Unit 2 URBANISATION

A. PRONUNCIATION
1. Choose the sound (a or b) for the underlined part in each word below.
1. urbanisation a. /eɪ/ b. /əʊ/
2. grow a. /aɪ/ b. /əʊ/
3. engaged a. /ɔɪ/ b. /eɪ/
4. area a. /eə/ b. /əʊ/
5. overload a. /aʊ/ b. /əʊ/
6. crowded a. /aʊ/ b. /əʊ/
7. process a. /aʊ/ b. /əʊ/
8. financial a. /aɪ/ b. /əʊ/
9. amount a. /aʊ/ b. /eə/
10. appear a. /ɪə/ b. /aɪ/
11. ensure a. /ɪə/ b. /ʊə/
12. sustainable a. /eɪ/ b. /aɪ/
13. arise a. /ʊə/ b. /aɪ/
14. avoid a. /ɔɪ/ b. /aɪ/
15. poor a. /aʊ/ b. /ʊə/
2. Which diphthong does each of these words contain? Put them into the correct line.
break housing slow show bright now
poor air sure fear noise coast
weigh know say crowd find eyes
cloud hair toy soul pain boat
buy soil face ground assure enjoy
coin sphere choice bear share wild chair
shine hear tour here late how
smoke cheer contour clear sure
1. /eɪ/

