M O D U L E 2.

1
Sunday, May 7, 2023 6:59 PM

• The internet
o Worldwide computer network consisting of computers devices and
networks linked using some forms of communication media

• WAN
o A network spread over a wide geographical area such as a city, country or
even continents

• ISP
o Company that has a permanent fast connection to the internet and that
sells internet access and services for a monthly fee

Most people prefer a broadband - a high speed, high bandwidth connection to the
internet

Wired VS wireless connections

• ADSL = permanent digital connection to the internet using a normal telephone line
o Split into two channels one for phone calls + and one for internet
• Fiber
o Data is transmitted along thin glass fiber tubes.
o Much faster than electrical transmission over copper cables used in
ADSL

Wired

ADSL Cheaper than cellular connections

ADSL Speeds drop the further you are away from the exchange
ADSL + Fiber more stable than cellular connections
Fiber Faster + cheaper + more stable than ADSL or cellular
Fiber Not affected by electrical interferences

Wireless

▪ Internet connectivity without ADSL or fiber line

▪ 3G or 4G dongle on a desktop
▪ Smartphone = Wi-Fi hotspot to connect other devices to the internet

Advantages Mobile access to the internet using a mobile device

Disadvantages • Limited or slow access if in area with poor cellular
coverage
• Never escape communication

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 • Never escape communication
• Need to limit the amount of data you use

Wi-Fi
• Way of connectivity to an existing ADSL or fiber connection wirelessly
o Fairly small area of coverage
o WIFI at a public hotspot can provide cheaper or free access
o Can use ADSL router to create own WIFI network
o Password needed the first time you connect a device to WIFI
o Your device will also detect other WIFI networks

People prefer data connection that is:

• Always on + everywhere
• Fast + reliable
• Hassle-free

✓ Always on
○ Laptop has to boot up or wake up from sleep mode before you can use it
○ Delays are difference between using mobile devices and traditional computing
devices

✓ Always connected
○ To tell you when you are being communicated with via phone, instant messaging
or VoIP services

✓ 3G/4G
○ Connect to the internet using cellular technology whenever a cellphone signal is
available

✓ Wi-Fi vs cellular
○ Usually only an issue for tablets models with Wi-Fi re less expensive
○ Makes more sense to het a model with cellular data so you can access the
internet wherever you are

Real time messaging • Instant messaging

• WhatsApp + snapchat + Facebook
messenger
Advantages • Chat in real time with more than
person at a time
• Cost effective
• Can easily witch from chat to
voice or video call
Disadvantages • No control to ensure that people
are who they say they are
• Can lead to anti-social behavior
• Creates opps for cyberstalking +
cyberbullying

VoIP Technology that allows telephone

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VoIP • Technology that allows telephone
calls to be made over Lan + wans
6 internet
• Conference call technology
• Skype and other messaging apps

Advantages • VoIP calls are cheaper than

normal phone calls
• Software is generally free
• Allows you to transfer files and
make video conference calls
Disadvantages • Need an internet connection and
both users need to use the same
software
• Need to purchase credits to call
phones not on the internet
• Call quality may be poor if
internet connection is slow

Video • Allows two or more people to hold

conferencing online conferences at different
locations using a computer network
to transmit audio and video as if
they were all in the same room
• Webcam + microphone + speakers
linked to the computer
Advantages • People you are communicating with
are visible
• Cheaper than normal phone calls or
travelling to a meeting
Disadvantages • Video/audio quality can be poor on
a slow internet connection
• Can use a lot of data especially
when using video

Cloud computing • The sharing and use of resources

and applications offered as
services over the internet
• Online storage of files , web based
email
• Amazon rents and provides online
computing resources
• Google drive
• Web based word processing

Advantages • Software always up to date

• Do not have to download or install
any software
• Can use the software and access
your data anywhere

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 your data anywhere
Disadvantages • Only effective if you have a fast ,
reliable internet connection
• May have to pay a monthly fee
• Software might not have all the
features or capabilities of locally
installed software

