The affective disorders are “mood disorders”, in which

extreme or inappropriate levels of mood – extreme elation or extreme
depression.

What are Psychopathic Behaviors?

 The second groups of abnormal behaviors typically stemmed from immature

and distorted personality development, resulting in persistent maladaptive
ways of perceiving and thinking.

 People with psychopathic behaviors are also called sociopaths or

psychopaths.

 These are persons who do not have any neurotic or psychotic symptoms but
are not able to conform to prevailing customs and standards of conduct of his
social group.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Types of psychopathic behavior

1. Personality Disorders – disorders of character, the person is characterized

as a “problematic” without psychoses. This disorder is characterized by
disrupted personal relationship, dependent or passive aggressive behavior.

2. Criminal Behavior - The disorder used to describe the behavior of a person

who commits serious crimes from individual to property crimes and the
disobedience of societal rules in general.

Types of Personality Disorders

1. Paranoid Personality – characterized by suspiciousness, rigidity, envy,

hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency
to blame others for one’s own mistakes.

2. Schizoid Personality – characterized by the inability to form social

relationship and lack interest in doing so. The person seem to express their
feelings, they lack social skills. They are the so called “loners”.

3. Schizotypal Personality – characterized by seclusiveness, oversensitivity,

avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is common.

4. Histrionic Personality – characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional

instability and self-dramatization.

5. Narcissistic Personality – characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-

importance and pre-occupation with receiving attention. The person usually
expects and demands special treatment from others and disregarding the
rights and feeling of others.

6. Borderline Personality – characterized by instability reflected in drastic

mood shifts and behavior problems. The person usually display intense anger
outburst with little provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and
periodically unstable.

7. Avoidant Personality – characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and

apprehensive alertness to any sign of social derogation. Person is reluctant to
enter into social interaction.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

8. Dependent Personality – characterized by extreme dependence on other

people – there is acute discomfort and even panic to be alone. The person
lacks confidence and feels helpless.

9. Passive-Aggressive Personality – characterized by being hostile express in

indirect and non-violent ways. They are the so called “stubborn”.

10. Compulsive Personality – characterized by excessive concern with rules,

order, and efficiency that everyone does things their way and an ability to
express warm feeling. The person is over conscientious, serious, and with
difficulty in doing things for relaxation.

11. Anti-social Personality – characterized by continuing violation of the rights

of others through aggressive, anti-social behavior without remorse or loyalty
to anyone.

What are Psychotic Behaviors?

 The group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue,
severe disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality.

 People suffering from psychotic behaviors (psychosis) are also called

psychotic. They are regarded as the most severe type of mental disorder.

 A psychotic has tensions that disturb thinking, feeling and sensing; the
perception of reality is distorted. He may have delusions and hallucinations.

Types of Psychotic Behaviors

1. Organic Mental Disorders - this occurs when the normal brain has been
damage resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.

2. Senile and Pre-senile Dementia

 Senile Dementia – mental disorder that accompanied by brain

degeneration due to old age.

 Pre-senile Dementia – mental disorder associated with earlier

degeneration of the brain.

3. Mental Retardation - A mental disorder characterized by sub-average

general functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

4. Schizophrenia and Paranoia

 Schizophrenia – refers to the group of psychotic disorders

characterized by gross distortions of reality, withdrawal of social
interaction, disorganization and fragmentation of perception, thoughts
and emotion.

 Paranoia – the same as “delusions”, “impaired contact with reality”. A

psychotic behavior characterized by delusion of apprehension
following a failure or frustration.

Other Groups of Human Disorders

1. Addictive Groups of Disorders

A. Substance Use
B. Extreme obesity
C. Pathological gambling

2. Sexual Deviations– these are characterized by abnormal sexual desires or

acts which are also known as sexual perversion. Examples of these are:

A. Bestiality
B. Homosexuality
C. Lesbianism
D. Pedophilia
E. Sodomy
F. Prostitution

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

VICTIMOLOGY

Overview

Victimology is the social scientific of criminal victimization. As a sub-field of

criminology (the social scientific study of crime), it too seeks to explain crime, but
through more of a focus on the victims of crime. This course will cover three general
inter-related areas. One is research and theory on victimization. Here, you will learn
about rates of victimization and how they differ according to social categories (race,
ethnicity, age, class, gender, etc,), theories that explain differential victimization (of
individuals and social categories, and empirical tests of these theories. The second
area is the consequences of victimization. Here, you will learn mostly about the
impact of criminal victimization upon individuals mental (and physical) health, but
also the macro social costs of victimization (including economic). The third area is
practical responses to victimization. Here you will learn about the history and
development of the victims rights movement”, as well as social policy and services
aimed at restoring victims. To well in this course, you will not only need to absorb
information, but you must apply your own creative, critical thinking as well.

Essay:

1. How do you understand the word offender and the word victim?

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

2. In your own idea/opinion, what are the programs of the government to protect the
victim?

Historical background of Victimology

Historically, the Latin term ‘victima’ was used to described individuals or

animals whose lives were destined to be sacrificed to please a deity. It did not
necessarily imply pain or suffering only a sacrificial role. “Victimology” arose in
Europe after World War II, primarily to seek to understand the criminal-victim
relationship. Early victimology theory posited that victim attitudes and conduct are
among the causes of criminal.
In the 19th century, the word victim became connected with the notion of harm
or loss in general (Spalek 2006). In the modern criminal justice system, the word
victim has come to describe any person who has experienced injury, loss, or
hardship due to the illegal action of another individual, group or organization
(Karmen 2004).
As Tokiwa University (Japan) Professsor of Criminology and Victimology John
Dusssich noted, “As a graduate student in 1962, I had the privilege of being a
student of Stephen Schafer who was a victimologists. He first spoke about victimlogy
in his class on criminological theory. It was the first time that he ever gave a lecture
in this country and we became friends after that the interest in victimology correlated
with increasing concern about crime in America in the late 1060s. It is perhaps no
coincidence that the precursor to Dr. Schafer’s book was a study he conducted for

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

the US Department of Health, education, and welfare. The crime wave of the time
led to the formation of the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the
administration of justice in 1966, which conducted the first national victimization
surveys that, in turn showed that victimization rates were far higher than shown in
law enforcement figures-and that many non-reporting victims acted out distrust of
the justice system. This captured the attention of researchers who began to examine
the impact of crime on victims, as well as victim disillusionment with the system.
According to the federal bureau of investigation (FBI), between the 1970’s
and 1980’s just after the civil rights movement, there was increased awareness
about victims. In 1972, the FBI formed the Behavioral Science unit (BSU) to study
the relationships between the offender, the victims and group dynamics in society.
What is Victimology?

Victimology is the study of the relationship between the victim and the
perpetrator. Likewise it is the “scientific study of physical, emotional, and financial
harm people suffer because of illegal activities. It is the study of the victim, including
offender and society. Furthermore, it is a social structural way of viewing crime and
the law and the criminal and the victim.
Victimology is the study of victimization, including the relationships between
victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice
system- that is, the police and the courts, and correction officials-and the connection
between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media,
businesses, and social movements. Victimology is, however, not restricted to the
study of victims of crime alone but may include other forms of human rights violation.
To understand this concept, first we must understand what the terms victim
and perpetrator mean. The victim is a person who has been harmed by a
perpetrator. A victim is a person who suffers direct or threatened physical, emotional
or financial harm as a result of an act by someone else, which is a crime. A victim of
misplaced confidence; a victim of swindler; and a victim of an optical illusion; a

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

person or animal sacrificed or regarded as sacrificed: war victims living creature

sacrificed in religious rites. A living being sacrificed to a deity or in the performance
of a religious rite.
The perpetrator, also known as the offender, is an individual who has
committed the crime against the victim. Additionally, he is an aggressor, assailant,
criminal, evil doer, felon, lawbreaker, malefactor, malfeasant, one implicated in the
commission of a crime, one who breaks the law, one who commits a crime, peccans,
sinner, transgressor, violator, wrongdoer. Law enforcement agencies use the study
of victimology and the theories of victimology to determine why the victim was
targeted by the offender.

Subsequently, some general facts have been gathered about victimization.

