CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS (MCQ)
1. What is the normal range for hemoglobin (Hgb) in men?
a) 12.1-15.1 g/dL
b) 13.8-17.2 g/dL
c) 10.0-14.0 g/dL
d) 11.0-16.0 g/dL
e) 14.0-18.0 g/dL
2. Which of the following is a liver function test?
a) Creatinine
b) Amylase
c) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
d) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
e) Prothrombin time (PT)
3. The normal range for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is:
a) 0.1-1.0 mIU/L
b) 0.4-4.0 mIU/L
c) 2.0-6.0 mIU/L
d) 5.0-10.0 mIU/L
e) 10.0-20.0 mIU/L
4. What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose?
a) 60-99 mg/dL
b) 70-110 mg/dL
c) 80-120 mg/dL
d) 90-130 mg/dL
e) 100-150 mg/dL
5. Which of the following tests is used to screen for prostate cancer?
a) Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
b) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
c) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
d) Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)
e) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
6. The normal range for the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is:
a) 20-30 seconds
b) 25-35 seconds
c) 30-40 seconds
d) 35-45 seconds
e) 40-50 seconds
7. Which of the following is a marker of inflammation?
a) Creatinine
b) Triglycerides
c) C-reactive protein (CRP)
d) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
e) Uric acid
8. The normal range for the international normalized ratio (INR) is:
a) 0.5-1.0
b) 0.8-1.2
c) 1.0-1.5
d) 1.5-2.0
e) 2.0-3.0
9. What is the normal range for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
a) 0-10 mm/hr
b) 5-15 mm/hr
c) 10-20 mm/hr
d) 15-30 mm/hr
e) 20-40 mm/hr
10. Which of the following is a marker of kidney function?
a) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
b) Creatine kinase (CK)
c) Amylase
d) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
e) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
11. The normal range for total cholesterol is:
a) <150 mg/dL
b) <180 mg/dL
c) <200 mg/dL
d) <220 mg/dL
e) <240 mg/dL
12. Which of the following tests is used to diagnose anemia?
a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) Lipid panel
c) Liver function tests
d) Complete blood count (CBC)
e) Urinalysis
13. The normal range for serum calcium is:
a) 7.0-9.0 mg/dL
b) 8.0-10.0 mg/dL
c) 8.5-10.2 mg/dL
d) 9.0-11.0 mg/dL
e) 9.5-11.5 mg/dL
14. What is the normal range for serum sodium?
a) 120-130 mmol/L
b) 130-135 mmol/L
c) 135-145 mmol/L
d) 140-150 mmol/L
e) 145-155 mmol/L
15. Which of the following tests is used to monitor long-term blood glucose control in diabetes?
a) Fasting blood glucose
b) Oral glucose tolerance test
c) Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
d) Random blood glucose
e) Insulin level
16. The normal range for serum potassium is:
a) 2.5-3.5 mmol/L
b) 3.0-4.5 mmol/L
c) 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
d) 4.0-5.5 mmol/L
e) 4.5-6.0 mmol/L
17. Which of the following tests is used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease?
a) Liver function tests
b) Thyroid function tests
c) Lipid panel
d) Urinalysis
e) Coagulation tests
18. The normal range for serum creatinine is:
a) 0.5-1.0 mg/dL
b) 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
c) 0.7-1.3 mg/dL
d) 0.8-1.4 mg/dL
e) 0.9-1.5 mg/dL
19. What is the normal range for the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood gas?
a) 60-80 mmHg
b) 70-90 mmHg
c) 75-100 mmHg
d) 80-100 mmHg
e) 90-110 mmHg
20. Which of the following tests is used to detect the presence of a urinary tract infection?
a) Urine protein
b) Urine glucose
c) Urine ketones
d) Urine leukocyte esterase
e) Urine pH
THEORY QUESTIONS
1. Explain the role of clinical laboratory tests in the diagnosis and management of chronic diseases.
Provide specific examples to illustrate their importance.
2. Discuss the concept of reference ranges for laboratory tests. Describe the factors that can influence
the interpretation of test results in relation to reference ranges.
3. Analyze the significance of point-of-care testing (POCT) in modern healthcare. Discuss the advantages
and limitations of POCT compared to centralized laboratory testing.
4. Describe the principles and applications of molecular diagnostic tests, such as genetic testing and
next-generation sequencing. Discuss how these technologies have transformed the field of personalized
medicine.
5. Evaluate the ethical and legal considerations that healthcare professionals must navigate when
ordering and interpreting clinical laboratory tests. Discuss the importance of patient consent,
confidentiality, and the responsible use of test results.
