b) -2 - (+3) = -2 - 3 -2 - (+3) means 'negative 2 minus There are no+ 1s in -2.

But it is always
= -5 positive 3'. possible to add(+ 1 -1) pairs, since these
-2 _ (+3) is the same as -2 _ 3 equal 0. Add three(+ 1 -1) pairs to -2.

-
2
=BB = BBBBB
E]E]E]
Now you can subtract +3, leaving -5.

c) 3 - (-2) = 3 + 2 3 - (-2) means 'positive 3 minus There are no-1s in . dd two (+1 -1)
=5 negative 2'. pairs to 3. •
Subtracting a negative number
is the same as adding a positive
3:ElElEl- @ElElElEl
number. C BB
Now you can subtra~2. leaving +5.

@ElElElEl
_______ ffi 00
0)
Worked example 2 ~ C
Find: Q)
a) -18+ 23 bl -39-17 +J
Reversing the order of the numbers makes this (218 +5
calculation easier: 23 - 18 = 5.
Alternatively, sketch a number line and do the
~
-{§) 0 5
calculation in shorter 'jumps'.
b) -39 -17 = -56 Start at-39. Move 17 along the number line in the
negative direction.
~-49 -39

LL
f§=l-i 0
a..
0 Copy and fill in the missing numbers.
a) B •c warmer than -1 •c is •c. bl 5 •c warmer than -12 •c is ·c.
c) 15 •c colder than 3 •c is _ _ _ •c. d) 7 •c colder than -6 •c is _ _ _ •c.
e) _ _ _ •c warmer than -1 O •c is -4 •c. f) 12 •c colder than _ _ _ •c is -2 •c.
g) 'C colder than -3 ·c is -14 •c. h) 30 •c warmer than •c is 21 ·c.

36 Stage 7: Student's Book

 8 Copy and write the missing numbers.
Discuss
7-2=5
These calculations are
7 -1 =
incorrect. What mistakes
7-0= have been made?
7-(-1)= _ _ 5-7=2
7-(-2)= _ _ -5-4 = 9
7-(-3)= _ _ 5-(-2)=-7
Describe the pattern.

e Copy and find the missing numbers.

E
a) -12+4=___ bl -12-4= _ __ c)-e-+22=3
d) _ _ _+ 22 = -3 e) -5 +_ _ _ = 17 f) -5--B--=-17
g) 11-11=___ h) 42-60= _ __ i) -25 -1; . 2 : = - - -
j) _ _ _+8=0 Q
~o..,-How many pairs of integers between -20 and 20 can you find
. C:
y with a sum of 7? How do you know you have found them all? Thi~bout

e Find:
Whe9o you see negative
num_ti_eIS in real-life? When
a) 5 - (+3) b) 7 + (-4) c) -3 + (-2) d) 4 - (-8) do w~dd or subtract
e) -6 + (-7) f) 5 - (-8) g) -2 - (-6) h) 7 - (+9) ~~~t~'fti~dr:!1: 1~:~~e
i) 9 - (-9) j) -5 + (-9) k) -8 - (-9) I) -7 + (-2) ••••••••••• ~ •••••••• •••••••••• ••••

~C,-,-write your own addition and subtraction questions that have the answeijelow.
' Only use the numbers 8, -10 and -5. ~
a) 3 b) -2 c) -18 d) 5 ..c
()
0 In a magic square, all the rows, columns and diagonals add to 1·~~.~··•·· ••
the same total.
Copy and complete these magic squares. j First, find the sum of a
:. com~e row or diag.°..~.a..1..... .

~ -5

-12
6
LL
0
a..
~ofexplain, using examples, whether each statement is always true, sometimes true, or never true.
'( a) When you add a positive integer to a positive integer, the answer is positive.
b) When you add a negative integer to a negative integer, the answer is negative.
c) When you subtract a positive integer from a positive integer, the answer is positive.
d) When you subtract a negative integer from a positive integer, the answer is positive.
e) When you subtract a positive integer from a negative integer, the answer is negative.
fJ When you subtract a negative integer from a negative integer, the answer is negative.

Chapter 4: Negative numbers and indices 37

 C) Use a calculator to find:
al 145 - (-254) bl -829 + (-7641 cl 45 - (-1991

~ ., Thinking and working mathematically activity

f Draw a pyramid like the one below.

E
: : 0
(.)
In each box on the bottom row, write a positive integer or a negative integer. - -
ln the rows above, write in each box the sum of the two numbers below it. 0
Is the top number of your pyramid positive or negative? C
Try to create an addition pyramid whose top number has the opposite sign fromQl bottom
middle number. ..C
Investigate addition pyramids further. Try to find a rule that relates the sign of tliedop number to
the values of the bottom numbers. When is the top number zero> C

O>
4.2 Multiplying and dividing integers C
Q)
:;:::;
~
---------------;_C-----

Worked example 3
0
Find: co
Cf)
al 2 X (-6) bl-15+3 c) 12+(-4)

a) 2x(-6)=-12
-6 -6
Work out 2 lots of -6.
+ X -E
~
(-2 x 6 also equals -12. Can you see why?)
- >(
0
+~
-12 -6 +-
b) -15 + 3 = -5 How many threes make -15? LL
3 X (-5): -15
so-15 + 3 = -5
A negative number divided by a positive
number equals a negative number.
cl 12 + (- 4) = -3 A positive number divided by a negative
number equals a negative number.

38 Stage 7: Student's Book

 if:1-@
G The temperature changes by -2 'C every hour. What is the total change in temperature
after 7 hours?

8 Find:
a) -4 X 4 bl 5 x (-7) Cl -5 X 9 dl -10 x 2
el -3 x 6 f} 7 X 5 gl 8 X (-41 h) 5 x (-11)

• Find:
a) -4 + 4 bl 20 + (-2) c) -25 + 5
E
@-42+7
e) 32 + 8 f) 45 + (-91 gl 8 + (-41 (l)~ -28 + 4

e Write true or false for each calculation. If it is false, correct it.

0
al -49+7=7 bl-7x4=-21 c) 80+(-10)=8 i!!l'.3x(-2)=-6

e Write two multiplication calculations and two division calculations that g~ each answer.
al -10 bl 32 c) -12 :§
C, Find the missing numbers. C
a) _ X (-4) = -28 bl 6x_=30 c) 22 + _ = -11 ro
d) _ + (-5)=-6 e) 9x_= -63 f) _+4=-6 0)
~.--,,You are given the result -288 + 24 = -12. Without doing any
C
• Tip Q)
f working, write at least six other calculations that must be true.
i'n q.1es'fio_n_7_,c-a-n-yo_u_ __
~o__,,,.Below are two puzzles. Copy each puzzle and write numbers in
write\iqother division
'f the four boxes to make all of the calculations correct. and !multiplication? If
you ~~ge the signs on
b l D + D =6
num~~. can you write more

□+□ . E .
multiplications and divisions?
= -2

C)
=6 =-2

Use a calculator to find:

= -3 = 25
e
'+-
a) 38 X (-69) bl --87 x 6 c) 405~1,;- (-50)

d) 9126 + (-3) e) -189+3 f) -34014

n
~ "'Thinking and working mathematically activity
1 x and y are integers. Look for values of x and y that give each of the types of result below.
• x + y is less than both x and y.
• x + y is greater than y.
• x + y is greater than x.
• x + y is greater than both x and y.
Write rules to summarise your findings. Try to explain why each rule works.

Chapter 4: Negative numbers and indices 39