 Victimization is more likely at night (6:00 pm to 6:00 am). Personal larceny is
more common during the day, with more serious crime occurring at night.
 Crime occurs more in open public areas, although rapes and simple assaults
tend to occur in homes.
 Crime is most frequent in central city areas.
 Western urban areas have the highest crime rates, while the northeast rural
areas have the lowest.
 The national crime survey syndicates that 25% of US households have at
least one individual who was victimized in some way during the past year.
 Personal theft is very common. About 99% of American will be the victim of
personal theft at some time in their lives, and 87% will be a theft victim three
or more times.
 Men are twice as likely as women to be victims of robbery and assault. The
violent victimization rate for females has been fairly stable, but there has been
a 20% increase for males in the last 15 years.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age 25. Contrary to popular belief,
grandparents are safer than their grandchildren.
 Unmarried/never married people are more likely to be victims than the
married or widowed.
 The poor are more likely to be victims of crime. They are far more likely to be
victims of violent crime, while the middle class are more likely to be victims of
property crime.
 African Americans are victimized at the highest rates. Crime tends to be intra-
racial (criminal and victims of the same race) rather than interracial (criminal
and victim of different races). About 75% of crime is intra-racial.
 Strangers commit about 60% of violent crimes. However, females are more
likely to know their assailants.
 In some studies, over half of offenders report being under the influence of
alcohol and or other drugs when they committed the offense resulting in
incarceration.
 The characteristics of those most likely to be victimized might be summarized
as: young, black, urban, poor and male.

Essay:

1. Discuss the importance of studying victimology?

2. Discuss the possible contributions of this subject to the Law Enforcement
Administration?

CHAPTER 2
THEORIES OF VICTIMIZATION

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Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

In this chapter it presents the different theories of victimization. victimization is

the outcome of deliberate action taken by a person or institution to exploit, oppress,
or harm another, or to destroy or illegally obtain another’s property or possessions.
The Latin word victim means “sacrificial animal” but the term victim has evolved to
include a variety of targets, including oneself, another individual, a household, a
business, the state or the environment. The act committed by the offender is usually
a violation of a criminal or civil statute but does not necessarily have to violate a law.
Harm can include psychological/emotional damage, physical or sexual injury, or
economic loss.
Victimology is the scientific study of victims. Victimologists focus on a range
of victim-related issues, including estimating the extent of differently types of
victimization, explaining why victimization occurs to whom or what, the effects and
consequences of victimization, and examining victims’ right within the legal system.
Different domains of victimization are also of interest. Victimology is characterized as
an interdisciplinary field-academics, practitioners, and advocates worldwide from the
fields of criminology, economics, forensic sciences, law, political science, public
health, psychology, social work, sociology, nursing and medicine focus on victims’
right.
The noun “victimization” in this report has two meanings, “an act that exploits
or victimizes someone” and “adversity resulting from being made a victim”
(victimization, N.d). Despite these two descriptions of the same word, both illustrate
the problem of victimization, especially in number as high as the U.S experiences
each year. As a method of countering the problem of crime., and of dealing with the
numerous victims left in their wake, criminologists turn to the study of victims and
their relationship to the criminal act. While caring and understanding the pain and
anguish of the victim and their circle of social influence is of essential, as is providing
treatment and counseling; criminologists now view the role of the victim in the
criminal process as imperative to understanding the crime itself. Studying and

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

researching victimology helps in gaining a better understanding of the victim, as well

as the criminal, and how the crime may have been precipitated.

Essay:

1. Discuss the roles of theories in the study of victimology?

2. Can you conceptualize a theory? If positive, please illustrate? If not explain why?

1. The Victim Precipitation Theory

The first of these, the victim precipitation theory, views victimology from the
standpoint that the victims themselves may actually initiate, either passively or
actively, the criminal act that ultimately leads to injury or death. During passive
precipitation, the victim, the victim unconsciously exhibits behaviors or
characteristics that instigate or encourage the attack. Siegel (2006) lists job
promotions, job status, successes, love interests, and the like as examples of these
unconscious behaviors and characteristics. Additionally, political activists, minority
groups, those of different sexual orientations, and other individuals pursuing
alternate lifestyles may also find themselves as targets of violence due to the
inadvertent threat they pose to certain individuals of power.
Essentially, the victim precipitation theory focuses on the idea that passive
precipitation of violence is a result of a power struggle. A politician may feel
threatened by an activist group leader because his action draws attention to
negative aspects of his personality and actions that will, or may cause, a loss of
power in society. This sort of passive precipitation may also be present when the
victim is not even aware of the existence of the attacker.
Active precipitation, on the other hand, is the opposite of the afore-described.
Victimization under this theory occurs through the threatening or provocative actions

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

of the victim. One of the most controversial points of this theory is the idea that
women who are raped actively contributed in some way, either through provocative
dress, a relationship, or suggested consent of intimacy (Siegel, 2006). Because of
this viewpoint, it is hard to convict an accused rapist who has had some form of
relationship with the accused, or one that was behaving provocatively or
suggestively. When dealing with this theory we must ask ourselves whether or not it
is really okay to blame the occurrence of a crime on the victim. This is especially true
cases of rape when flirtation may be present, yet there is no consent to sexual
intercourse.

Examples of Victim Precipitation

Active Precipitation
 A woman kills her husband due to a prolonged history of regular domestic
violence.
 In the midst of a heated argument, the victim physically lashes out at the
offender, causing him to shove or hit the victim so hard that he/she falls and
gravely injuries himself/herself.
 Constant derogation and humiliation of an employee, in public, by the
employer, causes the employee to lash out and physically harm the employer.
 A drunken man engages in eve-teasing a woman, keeps chasing her, and
eventually tries to get physical with her. In desperation, the woman reaches
for any sharp object she can find, and stabs the man.

Passive Precipitation
 The horrifying of lynching (Hate Crime) that was carried out by Americans
against people of African origins, due to racism.
 One employee is passed over for a promotion that is offered to his/her
colleague (victim). This motivates him to physically harm or spread rumors
about the victim.

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Two men competing for the love of the same woman may indulge in
antagonistic acts towards each other.
 The act of terrorism against a select community of people.

In general, according to studies on victimology, victim-precipitated crimes are

largely those crimes that involve acts of terrorism, hate crimes, racial hatred,
physical and sexual assaults, etc. these tends to be spontaneous and crimes of
passion. Very rarely are these crimes premeditated.

2. The lifestyle Theory

The next theory is the lifestyle theory. This theory purports that individuals are
targeted based on their lifestyle choices, and that these lifestyle choices expose
them to criminal offenders and situations in which crimes may be committed.
Examples of some lifestyle choices indicated by this theory include going out at night
alone, living in bad parts of town, associating with known felons, being promiscuous,
excessive alcohol use, and doing drugs.
Lifestyle theory in criminal justice focuses on crime victims rather than
perpetrators. For perpetrators, there is the closely related “routine activities” theory,
which stresses the lack of people and social structures that deter criminal activities.
The main issue is that crime victims often become victims because of their own
choices as to where to live, how to socialized and other lifestyle-related variables.

Features
 According to lifestyle theory, people become victims of crime because they do
not exercise intelligent or rational choice when putting themselves in social
situations. In general, such as social situations refer to the peer group,

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

friends, social world and environment. Criminologist Larry Siegel holds that
such things as an all-male peer group, urban environments, weapons-
carrying and excessive partying are all tightly correlated with becoming
victims of crime.
While this theory places much of the onus of crime on the victims and their
lack of care, other theories, such as the conflict theory, hold that social life
itself is the cause of crime, in that those with power use the criminal justice
system to protect themselves from those who do not.
Function
 Lifestyle theory places the reality of victimization in the choices of the person.
As a result, this falls under the category of a “rational choice” theory. This
means that crime, whether in its commission or victimization, is based on the
choices of both groups. People put themselves in harm’s way when they mix
the wrong people and in the wrong situations.
Benefits
 Lifestyle theory holds that if a person changes his life choices, he will become
less likely to be victimized. For example, a person can change friends, move
to a rural area and stop going to bars. This, according to this approach, will
lessen the chances of the person’s becoming a victim. Lifestyle changes, in
short, can reduce crime risk.
Effects
 While stressing choice, this approach also stresses social life. Social life, this
theory implies, is itself a set of choices. Crime is then based on victims who
deliberately put themselves in harms put themselves in harm’s way by
identifying with those people or situations prone to crime. If one, for example,
decides to go to bars regularly, this means that the home is often empty, and
the car in places where intoxicated people gather.
Considerations

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 While lifestyle theory deals with victims, “routine activities” theory deals with
criminals. These two theories are nearly identical, with the only difference
being the points of view. Routine-activities theory holds that for a crime to be
committed, three things need to be present. The first two are easy: a suitable
target and criminal motivation. It is the third matters: lack of deterrence. The
lack of deterrence can be as simple as a lack of policemen in the area.