Online storage • Keeping your data in the cloud

Advantages • File extensions are not blocked
• Online storage system backs up
the files
• Can save up space on local hard
drive
Disadvantages • Amount of space allocated for
saving file can be quite small for
free usage - must pay a
subscription fee to get extra
• People you have shared folders
with can remove files by mistake

File sharing - • Sharing files via any kind of

Email emailing platform + software
attachments
Advantages • Inexpensive way to transfer files
• Relatively fast method
Disadvantages • Not suitable for large files
• Some email systems block certain
file extensions
• Not always secure on the number
if recipients

File sharing - File • A protocol used for the transfer

transfer protocol of files between remote computers
without an internet connection
• Files are uploaded to an ftp server
or downloaded from an ftp server
• Cloud storage services have largely
taken over this function for most
users

Grid computing • Resources of different computers

are shared and used at the same
time to solve a single problem -
increases the total processing
power
• Used for scientific or technical
applications that require large

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 applications that require large
amounts of data to be processed
or high processing power

Examples • A scientist can use an entire

network of computers to analyses
data
• A businessman can access an entire
network of computers to forecast
the growth of particular stock
Advantages • Cost effective solution with the
ability to use many resources
• Provides a method to solve
problems that need a lot of
processing power
• Saves money and resources by
using the power of idle computers
Disadvantages • A fast network connection
between the computers and
network is necessary
• The computers that are used may
not be fast enough or might be
slowed down
• The computers may be affected by
malware infections

Government • Renewal of tv licenses

internet services • Election information accessed
online
• UIF + tax details added and
updated
• Telephone accounts and call logs
• Passports and ID documents
Advantages • Better communication between
government depts and citizen
• Access to services anytime
anywhere any place
• Immediate feedback
Obstacles • The digital divide
• The initial cost to develop these
sites
• Concerns about the security +
privacy and use of information
• Blame technology for what might
actually be a human error

Module 2.1 Page 5

M O D U L E 2.2
Sunday, May 7, 2023 1:05 PM

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS FOR CYBER CRIME

 Social engineering
○ Any attempt to manipulate or con someone I to giving out confidential
information which can be used to impersonate them to install malware

 Malware
○ Any software that is written with negative intentions

 Phishing
○ It refers to attempts from people to con the user into giving out confidential
details such as pin numbers + passwords by posing as legitimate organization
usually via email

 Pharming
○ Scamming practice where user is redirected to another fake website even when
the user types in a valid URL in their browser. A criminal can use any data
inputted by the user

 Click - Jacking
○ An attack where a site appears to one thing but your clicks are redirected to do
something else

 Spoofing
○ E-mail spoofing is the forgery of an email header so that the email appears to be
from a different origin or person

 Spyware
○ Technique or software that tries to monitor and track the way you use your
computer and then reports this information to a third party

 Keylogger
○ Kind of spy that records your keystrokes + movements of your mouse +
screenshots of what is displayed in your screen as you type in an attempt to
discover your usernames and passwords

 Computer Virus
○ Malware written to disrupt the normal functioning of a person's computer
without their knowledge or consent.
○ Used to turn your computer into a bot to spread malware or to create security
loopholes for other programs to exploit

 Computer worm
○ A computer worm is malware that is able to distribute itself over a network
normally via email =, without a person having an infected program

 Trojan
Type of malware which is a destructive program disguised as a useful application.

