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CRE 44. Calorimetry Saturday, November 30, 2024

Exercise A.

1. Two bodies of equal mass are heated at the same uniform rate under identical conditions. Time
dependance of their temperatures are shown in the following figure.

100 B

Temperature (°C)
80
A
60

40
20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)

(a) What is the ratio of their latent heats?

(b) What is their ratio of specific heats? Is it same in solid and liquid states.
A. (a) 3:4 (b) Solid: 3:1 and liquid: 2:1

2. Equal masses of three different liquids A, B and C are at temperatures 10, 25 and 40 °C respectively.
When A and B are mixed, the temperature of the mixture obtained is 19 °C and when B and C are mixed
the temperature of the mixture obtained is 35 °C.
(a) If A and C were mixed what would be the temperature of the mixture?
(b) If all the three liquids were mixed, what would be the temperature of the mixture?
A. (a) 32.5 ° C (b) 30.45 °C

3. Find specific heat of a mixture of three different liquids of masses m1, m2 and m3, and specific heats s1,
s2 and s3 respectively.
m1 s1 + m2 s2 + m3 s3
A. s =
m1 + m2 + m3

4. Four identical heat insulated vessels each of negligible heat capacity contain 3.0 L, 3.5 L, 2.0 L and 5.0
L of a liquid at temperatures 20 °C, 10 °C, 80 °C and 30 °C respectively. After carrying out an experiment
involving pouring and mixing of the liquid from one vessel to the other, three vessels contained 4.0 L, 1.0
L and 2.0 L of the liquid at temperatures 15 °C, 60 °C and 25 °C respectively. Determine temperature of
liquid in the fourth vessel.
A. 41.1 °C

5. A lead bullet melts when stopped by an obstacle. Assuming 100% of the kinetic energy of the bullet is
converted into heat and 25% of this heat is absorbed by the obstacle, find the minimum velocity of the
bullet, if its initial temperature were 27 °C. The specific heat of lead is 0.03 cal/g°C), the melting point
of lead is 327 °C, the latent heat of fusion od lead is 6 cal/g, and the mechanical equivalent of het is J =
4.2 J/cal.
A. ≈ 410 m/s

6. Calorific value of a type of coal is q1 = 10 MJ/kg and that of superior type of coal is q2 = 30 MJ/kg. These
two types of coal are mixed in such a proportion that if they were burnt separately, they would deliver
equal amounts of heat. Determine the calorific value of the mixture.
2q1q2
A. q = = 15 MJ/kg
q1 + q2

7. In an industrial process, it is required to heat 10 kg of water per hour from 20 °C to 80 °C. For the
purpose, steam at 150 °C is made to pass from a boiler through a copper tube immersed in water. The
steam condenses in the tube and returns to the boiler as water at 90 °C. How much steam supply per
hour is required for the process? The specific heat of steam is 1.0 cal/(g°C), specific heat of water is 1.0
cal/(g°C), and the latent heat of condensation of steam is 540 cal/g.
A. 1.0 kg/h

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8. Water at 30 °C and ice at −20 °C each in an amount of 5 g are mixed in a calorimeter of negligible water
equivalent. The specific heats of ice and water are 0.5 and 1.0 cal/g/˚C, and the latent heat of ice is 80
cal/g. Find the final temperature and amount of ice that melts.
A. 0 °C, 1.25 g

9. In a heat insulated hermitically sealed vessel, 4 kg of ice at temperature −20 °C, 3 kg of water at
temperature 50 °C and 100 g of steam at temperature 100 °C are allowed to come into thermal
equilibrium. How much ice will remain in the vessel after the thermal equilibrium is established?
A. 1.84 kg and 0 °C