3. Deviant Place Theory

 The deviant place theory states that greater exposure to dangerous places
makes an individual more likely to become the victim of a crime (Seigel,
2006). Unlike the victim precipitation theory, the victims do not influence the
crime by actively or passively encouraging it, but rather are victimized as a
result of being in “bad” areas. In order to lower the chance that one will
become the victim of a crime, the individual should avoid the “bad” areas of
town where crime rates are high. For example, tondo, divisoria or Quiapo in
Metro Manila are notorious for its gang, and high crime.
Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient
severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. Deviance can be
criminal or non criminal. The sociological discipline that deals with crime (behavior
that violates laws) is criminology (also known as criminal justice). Today,
Americans consider such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in
public places, playing with fire, stealing, lying, refusing to bathe, purchasing the
services of prostitutes and cross dressing-to name only a few- as deviant. People
who engage in deviant behavior are referred to as deviants.
A number of theories related to deviance and criminology have emerged
within the past 50 years or so. Four of the most well-known theories follow.

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

a. Differential Association Theory

Edwin Sutherland coined the phrase differential association to address the
issue of how people learn deviance. According to this theory, the environment plays
a major role in deciding which norms people learn to violate. Specifically, people
within a particular reference group provide norms of conformity and deviance, and
thus heavily influence the way other people look at the world, including how they
react. People also learn their norms from various socializing agents-parents,
teachers, ministers, family, friends, co-workers, and the media. In short, people learn
criminal behavior, like other behavior, from their interactions with others, especially
in intimate groups.
The differential-association theory applies to many types of deviant behavior.
For example, juvenile gangs provide an environment, in which young people learn to
become criminals. These gangs define themselves as countercultural and glorify
violence, retaliation and crime as means to achieving social status. Gang members
learn to be deviant as they embrace and conform to their gang’s norms.

b. Anomie Theory
Anomie refers to the confusion that arises when social norms conflict or do
not even exist. In the 1960s, Robert Merton used the term to describe the
differences between socially accepted goals and the availability of means to achieve
those goals. Merton stressed, for instance, that attaining wealth is a major goal of
Americans, but not all Americans possess the means to do this, especially members
of minority and disadvantaged groups.
The primary contribution of anomie theory is its ability to explain many forms
of deviance. The theory is also sociological in its emphasis on the role of social
forces in creating deviance.

c. Control Theory

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

According to Walter Reckless’s Control Theory, both inner and outer controls work
against deviant tendencies. People may want-at least some of the time-to act in
deviant ways, but most do not. They have various restraints: internal controls, such
as conscience, values, integrity, morality and the desire to be a good person”, and
outer controls, such as police, family, friends, and religious authorities. Travis
Hirschi noted that these inner and outer restraints from a person’s self-control,
which prevents acting against social norms. The key to developing self-control is
proper socialization, especially early in childhood. Children who lack this self-control,
then, may grow up to commit crimes and other deviant behaviors.

d. Labeling Theory
A type of symbolic interaction, labeling theory concerns the meaning people
derive from one another’s labels, symbols, actions, and reactions. This theory holds
that behavior are deviant only when society labels them as deviant. As such,
conforming members of society, who interpret certain behaviors as deviant and then
attach this label to individuals, determine the distinction between deviance and non-
deviance. Labeling theory questions who applies what label to whom, why they do
this, and what happens as a result of this labeling.
Powerful individuals within society-politicians, judges, police officers, medical doctor
and so forth-typically impose the most significant labels. Labeled persons may
include drug addicts, alcoholics, criminals, delinquents, prostitutes, sex offenders,
retarded people, and psychiatric patients to mention a few. Labeling theory allows us
to understand how past behaviors of a deviant-labeled individual are reinterpreted in
accordance with their label. This process of recasting past actions in light of a
current deviant identity is referred to as “retrospective labeling”, A clear example or
retrospective labeling is seen in how the perpetrators of the columbine High School
massacre were recast after the incident took place.
William Chambliss in 1973 conducted a class study into the effects of
labeling. His two groups of white, male, high-school students were both frequently

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

involved in delinquent acts of theft, vandalism, drinking, and truancy. The police
never arrested the members of one group, which Chambliss labeled the “Saints” but
the police did have frequent run-ins with members of the other group, which he
labeled the “roughnecks”. The boys in the saints came from respectable families,
had good reputations and grades in school, and were careful not to get caught when
breaking the law. By being polite, cordial, and apologetic whenever confronted by
the police, the saints escaped labeling themselves as “deviants”.

Social Strain Typology

Four main sociological theories of deviance exist. In sociology and
criminology, strain theory states that social structures within society may pressure
citizens to commit crime. Following on the work of Emile Durkheim, strain theories
have been advanced by Robert King Merton (1957), Albert K. Cohen (1955),
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1960), Neil smelser (1963), Robert Agnew (1992),
and Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeild (1994). The first is the social strain
typology developed by American Sociologist Robert K. Merton. Merton proposed a
typology of deviant behavior, a classification scheme designed to facilitate
understanding. Merton typology of deviance was based on two criteria: 1. A person’s
motivations or adherence to cultural goals; 2. A person’s belief on how to attain her
goals. According to Merton, there are five types of deviance based upon these
criteria: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion.

Theories derived from Strain Theory

1. General Strain Theory

Main article: General Strain Theory
General Strain Theory (GST) is a sociology and criminology theory
developed in the 1992 by Robert Agnew. The core idea of general strain theory is
that people who experience strain or stress become distressed or upset which may

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

lead them to commit crime in order to cope. One of the key principles of this theory
is emotion as the motivator for crime. The theory was developed to conceptualize
the full range of sources in society where strain possibly comes from, which Merton’s
strain theory does not. Example of general strain theory are people who use illegal
drugs to make themselves feel better, or a student assaulting his peers to end the
harassment they causes.

GST introduces 3 main sources of strain such as:

1. Loss of positive stimuli (death of family or friend)
2. Presentation of negative stimuli (physical and verbal assaults)
3. The inability to reach a desired goal.

2. Institutional Anomie Theory

Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT) is a criminology theory developed in 1994
in by Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld. The theory proposes that an
institutional arrangement with a market, where the market/economy is allowed to
operate/dominate without restraints from other social intuitions like family will likely
cause criminal behavior. Derived from Merton’s Strain theory, IAT expands on the
macro levels of the theory. IAT’s focus centers on the criminal influences of varied
social institutions, rather than just the economic structure.

3. Illegitimate Opportunities Theory

Main article: Illegitimate Opportunity
Illegitimate opportunities are a sociology theory developed in 1960 by Richard
Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin. The theory states that crimes result from a high number of
illegitimate opportunities and not from a lack of legitimate ones. The theory was
created from Merton’s strain theory to help address juvenile delinquency.

4. Strain Theorists

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Robert King Merton

Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who argued that society can
encourage deviance to a large degree. Merton believed that socially accepted goals
put pressure on people to conform. People are forced to work within the system or
become members of a deviant subculture to achieve the desired goal. Merton’s
belief became the theory known as strain theory. Merton continued on to say when
individuals are faced with a gap between their goals (usually finances/money
related) and their current status, strain occurs. When faced with strain, people have
five ways to adapt:
1. Conformity: pursing cultural goals through socially approved means.
2. Innovation: using socially unapproved or unconventional means to obtain
culturally approved goals. Example: dealing drugs or stealing to achieve financial
security.
3. Ritualism: using the same socially approved means to achieve less elusive goals
(more modest and humble).
4. Retreatism: to reject both the cultural goals and the means to obtain it, then find
a way to escape it.
5. Rebellion: to reject the cultural goals and means, then work to replace them.

Robert Agnew
In 1992, Robert Agnew asserted that strain theory could be central in
explaining crime and deviance, but it indeed revision so that it was not tied to social
class or cultural variables, but re-focused on norms. To this end, Agnew proposed a
general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal but rather individual
and emotional, paying special attention to an individual’s immediate social
environment. He argued that an individual’s actual or anticipated failure to achieve
positivity valued goals, actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli, and
actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all result in strain.

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Jie Zhang
The strain theory of suicide postulates that suicide postulates that suicide is
usually preceded by psychological strains. A psychological strain is formed by at
least two stresses or pressures, pushing the individual to different directions. A strain
can be a consequence of any of the four conflicts: differential values, discrepancy
between aspiration and reality, relative deprivation, and lack of coping skills for a
crisis. Psychological strains in the form of all the four sources have been tested and
supported with a sample of suicide notes in the United States and in rural China
through psychological autopsy studies. The strain theory of suicide forms a
challenge to the psychiatric model popular among the sociologists in the world.

Strain Source 1: Differential Values

When two conflicting social values or beliefs are competing in an individual’s
daily life, the person experiences value strain. The two conflicting social facts are
competing personal beliefs internalized in the person’s value system. A cult member
may experience strain if the mainstream culture and the cult religion are both
considered important in the cult members daily life.

Criticism
Strain theory has received several criticisms such as:
1. Strain theory best applies only to the lower class as they struggle with limited
resources to obtain their goals.
2. Strain theory fails to explain white collar crime, the perpetrator of whom have
many opportunities to achieve through legal and legitimate means.
3. Strain theory fails to explain to crimes based on gender inequality.
4. Merton deals with individuals’ forms of responses instead of group activity which
crime involves.
5. Merton’s theory is not very critical of the social structure that he says generate the
strains.