2. /aɪ/

3. /əʊ/

4. /ɔɪ/

5. /aʊ/

6. /ɪə/
7. /eə/

8. /ʊə/

B. VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR

1. Choose the best synonym/ definition of each word/ phrase below. Use the words from the box.
move growing look for lack way of thinking
traffic jam go up lead to crowded very large
accommodation job manage impact happen
1. traffic congestion
2. increase (v)
3. densely-populated
4. migrate
5. occur
6. employment
7. mindset
8. housing
9. shortage
10. affect
11. result in
12. deal with
13. massive
14. seek
15. expanding
2. Complete each sentence below with one suitable word (a or b).
1. Many people choose to leave their home village to better job opportunities in Ho Chi Minh
city.
a. seek b. look
2. is one of the worst issues facing urbanisation today. I find it stressful to join the traffic at
peak hours.
a. Traffic congestion b. Traffic accident
3. Accidents almost every day on this road due to a lack of warning signs for construction
dangers ahead.
a. take b. occur
4. It's really hard to change the of these people because they were born with the belief that
women need to stay at home and do housework.
a. gender b. mindset
5. The population of this city has from 15 million to 20 million in the last five years.
a. decreased b. increased
6. Unemployment in big cities can high crime rates and other social evils.
a. result in b. deal with
7. is a pressing need for migrants in this residential area. Some families have to squeeze in a
10 square meters flat.
a. Renting b. Housing
8. There's a serious of clean water in many urban areas in the world. People don't have enough
clean water for their daily use, and as a result suffer poor hygiene.
a. shortage b. waste
9. Poorly-paid manual jobs in the countryside are one of the push factors that drive these farmers to
to big cities.
a. migrate b. settle
10. Rapidly industries in large cities have added to the increasing level of environmental
pollution in the area.
a. shrinking b. growing
11. Today this country is a mostly society, with more than 90 per cent of its inhabitants living
in towns or cities.
a. urban b. rural
12. Many cities the issue of traffic congestion by introducing traffic management schemes such
as cycle lanes and car pooling.
a. manage b. deal
13. People are now migrating to big cities on a massive .
a. scale b. extent
14. Dharavi, Mumbai, India, is the world's most densely urban area with up to one million
people per one square mile.
a. populated b. developed
15. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to relocate to the .
a. city b. countryside
3. Complete each gap with the correct form of the word provided.
Urban Threats
The promise of jobs and prosperity, among other factors, pulls people to cities. Half of the
([Link]) population already lives in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of the world's people are
expected to live in (2. URBANISATION) areas. But in cities, two of the most pressing
problems (3. FACE) the world today also come together: (4. POOR) and
environmental degradation.
Poor air and water quality, (5. SUFFICIENT) water availability, waste-disposal
problems, and high energy (6. CONSUME) are worsened by the increasing population density
and demands of urban environments. Strong city planning will be essential in (7. MANAGE)
these and other difficulties as the world's urban areas swell.
(Text adapted from [Link]
There is an inequitable distribution of health threats within urban areas. Families with the lowest
incomes are most at risk of their children being malnourished and (8. DIE) early, have less
access to health services such as skilled birth attendance, and are also (9. ADVANTAGE) in
terms of their living conditions, such as access to piped water. Importantly, these inequities exist along a
social gradient, also affecting middle-class city (10. DWELL) to at least some extent.
(Text adapted from [Link]
Rural to Urban Migration
Much of global urbanisation is due to rural-urban migration. Such (11. GROW) is
especially commonplace today in developing countries, where job opportunities and levels of pay are far
(12. HEIGHT) in urban areas than they are in rural areas. Rural to urban (13.
MIGRATE) has been happening in the UK since the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries.
During this time there was a shift away from (14. AGRICULTURE) based rural dwelling
towards more urban habitation to meet the mass demand for labour that new (15.
INDUSTRIAL) required.
(Text adapted from [Link]
4. Choose the sentence that contains a compound adjective.
1. A. My brother has a part-time job at an Italian restaurant.
B. My brother is not working part-time at the moment.
2. A. Mary's niece is three years old.
B. Mary has a three-year-old niece.
3. A. The book is twenty pages long.
B. It's a twenty-page book.
4. A. This is a smoke-free building.
B. You can't smoke in this building.
5. A. Alicia Keys is famous all over the world.
B. Alicia Keys is a world-famous singer.
6. A. Mr Anderson and Jim were friends for a long time.
B. Mr Anderson had a long-lasting friendship with Jim.
7. A. By-the-hour room rentals are not very expensive in this case.
B. You can rent this room by the hour.
8. A. This area was once a coal-mining town.
B. The workers are mining coal in the area.
9. A. I don't think this project is beneficial in the long run.
B. I can't see any long-term benefits with this project.
10. A. The man always dresses very well.
B. He's a very well-dressed man.
5. Choose the best answer (A, B or C) to complete each of the following sentences.
1. He behaves very well. He's a very child.
A. well-behaving B. well-behaved C. behaved well
2. Mrs Black has a kind heart. She's .
A. kind-hearted B. kind heart C. kindly-heart
3. „- Look at Tom. He's writing with his left hand.‟ „- Don't you know he's ?‟
A. left hand B. left handing C. left-handed
4. It took him three hours to get to the city. It was a trip.
A. three hours B. three-hours C. three-hour
5. My father works for a foreign company and he earns a good salary. He has job.
A. well-paid B. well-paying C. good-paid
6. Mr. Chan likes to hear about new ideas. He is .
A. open-mind B. open minds C. open-minded
7. This air conditioner we've bought can save a lot of energy. It's an air conditioner.
A. saving energy B. energy-saving C. energy saved
8. Look at the raisins! I want to get some. I really love eating raisins.
A. sun-dried B. sun-drying C. sun-dry
9. Yesterday, our grandmother told us a story. We were all very sad.
A. heart-broken B. heart-breaking C. break-heart
10. This horse runs very fast. It's such a horse that it has won the race for three times now.
A run-fast B. fast-run C. fast-running
6. Choose the one word or phrase that is not appropriate.
1. We're sorry we can't answer your questions because we were not involved in the decision-made
A B C D
process.
2. Mr President gave a thought-provoked comment on the issue of social security in the city at the
A B C D
council's meeting yesterday.
3. Eshika has just finished reading a 400-pages book. She's such a fast reader.
A B C D
4. Bad air quality in big cities can contribute to illnesses like asthma and respiration-relate diseases such
A B C D
as pneumonia.
5. At the forum, leading managers and directors discussed ways to reduce costs on production of meat,
A B
and wind-power generators were the solution many people voted for.
C D
6. At yesterday's swimming round for men, Jimmy broke the record again.
A B
This was another record-broken race for him.
C D
7. „Do you know where his office is?‟ „It's the ten-storeys building over there.‟
A B C D
8. It wouldn't be cost-effectively to buy an expensive new car when all you want to do is to drive it once a
A B C D
month.
9. „What's her new boyfriend like?‟ „He's a friendly, easily-going type of guy, I think.‟
A B C D
10. All the class members like the new comer because he's Earth-to- down and honest with them.
A B C D
C. READING
1. Read the text and complete each gap with one suitable word from the box.
space higher has density pressure
which dwellers Efforts over-population by