10. A solid substance of mass 10 g at −10 °C is heated to −2 °C. During the heating process, the substance
remains in a solid state and absorbs 64 cal of heat. Now an additional 880 cal of heat is required to raise
the temperature of the substance to 1.0 °C. During this heating process, the substance melts to its liquid
state. If instead of 880 cal, the additional heat given were 990 cal, the temperature of the substance
would have been 3.0 °C.
(a) Calculate the specific heat capacities of the substance in its solid and liquid states.
(b) Show that the latent heat of fusion (Lf) bears a relation Lf = 7900 + 200tm, where tm denotes the
melting point.
A. (a) 800 cal/kg/˚C

11. A mixture of 250 g of water and 200 g of ice at 0 °C is kept in a calorimeter, water-equivalent of which is
50 g. If 200 g steam at 100 °C is passed through this mixture, calculate the final temperature and total
mass of the contents in the calorimeter. The latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/g and the latent heat of
vaporization of water is 540 cal/g.
A. 100 °C and 572.2 g

12. An earthenware vessel loses 1.0 g of water per minute due to evaporation. The water equivalent of the
vessel is 0.5 kg, and it contains 9.5 kg of water. Find the time required for the vessel to cool water in it
from 30 °C to 28 °C. Neglect the radiation losses and loss of amount of water due to vaporization. The
latent heat of vaporization of water in this temperature range is 540 kcal/kg and specific heat of water
is 1 kcal/kg/°C.
A. ≈ 34.5 min

13. A heat insulated vessel containing water at 0 °C, is continuously being evacuated with the help of a
vacuum pump. Due evaporation of water cools down and starts freeing into ice. What maximum fraction
 of the water can be frozen into ice in this way? The rate of sublimation of ice is negligible as compared
to the rate of evaporation of water. For water the ratio of the specific latent heat of vaporization to that
of fusion is 𝛼 = 7.

A.  = = 0.87
1+

14. It is known that distil water can be cooled without turning into ice bellow 0 °C. This process is called
supercooling of water. At standard pressure, distil water can be supercooled to around –40 °C. On
reducing pressure, the freezing point rises as high pressure hinders crystallization by opposing the
volume expansion that occurs when water freezes.
An amount of distal water at temperature 0 °C is supercooled to a temperature –10 °C at a certain
pressure, then the pressure is suitably reduced to freeze the water at the temperature –10 °C. Now heat
is supplied to raise the temperature of the ice again to 1 = 0 °C and then pressure is again increased to
convert the ice to water at –10 °C. If the specific heat of water in the temperature range from 0 to –10 °C
is cw = 4,17⨯103 J/(kg K), specific heat of ice in this temperature range is ci = 2,17⨯103 J/(kg K) and
specific latent of melting of ice at 0 °C is 𝜆1 = 3,32⨯105 J/kg, determine the specific latent of ice melting
of ice 2 at –10 °C.
A. 2 = 1 − ( cw − ci ) t = 3.12  105 J/kg

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15. The specific heat capacity c of a material depends on temperature  according to the law c = a (1 + b ) ,
where a = 1.4∙103 J/(kg∙°C) and b = 0.014 °C–1. A cube of mass m1 = 1 kg of this material at a temperature
t1 = 100 °C is put into a calorimeter containing water at temperature t2 = 20 °C. In thermal equilibrium,
the temperature of contents of the calorimeter becomes t0 = 60 °C. Assuming the heat capacity of the
calorimeter and heat exchange with the surrounding to be negligible, determine mass m2 of the water in
the calorimeter. The specific heat capacity of water is c2 = 4.2 103 J/(kg °C).

A. m2 = m1
a ( )
 b t12 − t02 + 2 (t1 − t0 ) 
   0.707 kg
2c2  t0 − t2 

Exercise B.