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

6. Strain theory neglects the inter- and intra-personal aspect of crime.

7. Strain theory has weak empirical evidence supporting it.

Structural Functionalism
The second main sociological explanation of deviance comes from structural
functionalism. This approach argues that deviant behavior plays an active,
constructive role in society by ultimately helping to cohere different populations
within a particular society. Deviance helps to distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior. Its draws lines and demarcates boundaries. This is an
important function that affirms the cultural values and norms of a society for the
members of that society.
The third main sociological theory of deviance is conflict theory. Conflict
Theory suggests that deviant behaviors result from social, political or material
inequalities of a social group. In response to these inequalities, certain groups will
act deviantly in order to change their circumstances, change the social structure that
engendered their circumstances, or just to “act out” against their oppressors.

4. Bottom of Form
Routine Activity Theory
Routine activity theory is a sub-field of crime opportunity theory that focuses
on situations of crimes. It has been developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E.
Cohen, the premise of routine activity theory is that crime is relatively unaffected by
social causes such as poverty, inequality and unemployment.
Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the
social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine
activity theory; for instance copyright infringement related to sharing employee, and
corporate crime.
Lastly, the routine activity theory explains the rate of victimization through a
set of situations that reflect the routines of typical individuals.

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

1. The availability of suitable targets.

2. The absence of capable guardians, and
3. The presence of motivated offenders.
According to this theory, the presence of one or more of these factors creates higher
risk victimization. For example, leaving one’s home during vacation creates a
suitable target.

A Theory of Crime Problems

The crime triangle (also known as the problem analysis triangle) comes
straight out of one of the main theories of environmental criminology-routine activity
theory.
“Routine Activity theory” provides a simple and powerful insight into the
causes of crime problems. At its heart is the idea that in the absence of effective
controls, offenders will prey upon attractive targets.

Criticism
Routine activity theory is mainly a macro theory of victimization. It tells us who
is more likely to be victimized. But who are the offenders? There is a correlation
between criminal victims and offenders, thus patterns found by routine activity
theorist could be misleading.
Furthermore, crime rates are generally proportional to the number of
motivated offenders, such as teenagers and unemployed people, in the population.
Of course motivation can be lowered when legitimate means are available for
offenders to achieve their goal.

Victims Categories

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Freudian psychology involving the death wish, the drive for punishment or
other subconscious or instinctual motivations, could be alleged to be operating in the
propensity toward victimization. If victim proneness exists in a criminal case, then it
could be asserted that the victim contributed to his own victimization.
There are 3 victim categories:
1. Primary victims
A primary victim is a person who is injured or dies as a direct result of an act
of violence committed against them as a direct result of:
For example:
 ‘I was injured when my partner hit me in a domestic violence incident.’
 ‘I was injured when I was attacked by a stranger while walking my dog.’
 ‘I was injured in a road accident and the driver was charged with dangerous
driving causing grievous bodily harms.’
 Jim was murdered by a stranger in his home. He is a primary victim who has
died as a result of an act of violence.

Special primary victim

A special primary victim is a primary victim of an act of violence who:
 Was under 18 years of age when the violence was committed
 Has an impaired capacity
 Is the victim of violence involving a sexual offense
 Was harmed or injured by someone in a position of power, influence or trust
over the victim at the time.
 Is being threatened or intimidated by either the person who committed the
violence or someone else.

For example:

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 ‘I was sexually assaulted by a friend. I went to my doctor for a checkup and

pregnancy test but was too traumatized to go to the police. I now need
financial assistance to help me recover from the incident.’

2. Secondary victims
A “secondary victim” is a person who suffers nervous shock without himself
being exposed to danger. An example of this is a spectator at a car race, who
witnesses a terrible crash caused by negligence on the part of the car manufacturers
and develops a nervous illness as a result of his experience.

Parent secondary victim

A parent secondary victim is a parent who is injured as a result of an act of
violence against their child.
For example:
 ‘I’m a parent and I have suffered an anxiety disorder as a result of violence
against their child.
 ‘I collapsed and broke my arm when the police told me that my child was in
hospital because of an act of violence.’

Witness secondary victim

A witness secondary victim is a person who is injured as a direct result of
witnessing an act of violence against another person. They may be a witness to
either a more involve murder, manslaughter or dangerous driving causing death.
Other offences are classed as less serous acts of violence.

For example:

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 ‘I was in my neighbor’s home and I saw them being murdered. I had a heart
attack, and now I am depressed and scared when I am alone in my home’
(more serious act of violence).
 ‘I was in a petrol station when it was robbed by a man with a gun and the
attendant was assaulted. Now I suffer an anxiety disorder as a direct result of
seeing the robbery’ (less serious act of violence).

3. Related victims
A related victim is a close family member or defendant of a primary victim
who has died as a direct result of an act of violence against them.
A close family member of a primary victim must have had a genuine personal
relationship with the primary victim when they died. A close family member of the
primary victim may be a:
 The spouse of the victim;
 A parent, guardian or step-parent of the victim;
 A child or step-child of the victim or some other child of whom the victim is the
guardian; or
 A brother, sister, step-brother or step-sister of the victim;
 Person who under aboriginal or island custom, is regarded as a person
mentioned above.
A related victim is a person who, at the time of the violent crime:
 Was a close family member of a deceased primary victim; or
 Was a defendant of a deceased primary victim; or
 Had an intimate personal relationship with a deceased primary victim.

‘Intimate personal relationship’ is not defined by the Victims of crime

Assistance Act 1996 however the following factors may lead to the view that there
exists an intimate personal relationship: ongoing sexual relationship; ongoing
emotional commitment and comfort and support of a personal nature; ongoing

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

sharing of confidences, intimacies and personal information; ongoing advice of a

personal nature; ongoing sharing of financial information and plans; ongoing sharing
of social contact and attendances at social functions.

For example:
 My spouse died after being shot in an armed robbery;
 My son died when he was stabbed in a nightclub fight;
 My father died in a road accident and the other driver has been charged with
dangerous driving causing death;
 I relied on my daughter for financial support, and then she was murdered and
I have no way of supporting myself.”

Types of Victimization
Sexual Misconduct is an umbrella term that includes any non-consensual
sexual activity that is committed by force or fear or mental or physical incapacitation,
including through the use of alcohol or drugs. Sexual misconduct can vary in its
severity and consists of a range of behaviour, including rape, statutory rape (sexual
contact with a person under 18 years old), sexual touching, sexual exploitation ,
sexual harassment and conduct suggestive of attempting to commit any of the
aforementioned acts.
Sexual abuse is a common form of domestic violence. It includes not only
sexual assault and rape, but also harassment such as unwelcome touching and
other demeaning behaviour.
Many victims do not realize how broadly sexual abuse is interpreted. For
example, if you have ever been coerced into not using contraception (pill, a condom,
and IUD, etc.) or having an abortion, then you may have actually been sexually
abused. This form of abuse is known as reproductive coercion.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Domestic violence cases are mostly frequently brought for physical or sexual
abuse, so if you think you have been sexually abused, you may have a good claim
for domestic violence.
How It Works
 Unwanted kissing to touching
 Unwanted rough or violent sexual activity
 Forcing or manipulating someone to go further sexually than he or she wants
to
 Insisting (physically or verbally) that you have sex, even when you have said
no.
 Using coercion, guilt and manipulation to have sex
 Taking advantage of you while you are intoxicated (drink or high and not able
to say no
 Forced sex
 Not using or not letting you use birth control for pregnancy and STD
protection (condoms, birth control pills)

Early Warning Signs

 Explosive temper
 Going into a rage when disappointed or frustrated
 History of violence
 Severe mood swing
 Teasing, tripping, or pushing
 Threatening to injure
 Intimidating physical behaviour

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Rape – Rape is the sexual penetration (however slight) of the victims vagina , mouth
or rectum without consent. Rape involves penetration with (a) the use of force/fear or
the threat of force/fear; or (b) with a person who is otherwise incapable of giving
consent, including situations where the individuals is under the influence of alcohol
or drugs and this condition was or should have reasonably been known to the
accused.

Sexual touching – sexual touching, also known as sexual battery is the act of
making unwanted and sexually offensive contact (clothed or unclothed) with an
intimate body part of another person or action, which causes immediate
apprehension that sexual touch will occur. Intimate body parts include sexual organs
the anus, the groin, breasts or buttocks of any person. Sexual touching includes
situations in which the accused engages in the contacts described with a person
who is incapable of giving consent.