Overcrowding
Overcrowding is a situation in which too many people live in too little space. Overcrowding is a
logical consequence of (1) in urban areas. It is naturally expected that cities having a large size
of population squeezed in a small (2) must suffer from overcrowding. This is well exhibited (3)
almost all the big cities of India.
For example, Mumbai (4) one-sixth of an acre open space per thousand people though
four acre is suggested standard by the Master Plan of Greater Mumbai. Metropolitan cities of India are
overcrowded both in „absolute‟ and „relative‟ terms. Absolute in the sense that these cities have a real
high (5) of population; relative in the sense that even if the densities are not very high the
problem of providing services and other facilities to the city (6) makes it so.
Delhi has a population density of 9,340 persons per sq km (Census 2001) (7) is the
highest in India. This is the overall population density for the Union territory of Delhi. Population density
in central part of Delhi could be much (8) . This leads to tremendous (9) on
infrastructural facilities like housing, electricity, water, transport, employment, etc. (10) to
decongest Delhi by developing ring towns have not met with the required success.
(Text adapted from [Link] -
major-problems-of-urbanisation-in-india/19880)
2. Read the passage and decide whether each statement is true (T), or false (F).
Copenhagen
European cities are some of the world's richest, and most are expected to barely grow or even shrink
over the next 50 years. Declining birth rates, ageing populations and good infrastructure allow many to
now focus on the environment.
But even if they aren't growing at nearly the rate of other cities, they are some of the world's biggest
consumers of energy and resources and emissions. This, says Copenhagen lord mayor Frank Jensen,
imposes on them an ethical duty to change.
“Today our harbour is so clean we can swim in the water, and 62% of Copenhageners ride their
bike to work or school every day. I want Copenhagen to maintain and further develop this position as a
green and liveable city,” he says.
The city has set the ambitious goal of becoming the world's first carbon neutral capital by 2025. As
well as tackling energy production and consumption, “this would mean building even more bicycle lanes
and new bridges to make even more Copenhageners choose the bike over the car,” he says.
Jensen thinks cities are more adaptable and quicker to act than higher levels of government. He
envisages them exchanging ideas and initiatives, through clusters like C40 Cities, an international forum
for mayors to meet and develop new ideas to solve environmental problems.
 In Europe, where one in four people is aged 60 or over - a figure expected to rise to 36% by the turn
of the century - the problem isn't too many people, but too much strain. “By sharing our best ideas and
solutions, we can go from great solutions locally to brilliant advances globally,” says Jensen. “Cities
therefore play a key role in ensuring a more sustainable future.”
([Link]
kinshasa-el-alto-growth-mexico-city-bangalore-lagos)
1. Most European cities are expected to grow rapidly.
2. Cities in Europe consumes the least amount of energy.
3. Fran Jensen is Copenhagen lord mayor.
4. The habour in Copenhagen is now polluted.
5. More than half of Copenhageners ride a bike to work or school every day.
6. By 2025 Copenhagen aims to become the world's first carbon neutral capital.
7. C40 Cities are places where mayors and their families live.
8. More bicycle lanes and new bridges would be built to encourage people to use bikes instead of cars.

9. 20% of the population in Europe is 60 years old or more.