16. Water at t0 = 20 °C is being supplied in an empty calorimeter at a constant rate of  = 2.0 g/s. The
calorimeter is well heat insulated and has negligible heat capacity. When mass of water in the
calorimeter becomes m0 = 100 g, a heater of power P = 200 W immersed in the water is turned on.
(a) How long after the temperature of the water in the calorimeter becomes t1 = 30 °C.
(b) How much maximum temperature will the water acquire?
(c) If the distance between the marks on the thermometer corresponding to temperatures t0 and t1 is l =
2.0 cm, find the speed of rise of the mercury column at temperature t1.
The specific heat capacity of water is c = 4200 J/(kg ⋅ °C), the heat exchange processes are very fast, and
the heat capacities of the thermometer and the vessel are negligible.
A. (a) 36 s (b) 44 °C (c) 0.32 mm/s

17. Two metal balls of unequal sizes and different initial temperatures are gently placed in a heat insulated
vessel containing some unknown liquid at an unknown temperature. The time dependences of the ball
temperatures obtained as a result of heat transfer are shown in the graph by straight lines I and II.
Determine the final temperature of the balls and the ratio of their volumes.

t/°C

60
I

40 II

20
1 2 3 4 5 t/min

A. ≈ 1.7

18. A heat-insulated electric kettle containing an unknown amount of water at 20 °C is plugged into the
electrical network. After 1 min, when the water temperature becomes 40 °C, the experimenter begins to
add more water at a steady rate for a duration of 2.5 min. When he stops adding water, the water
temperature becomes 50 °C and after another 5 min water begins to boil. Determine the temperature of
the water which was added to the kettle. The heater in the kettle supplies heat at a constant rate and
the water in kettle is continuously stirred to maintain the temperature of water in the kettle uniform.
Neglect heat loss to the surroundings.
A. 10 °C

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19. Water in a calorimeter at room temperature of 20 ºC is successively heated on three heaters for a total
duration of 10 minutes and temperature  of water at different instants t of time were recorded.
Unfortunately, all the reading except the three shown in the graph were lost. The power of the third
heater is double of the first one.
/°C
100

80
C
60
B
40 A

20
0 2 4 6 8 10 t/min

The points A, B and C correspond to moment of heating on the first, second and the third heaters
respectively and in the entire time of heating total heat supplied is 1100 kJ. The heat loss and heat
capacity of the calorimeter are negligible. The specific heat capacity of water is c = 4200 J/(kg °C)
(a) Find the final temperature of the water.
(b) Find the mass of the water.
(c) How much power rating could the second heater have?
(d) How long was the calorimeter on the second heater?
A. (a) 85 °C (b) m = 4 kg (c) Nmax = 1057,7 W (d) 3 minutes 40 seconds.

20. An ice cube at temperature 0 °C is added to hot tea in a calorimeter. By the time the thermal equilibrium
is established, the temperature of tea drops by Δt1 = 12°C. If one more identical ice cube is added to the
tea, the tea temperature further drops by Δt2 = 10°С on establishment of thermal equilibrium again. Find
the mass of the ice cube. The initial mass of tea is M = 100 g, the heat capacity of the calorimeter is
negligible and there is no heat exchange with the surroundings.
(a) Find the mass of an ice cube.
(b) How much will the temperature of the tea drop if third identical cube is added to the tea?
t1 − t2 2 M t1
A. (a) m = M = 10 g (b) t3 = − t2  8.5
2t2 M + 3m

21. A heat-insulated vessel is filled to the brims with water at a temperature t0 = 20 °C. If an aluminum cube
of temperature t = 100°C is put into the vessel, water temperature in the vessel becomes t1 = 30.3 °C
after thermal equilibrium is established. And if the experiment is performed with two identical
aluminum cubes, the water temperature in the vessel became t2 = 42.6 °C after thermal equilibrium is
established. What is the specific heat capacity of aluminum? The density of water is 𝜌0 = 1000 kg/m3, its
specific heat capacity of water is c0 = 4200 J/(kg °C), and the density of aluminum is 𝜌 = 2700 kg/m3.
c0 0 J
A. c =  922
 t − t1 t − t2  kg  °C
 −2 
t −
 1 0 t t2 − t0 