Sexual Exploitation – sexual exploitation is the taking advantage of a non-

consenting person or situation for personal benefit or gratification or for the benefit of
anyone other than the alleged victim; and the behaviour does not constitute rape,
sexual touching or sexual harassment. Sexual exploitation includes, but is not limited
to:
 Photographing or making audio or video recordings of sexual activity without
consent;
 Dissemination of images or recordings without consent of the participants;
 Allowing others to observe sexual activity without the knowledge or consent
of the partner;
 Voyeurism (peeping tom);
 Knowingly transmitting a sexually transmitted infection or HIV to another
student;
 Prostituting another person;

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Giving alcohol or other drugs to another student with the intention of rending
him or her incapable of giving consent.
Sexual Harassment- sexual harassment is any unwelcome sexual conduct or
bahavior that creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working or educational
environment.
When someone calls you insulting sexual names, talks about you in a sexual
way that makes you feel uncomfortable (like commenting on your body), or spreads
sexual rumors about you, this is known as sexual harassment. This could happen
in person, over the phone or online.

Stalking and Harassment

A lot of people think stalking is something that just happens to celebrities, but
the reality is that it can happen to anyone.
Stalking can be defined as persistent and unwanted attention that makes you
feel pestered and harassed. Stalking and harassment includes behaviour that
happens two or more times, directed at or towards you by another person, which
causes you to feel alarmed or distressed or to fear that violence might be used
against you.

Physical Assault/Battery- physical assault or battery is prohibited. It is touch or

strike a person against his her will or to threaten violence against that person. If
someone intentionally grabs or touches you in a sexual way that you do not like, or
you are forced to kiss someone or do something else sexual against your will, this is
classed as sexual assault. This includes sexual touching of any part of someone’s
body, and it makes no difference whether you are clothed or not.

Dating/ Relationship/Domestic Violence- Dating/relationship/domestic violence is

prohibited. This type of violence may be emotional, verbal, physical and or sexual
abuse by an intimate partner, family members or parties in a dating relationship.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Human Sex Trafficking- sex trafficking in which a commercial or act is induced by

force fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not
attained 18 years of age; or the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or
obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or
coercion, for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, personage, debt
bondage or slavery.

Types of Domestic Violence – domestic abuse describes negative bahaviors that

one person exhibits over another within families or relationships. These patterns of
behaviour can include threats, put-downs, isolation, violence and control. Sometimes
domestic abuse can be called domestic violence.

Domestic abuse can take different forms, including:

 Physical abuse: pushing, hitting, punching, kicking, choking and using
weapons.
 Sexual abuse: forcing or pressuring someone to have sex (rape), unwanted
sexual activity, touching, grouping someone or making them watch
pornography.
 Financial abuse: taking money, controlling finances, not letting someone
work.
 Emotional abuse/Coercive control: repeatedly making someone feel bad or
scared, stalking, blackmailing, constantly checking up on someone, playing
mind games. Coercive control is now a criminal offense under the serious
crime
 Digital/Online abuse: using technology to further isolate, humiliate or control
someone.
 Honor-based violence and forced marriage

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Physical Abuse
Physical abuse is the most recognizable form of domestic violence. It
involves the use of force against the victim, causing injury(e.g. a punch or a kick,
stabbing, shooting, choking, slapping, forcing you to use drugs, etc. ). Remember
that the injury doesn’t need to be a major one. Consider, for example, that you are
abuser slaps you a few times, causing only minor injuries that do not require a visit
to the hospital. Is that domestic violence? Yes. The slapping would still be
considered domestic violence.

Early Warning Signs

 Explosive temper
 Going into a rage when disappointed or frustrated
 History of violence
 Severe mood swings
 Teasing, tripping, or pushing
 Threatening to injure
 Intimidating physical behaviour (getting in your face)

Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse is saying or doing something to the other person that causes
the person to be afraid, have lower self-esteem, or cause psychological or emotional
distress. Manipulating or controlling the person’s feeling or bahavior that causes
harm with words or actions.

How It Works
 Insults, Put-downs, calling
 Embarrassing or humiliating you in front of your friends or family
 Threats, intimidation
 Telling the person what to do (how to dress, act behave)

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Telling a person’s secrets; spreading rumors

 Jealousy, possessiveness
 Isolating a person from friends, family
 Destroying gifts, clothing, letters.
 Damaging a car, home, or other prized possessions
 Hurting or threatening to hurt pets or love ones
 Following, tracking, calling often to see where you are
 Having to be with you all the time

Early Warning Signs

 Extreme jealousy or possessiveness
 Teasing that includes insults
 Pouting when you spend time with your friends
 Threatening to leave you in an unsafe location
 Trying to control what you do
 Not letting you hang out with your friends
 Calling or texting you frequently to find out where you are, who you are with,
and what you’re doing

Financial Abuse
Of the types of domestic violence, financial abuse is perhaps the least
obvious. Financial abuse may take on many forms, such as a husband preventing
his wife from obtaining an education or a job outside the home. Financial abuse is
extremely common, particularly when families have pooled their money into joint
accounts (with one partner controlling) and where there is little or no family support
system to help. Financial abuse is simply another form of control, even though it is
usually less obvious than physical or sexual abuse.
Financial abuse is a form of mistreatment and fraud in which someone
forcibly controls another person’s money or other assets. It can involve, for instance,

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

stealing cash, not allowing a victim to take part in any financial decisions or
preventing a victim from having a job.

Cases Involving the Elderly

Elder financial abuse involves someone targeting an older adult, often a
parent or other close relative, in the hope of being allowed access to his or her
financial information. He might act as though he is simply helping manage the
seniors finances, but instead, he takes the money for himself. This might be in the
form of convincing an elderly person to sign legal financial document or getting the
victim to change the mailing address on bills and other records.

Marital Manipulation
Financial abuse also can occur in marriages as a means to have control over
a partner in order to make him feel hopeless enough to never leave. One partner
might not allow the other to have access to any of the household money, or he might
give only a small allowance. He might even confiscate the victim’s own pay check or
other means of personal funds.

Abuse of Children
Some people choose to financially hurt kids rather than an elderly individual
or spouse. The majority of parents are legally able to handle money issues for their
minor children, so these cases frequently go unreported. The motivation similar to
cases in marriage, is usually to keep the child from eventually leaving.

Between friends
Sometimes, this type of mistreatment occurs between friends. Here, as in
cases with the elderly, a person preys on the other individuals fear of loneliness or
need for true help. He might say, for example, that he won’t be friends or provide

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

other assistance anymore without access to financial information, or that a true

friend would loan him money.

Effects
Being financially manipulated, either subtly or conspicuously, can result in
serious monetary instability. Quality of living often suffers as consequence. Many
people feel embarrassed about the situation and don’t get help, which just
perpetuates the problem. They also often suffer from stress, either from the abuser’s
words or direct actions, or from the aftereffects of those circumstances, such as not
being able to make a mortgage payment.

Warning Signs
A person might be experiencing financial manipulation if he appears
withdrawn or depressed, or if his physical appearance and hygiene seems to be
suffering. He might not make decisions about money with confidence on his own.
Discrepancies or unusual transactions on bank records, sudden changes in feeling
for a particular person, increased use of alcohol or other substances and the
controlling individual often being around are all additional warning signs.

Prevention
One of the simplest ways to prevent financial mistreatment is to stay involved
in a circle of friends or social groups so that a network is available for help. People
also can insist on opening their own mail and having access to all financial records.
Modern technology reduces risk through options like direct deposits and automatic
bill payments.

6 Signs and what you can do about it

1. Forced Career Choices

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Women in financially abusive relationships are often forced to take career

paths they would not have chosen on their own. This keeps them from succeeding,
eventually becoming financially stable and independent in their own right. Many
women in these situations are either stay at home moms or if they do work, it is part
time with the permission of their spouse.
2. Every Penny Spent Is A Penny Tracked
Every penny must be accounted for when given to the woman in this
relationship. If it cannot be accounted for then the emotional and even physical
abuse ensues and consequences are handed out. This many involved being given
less money for basic necessities or being forced to beg for money.
3. No Bank Accounts
No personal bank account. No debit card. No savings accounts, no checking
account. All money comes from one source.

4. The working Partner

This puts the woman in the position of relying on her partner for her very
existence, hand to mouth. She is not allowed to have a job and if does then cracks
go to her partner who deposits the money in a separate account out of her control.
5. Threats of Leaving
This is one of the most overt forms of financial abuse. Threatening to leave or
deny financial support herself without the finances of her partner. Once the partner
levies such a threat, control is established since she knows without her partner, her
daily needs will not be met.
6. Lazy Bum-Deadbeat-My Woman-Is-My-Momma Syndrome
The men in these relationships control everything financially even though they
are not working, because they take and control all of the money coming into the
home. All the household bills are usually in the woman’s name and he never pays
them, forcing her to work harder will never seeing the fruits of her labor.
7. Forced Family

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

In this situation, the woman is essentially pregnant every other year of the
relationship, ensuring that she will never have the chance to return to work.
Depending on her earning power, with the birth of each child, the cost of childcare
makes it impossible to return to work.