10. Fran Jensen is very pessimistic about the future of cities.
3. Read each text below and answer the questions.
In 1900, the world's largest city was London, which then had 6.5 million people, and out of the 10
largest cities that year, only one was outside of Europe or America. That city was Tokyo, Japan with 1.5
million people. Today this is very different and the fastest growing cities are in Asia and Africa. Greater
Tokyo is the largest urban area in the world, with a population of 37.8 million people.
1. Which was the largest city in the world in 1900?
A. Tokyo B. London C. An African city
2. What could be inferred from the sentence „only one was outside of Europe or America‟?
A. No largest cities in 1900 were in America.
B. Europe was the only continent to have the world's largest city.
C. A majority of the largest cities were in Europe or America.
3. The fastest growing cities today are in .
A. Europe B. Asia or Africa C. America
4. What is the population of greater Tokyo?
A. 6.5 million people B. 1.5 million people C. 37.8 million people
Humans are rapidly becoming an urban species, with millions of people migrating to cities each
year. Over half of the world's population live in urban areas and this is likely to reach 70% of the
population by 2050.
(Text retrieved from [Link]
5. What percentage of the world population live in urban areas?
A. 70% B. 50% C. 25%
6. According to the text, by 2050, there will be a likely increase of in the world urban
population.
A. 50% B. 20% C. 35%
 Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, is located in a valley. The wealthier residents and businesses
are located in the valley floor. But look up towards the hills and you will see the steep hillsides lined with
shantytowns, known as Barrios. In the last 50 years the population of Caracas has quadrupled, fuelled by
Venezuela's oil boom. But it is estimated that 50 percent of those living here still live in poor
neighbourhoods known as barrios. These areas also face serious security issues, with gang warfare, drug
dealing, robbery and other violent crimes. They exist outside the official city grid, built without architects
or municipal maps, and are in a constant state of transition.
(Text retrieved from [Link]
7. Shantytowns, known as Barrios are found .
A. in the valley floor of Caracas
B. in the steep hillsides of Caracas
C. in the center of Caracas
8. The word „quadrupled‟ in the text means .
A. increased three times B. increased four times C. increased two times
9. What does the phrase „These areas‟ in the text refer to?
A. Businesses B. Social issues C. Barrios
10. Which is NOT mentioned as a security issue in Caracas?
A. Gang warfare B. Non-violent crimes C. Drug dealing
4. Read the passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each question below.
The movement of people towards cities has accelerated in the past 40 years, particularly in the less-
developed regions, and the share of the global population living in urban areas has increased from one
third in 1960 to 47% (2.8 billion people) in 1999. The world's urban population is now growing by 60
million persons per year, about three times the increase in the rural population.
Increasing urbanisation results about equally from births in urban areas and from the continued
movement of people from the rural surround. These forces are also feeding the sprawl of urban areas as
formerly rural peri-urban settlements become incorporated into nearby cities and as secondary cities,
linked by commerce to larger urban centres, grow larger.
The proportion of people in developing countries who live in cities has almost doubled since 1960
(from less than 22% to more than 40%), while in more-developed regions the urban share has grown from
61% to 76%. There is a significant association between this population movement from rural to urban
areas and declines in average family size.
Asia and Africa remain the least urbanised of the developing regions (less than 38% each). Latin
America and the Caribbean is more than 75% urban, a level almost equal to those in Europe, Northern
America and Japan (all are between 75 and 79%).
Urbanisation is projected to continue well into the next century. By 2030, it is expected that nearly
5 billion (61%) of the world's 8.1 billion people will live in cities. The less-developed regions will be
more than 57% urban. Latin America and the Caribbean will actually have a greater percentage of
inhabitants living in cities than Europe will.
Globally, the number of cities with 10 million or more inhabitants is increasing rapidly, and most of
these new „megacities‟ are in the less-developed regions. In 1960, only New York and Tokyo had more
than 10 million people. By 1999, there were 17 cities of more than 10 million people around the world, 13
of these were in less- developed regions. It is projected that there will be 26 megacities by 2015, 22 in
less- developed regions (18 will be in Asia); more than 10% of the world's population will live in these
cities, up from just 1.7% in megacities in 1950.
(Text adapted from [Link]
1. What percentage of the world population living in urban areas in 1960?
A. About 33% B. 47% C. 60% D. 38%
2. According to paragraph 2, what contributes to increasing urbanisation?
A. old people in the cities B. births in urban areas
C. people moving from rural areas D. B and C
3. What was the urban share of developed countries in 1960?
A. 61% B. 76% C. 40% D. 22%
4. The word „declines‟ in paragraph 3 most closely means .
A. gaps B. decreases C. expansions D. moves
5. As in paragraph 4, what is the percentage of urbanisation in Latin America and the Caribbean?
A. more than 75% B. less than 79% C. more than 57% D. less than 38%
6. The word „megacities‟ in the last paragraph means .
A. new found cities B. cities in Asia
C. cities in less developed countries D. cities with 10 million people or more
7. How many cities in less developed regions had more than 10 million inhabitants in 1999?
A. 17 B. 10 C. 18 D. 13
8. Which is NOT true about the projection of urbanisation by 2030?
A. Europe will have more inhabitants living in cities than the Caribbean.
B. More than 57% of the population in less developed countries will live in cities.
C. 5 billion of the world population will live in cities.
