Ionic Bond
Lewis Dot Structure - uses dots to represent the number of valence electrons of an
element.
• Bond between a metal and a nonmetal
• Atoms bond to become stable
• Nonmetal gains valence electrons to become ANIONS (-)
• Metal loses valence electrons to become CATIONS (+)
• Giving of valence electrons
Covalent Bonds
• Atoms share valence electrons
Single Covalent Bond:
Double Covalent Bond:
Triple Covalent Bond:
Types of Bonding:
Nonpolar – equal sharing (0-0.4)
Polar – unequal sharing (0.5-1.9)
Ionic – transferring of one or more valence electrons (2.0 and higher)
Electron Configuration:
Electron Configuration - 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d,
5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
Dmitri Mendeleev – Father of the Periodic Table\
Rows (Horizontal) – Period
Columns (Vertical) – Groups
Empirical/Molecular Formulas:
Molar Mass –
C – 12 x 2 = 24
O – 16 x 1 = 16
40g/mol
(Keep 2 decimal places)
Percent Composition –
EXAMPLE:
2.0 g H,
32.0 g S, and
64.0 g of O
1. Add all the masses together:
H = 2.0g
S = 32.0g
O = 64.0g
98.0g
2. Divide the mass of each element by the answer and multiply by 100
2.0/98 x 100 = 2.041% H
32.0/98 x 100 = 32.653% S
64.0/98 x 100 = 65.306% O
ALL IN ALL 100%
Empirical Formula –
EXAMPLE.
> A compound is composed of 52.14% Carbon, 13.13% Hydrogen, and 34.73%
Oxygen by mass. (a) What is the empirical formula? (b) If the molar mass of the
compound is 138.204 g/mol, what is the molecular formula?
Step 1: Divide the mass of the element by its atomic mass
Mass 1 mol
Formula: 1 mol x Mass = x of mole
52.14 / 12 = 4.345 mole
13.13 / 1= 13.13 mole
34.73 / 16 = 2.17 mole
Step 2: Divide all of the quantities by the smallest quantity (round
off)
52.14 1mol
1 mol
x 12 = 4.34 mole / 2.17 = 2
13.13 1mol
1mol
x 1 = 13.13 mole / 2.17 = 6
34.73 1mol
1 mol
x 16 = 2.17 mole / 2.17 = 1
Step 3: Use the format of the empirical formula and find the
empirical formula
TO FIND MOLECULAR FORMULA:
Given:
Molar mass = 138.204 g/mol
Since our empirical formula is C2H6O
Step 1: Multiply the amount of atoms in the compound to the
corresponding element’s atomic mass then add altogether
C = 2 x 12
H=6x1
O = 1 x 16
= 46
Step 2: Divide the number by the molar mass (Larger number on
top always)
138.204
46
= 3 (round off)
Step 3: Multiply the subscripts of the empirical formula to the
answer of step 2
SIDE NOTE: ALWAYS FOLLOW 3 DIGITS AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT
MEMORIZE:
Mole Formula –