Financial Abuse: 6 Signs and what you can do about it

 Leave. Plan your way slowly or swiftly out of this relationship and leave.
Relationships like this can never be trusted to become equitable since so
much of it is about power and control.
 Reach out to trusted friends, relatives or even a local church who may be able
to house you until you’re able to get on your feet.
 If vocational training or education is a barrier to getting a job then start going
to school online.
 Skim money from whatever is given to you and save little by little. Every bit
adds up. Open a bank account in secret and stash your money until you’re
ready to leave. Ask friends and family for donations to this account while
noting you will pay them back once you are on you feet. Start a blog and learn
how to monetize it.
 Get a job in secret. For example you can say that you are volunteering and
get a PT job walking dogs or babysitting while he is away or working during
the day. Or find a position working from home, online.
 Establish credit. Get a secured card that you keep only at a friend’s or family
house in a locked box. Use it to make purchases while building your credit.
 Research all options with regards to government assistance around food
stamps, housing and community-based services. When stepping out for the
first time, this may be a temporary option to get you from point A to B while
you establish yours.

Psychological Abuse

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Psychological abuse is basically a catchall term for intimidating, threatening,

or fear causing behavior. This behavior must be persistent and significant. A one-
time event generally will not be enough to bring a domestic violence action.

Abuse of Male Privilege:

“It’s a Guy Thing”
Behavior that assumes that boy have more power than girls and that boy
have special privileges In relationships with girls
How It Works
 The guy makes all decisions for the couple
 The expects his girlfriend to wait on and pamper him
 The guy treat his girlfriend as if she is property he owns
Early Warning Signs
 Expecting you to be available to them at all times; while they may only be
available to you when they feel like it
 Acting overly macho with friend

Impact of Childhood abuse. Childhood abuse can happen in different ways, and
can include neglect as well as physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; in many cases
people experience more than one type of abuse. Often, people abuse others
because they want power and control over them. It’s important to remember that if
you were abused as a child it is not your fault or because of anything that you did.
Abusive behavior towards children is always wrong and never the child’s fault.

Digital/ online abusive: using technology to further isolate, humiliate or

control someone

What is it?

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Digital partner violence is the use of technologies such as cellphones,

computers, and location technologies to bully, harass, stalk or intimidate a partner.
Often this behavior is a form of verbal or emotional abuse perpetrated online,
through texts, calls, etc.

You may be experiencing digital abuse if your partner:

 Constantly text you and makes you feel like you cannot be separated from
your phone for fear that you will be punished
 Tells you who you can or cannot be friends with, follow, etc. on social
networking sites.
 Sends you negative, insulting or even threatening texts, emails, face book
messages, tweets or other messages online
 Steals or insists to be given your passwords
 Uses sites like face book, twitter, foursquare and others to keep constant tabs
on you
 Knows where you are/what you are doing even when it seems they have no
means of knowing
 Puts you down in their status updates, tweets , etc.
 Send you unwanted, explicit pictures/video and demands you send some in
return.
 Looks through your phone frequently, checks up your pictures, texts and
outgoing outcalls
 Tags you unkindly in pictures on instagram, tumlbr, etc
 Shares private texts, pictures, etc. online or sends them to others without
permission

Cyber bullying – is defined as: actions that use information and communication
technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or
group that is intended to harm another.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Examples of what constitutes cyber bullying include: communication (texts, phone

calls, pictures, videos, internet posts, instant messages, etc.) that seeks to
intimidate, control, manipulate, put down, falsely discredit, or humiliate to recipient.
The actions are deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior intended to harm another.

The 8 most common cyber bullying tactics used by teens are listed below:
1. Exclusion: teenagers intentionally exclude others from an online group.
2. Cyber stalking: teens will harass others by constantly sending emails,
messages, or tagging others in posts they don’t want to be tagged in.
3. Gossip: post or send cruel messages that damage someone’s reputation,
relationship, or confidence.
4. Outing/Trickery: trick another teen into revealing secrets or embarrassing
information which the cyber bully will then share online.
5. Harassment: post or send offensive, insulting, and mean messages
repeatedly.
6. Impersonation: create fake accounts to exploit another teen’s trust. They
may also hack into an account and post or send messages that are damaging to the
person’s reputation or relationships.
7. Cyber threats: threaten or imply violent behavior toward others to make
them feel uncomfortable.
8. Flaming: fights online that involves hateful or offensive messages that may
be posted to various websites, forums, or blogs.
The effects of cyber bullying
Any type of bullying can make you feel hurt, angry, helpless, isolated, even
suicidal or lead to problems such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. In
many cases, cyber bullying can be even more painful than face-to-face bullying
because:

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Cyber bullying can happen anywhere at any time, even in places where you
normally feel safe, such as your home, and at times you would least expect,
such as at the weekend in the company of your family.
 A lot of cyber bullying can be done anonymously, so you may not be sure
who is targeting you.
 Cyber bullying can be witnessed by potentially thousands of people.

A cyber bully may be a person whom the target knows or an online stranger.
When it occurs between two adults it may be referred to as “cyber harassment” or
digital harassment as opposed to cyber bullying, which is most often associated with
the children and teen populations.

Your child may be the victim of cyber bullying if he or she:

 Becomes sad, angry, or distressed during or after using the internet or cell
phone.
 Appears anxious when receiving a text, IM or email
 Avoids discussion or is secretive about computer or cell phone activities.
 Withdraws from family, friends, and activities they previously Enjoyed
 Suffers an unexplained drop in grades
 Refuses to go to school or to specific classes, or avoids group activities.
 Shows changes in mood, behavior, sleep, appetite, or show signs of
depression or anxiety.
Cyber crime – the term cyber-crime refers to a variety of crimes carried out online,
using the internet through computers, laptops, tablets, internet enabled televisions,
games consoles and smart phones.

Cyber-enacted crimes can only be committed on the internet stealing confidential

information that’s stored online.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Why people commit cyber crime

Committing crimes online allows someone to hide their identity and location,
which in some cases is thousands of miles away. People who commit cyber crimes
are often well organized and believable online.
Cyber bullying is an intense form of psychological abuse, whose victims are more
than twice as likely to suffer from mental disorders compared to traditional bullying.

Coping with the effects of robbery

Robberies may have very adverse effects on a victim. The direct or implied
violence may cause personal reactions and feelings that a victim is not used to,
regardless of the degree of violence. Victim may personalize the robbery and regard
their reactions as unusual. Stress may occur.

The emotional impact of burglary

Even if nothing has been stolen, the thought of a stranger being in your home
can be very distressing and feel like a violation of your security. Some people blame
themselves if they forgot to secure a window or door or if they were tricked by the
burglar, but it’s important to remember that it’s not your fault.

Remember – Robberies are abnormal events. Unusual reactions are likely very
normal.
Your reaction to a robbery may depend upon:
 The suddenness or degree or warning
 The extent to which your personal safety is threatened
 The behavior of the robbers
 The number of previous robberies in which you were involved
 Your level of stress prior to the robbery
 Your state of physical and emotional health
 The amount of support your receive immediately after the robbery

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

The behavior of Robberies

Most robbers are only interested in obtaining money and not in physically
attacking their victims. They often use threats in order to frighten; then they complete
the robbery and escape. They usually do not remember the faces or appearances of
their victims. Their behavior may include:
 Loud, foul and obscene language
 Quit demands
 Jumping across counters
 Commands to lie on the floor
 Threats with a weapon
Statements Made By Robbery Victims
 “I thought I had blown it because the robbers screamed no one pull the alarm’
and I had pulled it already.” (manager)
 “They were very loud – shouting and telling us to move.”

Common Reactions of Victims

Many of your reactions during a robbery will be automatic. You may not be
conscious of what you are doing. Events may seem to be in slow motion.