D. Latin America will have more urban inhabitants than Europe.
9. This article was probably written around when?
A. Before 2015 B. In 2015 C. 40 years ago D. In 1960
10. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. Urbanisation in Asia B. Problems in urbanised areas
C. Births in urban areas D. Global trends towards urbanisation
D. WRITING
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.
1. In the first ten years the population remained steady approximately three million.
2. The crime rate in this city increased rapidly well over 100 incidents per month.
3. For the next few months smart phone prices dropped 50% in spite of a predicted price
increase in basic electrical goods 25%.
4. The production of goods is predicted to finish the year 500 units per day.
5. Enrolment began 1,500 students and rose about 1,900 in the second semester.
2. Rewrite each of the following sentences using the word given.
1. From February to May, 2016 sales of this product increased dramatically.
(DRAMATIC)
2. The monthly profit increased by 10 % from 10 % to 20 %.
(THERE)
3. School A has almost as many students as School B.
(NUMBER)
4. The table illustrates the number of people migrating to Ho Chi Minh City between 2006 and 2010.
(ILLUSTRATES)
5. The proportion of women to men in the workforce in this industrial area has increased in the last five
years.
(GONE)
6. The production of hand-made items fell by 10 % last year.
(DECREASE)
7. The unemployment rate in the region reached the highest point in 2013 (40%).
(PEAKED)
8. The number of books sold to this bookstore has doubled.
(TWO-FOLD)
9. Belle produced by far the greatest proportion of fashion items (64 %).
(WAS)
10. There has been a steady rise in the sales of TV sets since 2015.
(STEADILY)
11. As is shown by the graph, rock music were more popular with boys than girls.
(SHOWS)
12. His country made up 15% of the total carbon dioxide emissions.
(ACCOUNTED)
13. A higher proportion of people aged 55 and over said that they attended classical music concerts than
people aged 15 to 25.
(THOSE)
14. In 2016 the number of farmers who left the village to relocate in the city rose to more than double the
number in 2012.
(THAT)
15. There were more males than females (105 males and 58 females).
(RESPECTIVELY)
3. Study the table and write a description of the data in the table.
Literacy rates in Snow City from 2014-2017
2014 2015 2016 2017
Southern region 60 % 63 % 68% 98%
Central region 80% 85% 90% 95%
Northern region 60% 45% 40% 25%
 ANSWER KEY
A. PRONUNCIATION
1 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a 5.b 6. a 7.b 8. a
9. a 10. a 11. b 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. b
2 1. /eɪ/
break weigh pain late say face
2. /aɪ/
find eyes shine wild bright buy
3. /əʊ/
boat slow show smoke know soul
4. /ɔɪ/
toy coin choice noise soil enjoy
5. /aʊ/
now crowd cloud how housing ground
6. /ɪə/
fear hear clear sphere cheer here
7. /eə/
air hair fair chair share bear
8. /ʊə/
Sour pour assure contour tour sure
B. VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR
1 1. traffic jam 2. go up 3. crowded 4. move 5. happen
6. job 7. way of thinking 8. accommodation
9. lack 10. impact 11. lead to 12. manage
13. on a very large scale 14. look for 15. growing
2 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5.b 6. a 7.b 8. a
9. a 10. b 11. a 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. b
3 1. global 2. urban 3. facing 4. poverty 5. insufficient
6. consumption 7. managing 8. dying 9. disadvantaged 10. dwellers
11. growth 12. higher 13. migration 14. agriculturally 15. industries
4 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B
5 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. C
6 1. D (decision-making) 2. B (thought-provoking)
3. C (400-page) 4. D (respiration-related)
5. C (wind-powered) 6. D (record-breaking)
7. C (ten-storey) 8. A (cost-effective)
9. C (easy-going) 10. C (down-to-earth)
C. READING
1 1. over-population 2. space 3. by 4. has 5. density
6. dwellers 7. which 8. higher 9. pressure 10. Efforts
2 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F
3 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. B
4 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. D
D. WRITING
1 1. at 2. to 3. by-of 4. at/with 5. At/with, to
2
1. There was dramatic increase in sales of this product from February to May, 2016.
2. There was an increase of 10% in the monthly profit from 10% to 20%.
3. School A has almost the same number of students as School B.
4. The table illustrates the number of people migrating to Ho Chi Minh City between 2006 and 2010.
5. The proportion of women to men in the workforce in this industrial area has gone up in the last five
years.
6. There was decrease of 10% in the production of hand-made items last year.
7. The unemployment rate in the region peaked at 40% in 2013.
8. The number of books sold to this bookstore has increased two-fold.
9. By far the greatest proportion of fashion items (64%) was produced by Belle.
By far the greatest proportion of fashion items, 64 %, was produced by Belle.
10. The sales of TV sets have risen steadily since 2015.
11. As the graph shows, rock music were more popular with boys than girls.
12. This country accounted for 15% of the total carbon dioxide emissions.
13. A higher proportion of people aged 55 and over said that they attended classical music concerts than
those aged 15 to 25.
14. In 2016 the number of farmers who left the village to relocate in the city rose to more than double that
in 2012.
15. There were more males than females (105 and 58 respectively).
3 Model answer
The table presents the literacy rates in Snow City from 2014 to 2017. In 2014, Central Region had
the highest percentage of literate people (80%), while Southern and Northern areas had the same literacy
rate of 60%. In 2015, the literacy rate in Southern and Central areas rose by 3% and 5% respectively,
whereas it dropped by 15% to 45% in Northern Region. This figure continued to decline further by 5% in
2016 and hit a trough in 2017 (25%). On the contrary, the percentage of literate people in Southern and
Central regions were on the increase. In Southern Region, it rose to 68 % in 2016, and reached 98 % in
2017. Central Region witnessed a steady rise of 5 % for each next selected year (80% in 2016 and 85% in
2017).