22. The heat capacities of water and its temperature in a heat insulated vessel A are c1 and t1 respectively,
and heat capacities of water and its temperature in another heat insulated vessel A are c2 and t2
respectively. In the second vessel, in addition to water, there is a metal bar, the heat capacity of which
is c. The bar is removed from the second vessel and immersed in the first vessel. After thermal
equilibrium is established, the bar is returned to the second vessel and kept there till thermal
equilibrium is established. This cycle is repeated several times.
The ratio between the heat capacities: c1 : c2 : c = 4 : 5 : 1, work done in transferring the liquid, work done
in the stirring and heat loss to the surroundings are negligible.
(a) What is the minimum number n of such cycles that must be completed to make the temperature
difference between the contents of the vessel 1/N times of the initial value? Here N = 25.
(b) What temperature of water will be established in the vessels after a very large number of cycles?

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2t1 + 3t2
A. (a) 8 (b) t0 =
5

23. A hemispherical cavity of volume V = 1000 cm3 is made on the top of a large ice block of temperature t1
= 0 °C. The cavity is covered with a heat-insulating plate and a small hoe is made in the plate as shown
in the figure.

What maximum mass m of water at temperature t2 = 100 °C can gradually be poured into the cavity
through the hole? The specific heat of water is c0 = 4.19 kJ/(kg °C), the density of water is 𝜌0 = 1.00 × 103
kg/m3, the density of ice is 𝜌i = 0.90 × 103 kg/m3, and the specific latent heat melting of ice is  = 334
kJ/kg.
 (  − i ) c0 t 
A. m = 0V0 1 − 0   1160 g
 0 

24. A piece of ice with a metal ball embedded into it is floating in water into a hermitically sealed heat
insulated vessel equipped with a constant power electric heater. The piece of ice is completely immersed
in water and tied to the bottom of the vessel with the help of a thread as shown in the figure. Initially
the system is in thermal equilibrium. After the heater is switched on, the tensile force T in the thread
varies with time t according to the given graph.
T/N
2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t/h

The densities of water, ice and the metal are 𝜌w = 1000 kg/m3,
𝜌i = 900 kg/m3
and 𝜌с = 7800 kg/m3
respectively, the specific heat of fusion of ice is 𝜆 = 334 kJ/kg, and the acceleration due to gravity is g =
10 N/kg.
(a) Determine the power supplied by the heater power.
(b) Determine the mass of ice at the beginning of the experiment.
(c) Determine the change ∆V of the volume of the contents of the vessel during the time from the
beginning of the experiment until the moment when the thread tension force T vanishes.
A. (a) 16.7 W (b) 2.25 kg (b) 210 mL

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25. A thread passes through a cylindrical ice piece along its axis and a metal ball of very high thermal
conductivity is attached. The assembly thus obtained is suspended form a fixed support by tying the
other end of the thread to the support. In the beginning the metal ball is heated to a temperature t1 and
the temperature of the ice is t0 = 0 °C that is also the ambient temperature. As time passes the ice above
the metal ball melts and the ice cylinder descends as shown in the figure. In this process, the molten
water flows down in form drops leaving a cylindrical channel of cross section area S = 2 cm2 in the ice
cylinder as shown in the figure.

The time rate of transfer of heat from the metal ball to the ice is proportional to the temperature
difference between the metal ball and the ice, and that all of it goes to melting the ice. The heat capacity
of the metal ball is C = 59.4 J/°C, the specific heat of melting of ice is  = 330 kJ/(kg °C), and the density
of ice is ρ = 900 kg/m3.
(a) Find the initial temperature t1 of the ball if the ice cylinder stops descending when the channel
becomes H = 10 cm.
(b) Determine the speed v0 of the ice cylinder at the initial stage of the experiment, if its speed is v2 = 0.1
mm/s, when the channel length is two-thirds of H.
A. (a) 100 °C (b) 0.3 mm/s

“It is not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer.” Albert Einstein 6