These reactions are common:

 Fear for one’s personal safety or the safety of colleagues
 Helplessness about being unable to do anything
 Confusion about what to do or how to respond to the robbers’ demands
 Anger at having to surrender money or goods
 Concern that the robber may remember who you are
 Physical reactions such as trembling or the inability to move.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

The immediate Aftermath

After the robbers have fled, the most immediate reactions is one of relief that:
 The crisis is over
 You survived it
 You were not severely hurt
This may be followed by feelings of:

Anger
 At having to go through a robbery
 At a system which allows it to happen
 At the robbers because they got away
 At having to give up cash
 At the police for not arriving earlier

Helplessness
 That you could do nothing during the robbery
 That if you can be robbed at work, at home, or on the street, then anything
can happen to you
 That you have been victimized

Guilt
 That you did not behave properly during the robbery
 That you could have prevented it
 That you should have remembered details of the robbery

Frustration

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Because your employer gave you responsibilities after the robbery (counting
the cash)
 Because you had to answer many questions
 Because you could not remember details of the robbery
 Because you had to return to work

Statements Made By Robbery Victims

 “After the police left, the first thing we did was count the cash. We have to
balance.”
 “The manager seemed overwhelmed and did not seem to know what to do.”
 “I felt angry at the Manager because after the hold-up he did not seem to
care.”
 “The thing that annoys me is that they will never be caught-they were wearing
.masks and left no fingerprints.”
 “I cant remember their faces.”

The End of the Day

The evening after a robbery can be particularly difficult. The stress and
emotions resulting from the robbery may leave you tired and fatigued.
It is common to:
 Feel alone and frightened, especially if you do not live with anyone
 Want to talk about the robbery at great length
 Not want to talk about it at all
 Worry that the robbers may come to your home because you are a witness
 Lose your appetite
 Lose interest in exchanging affection with your partner or children
 Not want to listen to the problems of other
 Find others not interested in the details of the robbery
 Experience restlessness and sleeplessness

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Wake up suddenly after falling asleep

Statement Made by Robbery Victims

 “I woke up during the night and saw him at the foot of my bed.”
 “My husband listened to me for a while but I do not think he really understood
what happened.”

The next few days

The effects of a robbery may not disappear immediately. In the days
following, you may continue to experience unusual feelings such as.
 Apprehension and vulnerability; if it happened once, it can happen again
 Being unsafe. Your “guard” may be up. You may react to sudden movements
or loud noises;
 Diminished self-worth. You may be uncertain, irritable, forgetful, and
unsociable
 Being preoccupied with the robbery. You my re-live it through recurring
thoughts. You may identify people who you think looks like the robber.

Statements Made By Robbery Victims

 “When I got in my car the next morning, I did not scrape the windshield and I
immediately locked my doors.”
 “I really do not like talking about this. What good will taking does.
 “I did not feel anything until I saw the robber in court. He wore the same
clothes and I felt sorry for him

COPING

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Victims can do some things which will help to recover from a robbery. You
should:
 Refrain from excessive use of alcohol
 Exercise regularly
 Maintain a proper diet
 Rest regularly
 Continue contact with people who provide support
 Discuss the event with colleagues, supervisors, friends and family, people
who will listen and not condemn you
 Be honest with yourself regarding your stress levels and ability to cope.

One Week to One Month

During this time period, the unusual reactions will begin to diminish for many victims.
You may have a brief relapse after a difficult day or a stressful event, but your
recovery will likely to continue.
It is not uncommon to continue to:
 Apprehension and vulnerability; if it happened once it can happen again;
 Dream about the event
 Suffer from sleeplessness
 Have periodic episodes of depression or irritability
 Withdraw from people

If the unusual reactions continue so that it is affecting your personal life, family,
or your work then professional help should be sought.

What is antisocial behavior?

If your quality of life is badly affected by other people in your community then
you could be a victim of antisocial behavior. We have experience of supporting
people dealing with:

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Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Noise nuisance
 Neighbor disputes
 Verbal abuse
 Threatening behavior
 Harassment and intimidation
 Vandalism
 Criminal damage

A. Examples of noise nuisance can include:

 Loud music or television
 Raised voices
 Animal noise (e.g. barking dogs)
 Noise from pubs or clubs
 Home improvement at unreasonable hours of the day
 Burglar and car alarms
 Noise from loudspeakers, machinery or vehicles in the street
 Noise from demolition or constructions works.
 Noise from commercial or industrial premises

1. Noise health Effects are the health consequences of regular exposure, to

consistent elevated sound levels. Elevated workplace or environmental noise can
cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and
sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been also
attributed.

Neighbor disputes
Everyone has neighbor, and where there are neighbor, there can be
problems. Whether it is a barking dog, an untrimmed tree, a cluster of cars in the

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

front yard or a loud party, find answers about how to deal with challenging neighbors
while maintaining your sanity and equality of life.
There are laws in relation to many common areas of dispute between
neighbors. Below is information about some common disputes, including:
 Fences and trees
 Noise
 Pets
 Injuries on your property.

6 ways to stop Domestic Violence in Your Community

Domestic Violence Intervention Tip #1: Know the signs. The first step to
action familiarize individuals and the community the possible signs and indicators of
domestic violence. These signs can vary and do not always come with physical
symptoms because domestic violence is not just limited to physical attacks such as
beatings.

Domestic Violence Intervention Tip #2: Get your community educated! A

good start to eradicating domestic violence from your community or neighborhood is
to start educating as many people as possible about domestic violence, its impact
and how to intervene safely.

Domestic violence intervention tip#3: get your community organized!

There is safety and influence in numbers when intervening to stop an abuser
or making your community a place where domestic violence will not be tolerated. So
just as many neighborhoods have neighborhood watch to stop crime, start
organizing a network of folks who will commit to intervene in domestic violence

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

situations, help victims leave their abusers safely and provide a communal support
structure for survivors.

Domestic violence intervention ti#4: Boost your community support

network with technology!
If you have a smart phone and the victim has a smart phone, consider
downloading a safety app for women, many of which have been designed to
automatically alert your support network if you are in danger.

Domestic violence intervention tip #5: stopping the violence is good for
business. Domestic violence has cost economies and companies millions of dollars
in lost time, medical, care, productivity etc. in the US, the cost of domestic violence
to the economy is estimated at $8.3 billion a year.

For individuals
Domestic violence intervention tip #6: ring the bell. If you are the
neighbor of a family experiencing domestic violence, please take the time to ring
their bell when you hear a violent situation happening.

Hate crime
Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to harm or intimidate people
because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or other minority group
status. They are also referred to as bias crimes.
Hate crime is the term used by criminal justice agencies like the police or the
crown prosecution service to describe an incident or crime against someone based
on a part of their identity. The term “hate crime” to mean a criminal act perpetrated
against someone because of an actual or perceived trait that they possess. These
crimes are intended to intimidate not only the individual victim, but all members of

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

the victim’s community, and even members of other communities historically

victimized by hate.
There are five categories of identity when a person is targeted because of a
hostility or prejudice towards their:
 Disability
 Race or ethnicity
 Religion or belief (which includes non belief)
 Sexual orientation
 Gender identity

1.DISABILITY
Disability means any physical or mental impairment. This includes persons
with physical or learning disabilities. Crimes against people with disabilities are often
classed simply as “abuse” or “neglect” rather naming them ‘crimes”. Yet these forms
of abuse can include hitting, violating someone’s body, and torturing and killing a
person.

Disability hate crime

If someone has been violent or hostile towards you because you are disabled,
you have been the victim of a hate incident. Disability hate incidents can happen
anywhere. Sometimes you may know the person who attacked you; sometimes hate
incidents are carried out by strangers. What is a disability hate incident?

Can you be the victim of a disability hate incident even though you are
not disabled? You can be the victim of a disability hate incident if someone believes
you are disabled even though you are not. You can also be the victim of a disability
hate incident because of your association with someone who is disabled- for
example, if someone targets you because you have a disabled child.
Disability hate incident can take many forms including:

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Verbal and physical abuse

 Teasing
 Bullying
 Threatening behavior
 Online abuse
 Threatening or insulting texts
 Damage to property

a. Verbal and physical abuse tag team abuse victims.

In a relationship, verbal abuse work well together because verbal abuse is
versatile. Using verbal abuse techniques, an abuser can tell you they love you
and then hate you and then hide the hate with loving words. The victim of verbal
abuse must decide which feeling to believe, and a practiced abuser knows how
to almost guarantee their victim will cling to love

Verbal abuse negatively affects the victim’s thoughts and emotions. You cannot
see this abuse and, of course, it has no visible effects unless it continues for a
long time. Unlike physical abuse, verbal abuse uses deception and runs the
gamut from loving words to hateful ones. Verbal abuse attacks are as punishing
to the victim’s psyche as physical violence is to their body.

b. Teasing –
The act of harassing someone playfully or maliciously (especially by ridicule);
provoking someone with persistent annoyances. A person who tempts someone
sexually with no intention of satisfying the desire aroused: A girl that sexually excites
a boy but leaves him without sexual stimulation; a girl that acts interested in another
boy just to seduce him.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to harm or intimidate people

because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, and other minority group
status. They are also referred to as bias crimes.
Hate crime is the term used by criminal justice agencies like the police or the
crown prosecution service to describe an incident or crime against someone based
on a part of their identity. The term “hate crime” To mean a criminal act perpetrated
against someone because of an actual or perceived trait that they possess.