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 ○ Type of malware which is a destructive program disguised as a useful application.
Could delete files on your computer + scan your computer for personal
information
○ They rely on you to activate them

 Ransomware
○ Malware that encrypts data until you pay a ransom fee

 Adware
○ Software that downloads onto your computer and bombards your computer with
adverts that pop-up whenever you are connected to the internet
Bots
○ A computer that has been compromised and can be controlled remotely when it
is on and connected to the internet. Also called a zombie

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER CRIME

 Harassment
○ Cyberstalking
○ Spam = unwanted and sometimes embarrassing adverts through email
○ Uploading unauthorized pictures on the web
○ Cyberbullying

 Internet Attacks
○ Attacks on businesses
○ Attacks on websites
○ Cyberterrorism
○ Denial of service

 Computers + theft
○ Bandwidth
○ Identity theft
○ Processing time and power
○ Data/intellectual property
○ Money
○ Copyrighted material

 Protecting yourself against computer crime

○ Software to help computer
▪ Anti-virus software - Software that scans files for different types of
malware
▪ Uses signatures and definitions to detect the signs of specific traces that
a specific type of malware leaves in your system
○ Precautions
▪ Be careful when installing free software from the internet as there might
be malware
▪ Have good password policies\
▪ Check that e-banking and e-commerce sited that you use starts with
https://

What not to do on the internet

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 What not to do on the internet
○ Do not give out personal information
○ Do not click on links in pop-ups and do not click on popup windows
○ Do not click on links in phishing emails or in other types of email scams
○ Do not open attachments
○ Do not perform financial transactions on public computers

 Access vs privacy
○ If your workplace has computer usage policy you have accepted other people
might have access to your files
○ If you work on someone else's computer they can claim access to your data files
○ Free online services can use your data as adverts
○ Online services such as Facebook own everything you post to the site

 PARANOID ABC
○ A - assume nothing
○ B - believe no one
○ C - check everything

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M O D U L E 2.3
Friday, May 12, 2023 1:31 PM

• Strengths and advantages of digital communication

○ Easy to communicate digitally
○ Connect and communicate worldwide
○ Used where you are on multiple devices
○ Faster than conventional methods\

• Weaknesses + Disadvantages
○ Depends on internet coverage and internet speed
○ Require other people to be connected digitally
○ Relatively expensive equipment and high data costs in SA

• Good Practices
○ Keep time zones in mind
○ Keep differences in bandwidth in mind
○ Digital communications are largely impersonal and faceless
○ You are not able to undo something you have said

USE OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

• E - mail
○ Composing + sending of mess gases electronically over a network
including the internet
○ Gmail + Outlook have a calendar , contact list, task list and
archive features to help you to be organized

• E - mail Calendar
○ Reminders about events + appointments
○ Sync the dates with you mobile device
○ You can access your schedule wherever you are

• E - mail Tasks
○ Add tasks to a to-do list
○ Assign a due date

• E - mail contact list

○ Address book or contact list
○ Contacts can be organized into groups
○ It can be configured to automatically add email address to the
list when you use them

• E - mail Archiving
○ Tidy up inbox by moving messages from inbox to an archive
folder without deleting them

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 • Social networking sites
○ Stay in touch and communicate with others all over the world
○ Advertise and market products or services
○ Network with people with similar interests

• Blogs + vlogs
○ Web blogs are websites that are updated often with news and
events in chronological or sequential order
○ Form of blog which uses video as the medium

 Publishing a blog
○ Website that allow you to create an account, set up your blog
and host your blog
▪ Word press + Blogger + Type pad + Weebly
○ Create an account on the website of a blog provider
▪ Decide a name
▪ Choose your theme and first post ideas
▪ Save draft of the post until you have completed the post

• Podcasts
○ Audio File
○ Can be downloaded individually
○ Can be produced by professionals or amateurs
○ Video podcast includes video clips or photos
▪ Can be used to download radio shows
▪ For educational purposes
▪ For tourists and visitors

• Wikis
○ Allows for the collaborative and creating of the content of web
pages
○ Take the form of a web page and access to them is usually free
○ How can be they
▪ Creating company intranets
▪ Creating community websites
▪ Creating reference sites

• GPS technology
○ Smartphones + cameras and other devices have GPS facilities
○ Some Businesses send out unique advertising to their customers
as they enter the vicinity

• Web browser
○ An application that allows you to navigate view and interact with
content on the web
▪ Fire Fox + Google chrome + Microsoft Edge

• Pop-up blocker
○ Is a small web browser window that appears on top of the
website you are viewing . Usually created by advertisers and

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 website you are viewing . Usually created by advertisers and
often open as soon as you visit a website

• Blocking of websites
○ Reasons for blocking websites
▪ Avoid phishing
▪ Prevent further targeting by spammers
▪ Parental access
• Caching
○ Web browsers temporarily store web documents such as HTML
pages + images on disk + caching
○ To reduce bandwidth usage and to allow previously visited web
pages to load quicker

• Browser plug - ins

○ Web pages sometimes contains specialized content
○ Plug - in is usually free
○ Increasingly browsers that have the capacity to display
specialized content

• Browser add-ons
○ Are useful hard party apps that can be downloaded to extend
the functionally of a browser beyond browsing

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M O D U L E 2.4
Sunday, May 14, 2023 2:49 PM

 The impact of technology on the global community

➢ People communicate on a global scale

➢ Work + businesses and competition take place on a a global scale
➢ Telecommuting is possible
➢ Computer fraud can take place

 How to cope with information overload

➢ Learn to read quickly and accurately, identify the key points

➢ Learn to analyze and compare sources
➢ Take a disciplined and structured approach
○ Limit time spent on dealing with information
○ Filter email into categories
○ Use search tools properly

 Social networking services

➢ They are free

➢ They need users to register them
➢ They encourage people to get other people to join

⚫ Twitter
○ Microblogging service
○ Twitter allows people to send messages to their followers

⚫ Facebook
○ Free service that allows people to connect and to keep up to date wish
friends and family
○ Users can also set up or join user groups

⚫ Virtual communities
○ When a website is focused on serving the needs of people with a specific
shared interest it helps to create a virtual community

⚫ Kickstarter + IndieGoGo
○ You can produce an idea for a product
○ You create a presentation
○ You can work out a business plan

 How technology can benefit or harm society

MODULE 2.4 Page 12

⚫ Employment
○ New entrepreneurial opportunities and jobs are created by the IT sector
○ Job losses and unemployment of computer automation and outsourcing

⚫ Education
○ ICT improves Access to information + resources
○ Higher education requirements + digital divide

⚫ Culture + Languages
○ People are better able to record and communicate things that reflect
their own culture so culture can be preserved or shared with the world

⚫ Individual connectedness
○ People are able to connect with others around the world
○ Connectedness is virtual + not real

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NETWORKS
Sunday, May 14, 2023 4:00 PM

• HAN - HOME AREA NETWORK

○ Used for communication among digital devices within a home
○ Allows for various devices to connect and share information with each
other

• WAN - WIDE ARE NETWORK

○ Type of computer network that spans a large geographic area such as
country + continent or even the whole world
○ Connection of smaller area networks such as LANs
○ Fiber optic cables

• PAN - PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

○ Type of network used for communication among personal devices within a
short range.
○ Exchange of data without cables

• Bandwidth VS Broadband
○ Band is the amount of data that can be transmitted through a network
connection in a given time measured in bps
○ Broad is the hight speed internet connection that can transmit large
amounts of data simultaneously
○ Band is used to transmit data
○ Broad refers to a specific type of band that uses a wide range of
frequencies to transmit data
○ Band is any type of connection
○ Broad is a wired connection
○ Band is available everywhere
○ Broad is only available in urban and suburban areas only

• ADSL VS CELLULAR
○ Is a type of wired broadband internet connection that use traditional
copper telephone lines
○ Cellular usese wireless technology
○ ADSL is typically faster depending on plan and location
○ Cellular speed depends on the coverage area and siganl strenght
○ ADSL is more reliable than cellular internet since it is a wired connection
and is not affected by weather or enviromental factors
○ Cellular can be affected by signal interference + network congestion +
weather conditions
○ ADSL is typically only available with access to traditional copper telephone
lines whuich may limit availability in certain rural or remote areas
○ Cellular is widely available
○ ADSL is more affordable and cellular is more expensive

EXTRA MODULE 2 Page 14