1. BULLYING
Definition:
Bullying is intentional aggressive behavior. It can take the form of physical or
verbal harassment and involves an imbalance of power (a group of children can
gang up on a victim or someone who is physically bigger or more aggressive can
intimidate someone else, for instance).
Bullying behavior can include teasing, insulting someone (particularly about
their weight or height, race, sexuality, religion or other personal traits), shoving,
hitting, excluding someone, or gossiping about someone.
Bullying can cause a victim to feel upset, afraid, ashamed, embarrassed, and
anxious about going to school. It can involve children of any age, including younger
elementary grade-schoolers and even kindergarteners. Bullying behavior is
frequently repeated unless there is intervention.
A bully is the one who is trying to hurt or control others. Bullies have often
been bullied himself/herself. It is important to know that anybody can be a bully! The
target is the person who is being bullied.

TYPES OF BULLYING
 Physical Bullying – this is any bullying that hurts someone’s body or
dangerous their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and
destroying property all are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

rarely the first form of bullying that a target will experience. Often bullying will
begin in a different form and progress to physical violence. In physical
bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their body.
 Verbal Bullying – this is any bullying that is done by speaking. Calling
names, spreading rumors, threatening somebody, and making fun of others
are all forms of verbal bullying. Verbal bullying is one of the most common
types of bullying. In verbal bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their
voice.
 Cyber Bullying – this is any bullying that happens over any technological
device. This includes email, instant m, social networking sites (such as
facebook), text messages, and cell phones. Cyber bullying is one of the
trickiest forms of bullying because it is so new. The weapon the bully uses in
cyber bullying is technology.
 Social Bullying/Relational Aggression – this any bully that is done with the
intent to hurt somebody’s reputation or social standing. Social bullying often
happens between friends. It can happen in two ways: either by trying to
exclude somebody and make them feel unwanted, or by gaining somebody’s
trust and then breaking it. This type of bullying is most common among girls,
but can certainly happen with guys as well. In social bullying, the main
weapons the bully uses are relationships.
 Dating abuse – dating abuse is a type of bullying that can take the form of
any type of bullying mentioned of above within the context of a dating
relationship. Verbal, emotional, physical or sexual abuse are all signs of an
unhealthy relationship. An abusive relationship can be characterized by any
one of those signs or a combination of many.

Bystanders
 A bystanders may or may not be a friend of the target, but he or she is aware
that the bullying is happening.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

 Bystanders can be leaders/heroes/role-models by doing something helpful or

getting help! Bystanders can be silent bullies if they do not try to get help.
 A bystanders can provide help by reporting the bullying. Reporting is not
tattling! Tattling is trying to get someone into trouble. Reporting is trying to get
someone out of trouble.

BULLYING SITUATIONS

Unfair Use of Power

 Power can be defined in many ways (ei., older, stronger, smarter, more
friends in a given situation).
 Everyone needs power and control in their lives. However, people engaging
in bullying behaviors use their power in unhealthy ways to hurt others.
 Ask: where they using their power unfairly?

Intent to Harm
 Sometimes accidents or misunderstandings can be misconstrued as bullying
behaviors.
 Ask: were they intentionally trying to hurt your feelings, body, or reputation?

Repeated Behavior
 Sometimes people make mistakes and cross other peoples, emotional and
physical boundaries
 Ask: did you ask them to stop? Did you let them know that you did not like
their behavior.
Threatening behavior - Threatening behavior is intentional behavior which would
cause a person of ordinary sensibilities fear of injury or harm. It can include acts of
aggression such as yelling at a colleague, pounding on desk, slamming doors,

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

blocking or cornering, and sending threatening voice-mails, e-mails, or other written

threats.

Threatening Letters – threatening letters are letters containing threats designed to

extort money or to obtain other property. Threat is a communicated intent to inflict or
impose harm or damage or loss or injury on another or on another’s property and
that might diminish a person’s freedom to act voluntarily or with lawful consent.

Threat of Harm – threat of harm generally involves a perception of injury. Harm is

physical or mental damage, an act or instance of injury, or a material and tangible
detriment or loss to a person.

Threat of Use Force – threat is a communicated intent to inflict or impose harm or

damage or loss or injury on another or on another’s property and that might diminish
a person’s freedom to act voluntarily or with lawful consent. Threat of use force is
something to do which causes another person’s will.

Life Threatening Injury – a life threatening injury is defined as an “injury involving a

substantial risk of death; loss or substantial impairment of the function of a bodily
member, organ, or mental faculty that is likely to be permanent; or an obvious
disfigurement that is likely to be permanent.

On line abuse – cruel, violent, or unfair treatment, especially of someone who does
not have the power to prevent it. Online abuse is any type of abuse that happens on
the web, whether through social networks, playing online games or using mobile
phones. Children and young people may experience cyber bullying, grooming,
sexual abuse, sexual exploitation or emotional abuse.

Threatening or insulting texts

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

The actual wording is that a person who:

a.) sends, by means of a public telecommunication system, a message or other
matter that is grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character: or
b.) sends by those means, for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience or
needless anxiety to another, a message that he knows to be false or persistently
makes use for that purpose of a public telecommunication system, shall be guilty of
an offence

Damage to property.
Injury to real or personal property through another’s negligence, willful
destruction, or by some act of nature. In lawsuits for damages caused by negligence
or a willful act, property damage is distinguished from personal injury. Property
damage may include harm to an automobile, a fence, a tree a home or any other
possession.
Property damage (or, in England and wales, criminal damage) is damage
to or the destruction of public or private property, caused either by a person who is
not its owner or by natural phenomena.
Intentional property damage may be considered a form of violence, albeit
one usually (but not always) less reprehensible than violence which does bodily
harm to other living beings.

RACE OF ETHNICITY
The traditional definition of race and ethnicity is related to biological and
sociological factors respectively. A racial group means a group of people who are
defined by reference to their race, color, nationality or ethnic or national origin. Race
refers to a person’s physical characteristics, such as bone structure and skin, hair or
eye color. Ethnicity, however, refers to cultural factors, including nationality,
regional culture, ancestry, and language.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Example of race is brown, white or black skin, while an example of ethnicity is

german or Spanish ancestry (regardless of race) or han chinese
Religion or belief (which includes non-belief)
Late 12c., bileave, replacing old English geleafa “belief, faith,” from west
Germanic *ga-laubon “to hold dear, esteem, trust”.
The noun belief replaced the old English word geleafa, meaning “belief, faith,”
in the late 12th century. A belief is an idea one usually holds with conviction and
importance. In a religious context, the ancient Greeks held the belief that many gods
existed, controlling their fate, while Christianity began with the belief that only one
God exists. You can also have belief in yourself in the face of a challenge.
Belief used to mean “trust in God”, the English word “religion” is derived from
the middle English “religioun” which came from the old French “religion.” It may have
been originally derived from the latin word “religo” which means “good faith,” “ritual,”
and other similar meanings. Or it may have come from the latin “religare” which
means “ to tie fast,” or “ bind together.
Religion means- an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules to
worship a good or a group of gods.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
It means the clear, persistent desire of a person for affiliation with one sex
rather than the other. A person’s sexual preference or identity as bisexual,
heterosexual, or homosexual: the state of being bisexual, heterosexual, or
homosexual.
LGBT, LGBTQ, LGBTQA, TBLG: these acronyms refers to lesbian, gay,
bisexual, transgender, queer or Questioning, and Asexual or ally. Although all of the
different identities within “LGBT” are often lumped together (and share sexism ass a
common root of oppression), there are specific needs and concerns related to each
individual identity.

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

Anti- gay hate crimes (words or actions that are intended to harm or intimidate
individuals because they are lesbian or gay) constitute a serious national problem.

GENDER IDENTITY
Gender identity refers to ones sense of oneself as male, female or
transgender” (American Psychological Association, 2006), when one’s gender
identity and biological sex are not congruent, the individual may identity as
transsexual or as another transgender category.
Gender identity a person’s concept of himself or herself as being male and
masculine or female and feminine, or ambivalent, usually based on physical
characteristics, parental attitudes and expectations, and psychological and social
pressures. It is the private experience of gender role.
Gender identity is defined as a personal conception of oneself as male or
female (or rarely, both or neither). This concept is intimately related to the concept of
gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect
the gender identity.

“If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the
result of a hundred battles. If you yourself but not the enemy, for
every victory, you will suffer defeat. If you know neither yourself
nor the enemy, you are a fool who will meet defeat in every battle”.

“KEEP ON RESEARCHING AND STUDYING”

GOD BLESS YOU

-ABDE

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 TJHE

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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.Crim., MS CJ (CAR)
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice