BRAC University Journal, Vol.

Suntu
II, No.
Kumar
2, 2005,
Ghosh
pp. 1-12
et al

HANDLOOM INDUSTRY ON THE WAY OF EXTINCTION:

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OVER THE PRE- DOMINANT
FACTORS

Suntu Kumar Ghosh

Department of Management and Business
BRAC University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
and
Md. Shahriar Akter
Dept. of Business Administration
East West University
Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Handloom industry in Bangladesh is having glorious past, questionable present and blurry future
due to a lot of internal and external factors that are acting behind the scene. In this paper, we have
identified those predominant factors that are moving the wheels of this industry slowly. And among
them, shortage of working capital, high cost of raw material procurement, lack of organizing
capability, inadequate technology and efficiency, and lack of policy support are major forces which
are bitterly hit the handloom industry.

Key words: Handloom Industry, Working Capital, Technology, Weavers.

I. INTRODUCTION Specific Objectives:

To identify the problems lie in the
The Handloom industry is the ancient, the biggest production process.
and the most important cottage industry of To identify the problems associated with
Bangladesh. This industry has lots of future working capital.
prospects as well as glorious past. This sector is To identify the tribulations in distribution
responsible for a very high percentage of the of handloom products.
nation's economy, as Handloom industry is the To identify the problems associated with
biggest handicraft industry in our country (Ahmed, level skill.
2001). This sector contributes 24% in the total To identify the problems associated with
clothes production of Bangladesh. (Chowdhury, the promotional campaign.
1989). This sector provides employment to more To identify the problems associated with
than 18 million people. (Bakht, 1998) This sector government support.
has a great potentiality to meet substantial To identify the reasons behind lack of
requirements of fabrics in the export oriented interest of private sector to enter in this
garment industry. But this prospective industry industry.
now faces threat of extinction because of various To identify the problems associated with
tribulations and barriers which made us to develop the organizing capability of weavers.
this study over the handloom industry of To identify the most demanding product
Bangladesh. of this industry.
To identify the level of demand of these
Our broad objective is to find out the barriers and products in international market.
problems of the Handloom industry of Bangladesh, To identify the immediate competitors of
to provide a solution to these problems and to this sector.
identify the potentiality of this sector. To identify the potential market.

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 Suntu Kumar Ghosh et al

II. METHODOLOGY possible to construct an ambitious future for this

industry.
Our target population is the people engaged
directly and indirectly in the Handloom Industry of The Handloom industry is still a very important
Bangladesh. We have segregated our entire part of the textile industry of Bangladesh, is
population into 5 (five) stratum: Weavers, responsible for a very high percentage of the
Handloom Board, Exporter, Retailer & Wholesaler nation's economy. As Handloom industry is the
and Private organizations, and these are sample biggest handicraft industry in our country, it is the
units from which sample elements have been second largest source of rural employment after
collected. The study has been conducted over 100 agriculture (Ahmed, 1999). Though the
samples and as a method ‘quota sampling’ has employment opportunity in this sector has been
been used for selecting sample elements. Here we squeezed in the last 15 years, this sector is still
have divided our entire population into 5 (five) offering employment to nearly 0.9 million weavers
stratum/groups and samples picked from these in rural area (ADB, 2002). Moreover, in general
stratum/groups on judgmental and/or snowball near about 18 million people are involved in this
and/or convenient basis. Our data collection industry. Though there is a downward trend, this
method was cross-sectional, and our data industry still has a significant amount of share in
collection technique was personal interview. For our total cloth production. According to the data
data analysis, initially we have used factor analysis available in June 2004, this sector contributes 24%
for identifying predominant factors and then we in the total clothes production of Bangladesh.
have tested each factor by parametric procedures (Handloom Board, 2004) The product range of
to reach decisions. handloom is simply amazing and includes Muslin
Jamdani Sharees, Bedcovers, Bed sheets, Tapestry,
III. LITERATURE REVIEW Upholstery, Place mats, Rugs or Blankets, Satranji,
Crochet, Muslin, Tribal textiles, Silk fabrics, Sofa
The handloom industry in Bangladesh is having a covers, Block Prints, Table cloth and Napkins,
glorious past, questionable present and confusing Towels, Dusters, Kitchen towels, Gents, Ladies
future. The art of weaving is perhaps as old as and Baby Wear and Shirts, Punjabis, and other
human civilization. Bangladesh can proudly claim household linen in printed, plain or embroidered
to have many branches of this ancient art, of which Khadi (Basu,2001). This sector has a great
the best known and most popular is the specialty potentiality to meet substantial requirements of
Jamdani, which is one of the varieties of the fabrics in the export oriented garments industry.
famous Dhaka Muslin or Mul-mul (Zohir, 1996). One of the major problems in this case that is
For over ten centuries, the Dhaka area has been noteworthy is inadequate distribution channel
renowned for this fine fabric. So fine was its which is failing to match between demand and
texture and quality that it was said to be woven supply. (News Today: Feb 2005; 10)
with the "thread of the winds" and the Greek and
the Roman texts mention the "Gangetic muslins" But we have come to know that, this ancient and
as one of the most coveted luxury items. Woven most important cottage industry of Bangladesh is
from superfine cotton or silk yarn, Jamdani fabric now on the way of extinction because of various
is embroidered or inlaid on the loom with silk, problems and barriers adjacent to this industry.
gold and silver threads (Mandal, 1989). Over the Weavers in our country don’t get quality raw
years, the weavers simplified the designs making materials at right time and at right price (Ahmed,
them more stylized and geometric. Handloom 1999). Besides, Weavers are suffering from
products have shown decisive upward trend in the inadequate contemporary technology and scarcity
export market since 1972 and Bangladeshi of working capital which are mandatory to
handloom products with their distinctive design maintain the smooth flow of production (ADB,
and superior quality have created a niche for 2002). Although skills of our workers are up to the
themselves in overseas markets (Sobhan, 1989). expectation level, they are lagging behind in
An international expert’s study reveals that the capturing the modern technology due to lack of
technical skill of the weavers of Bangladesh is infrastructural support from the government
second to none in the handloom-producing world. (Sobhan, 1989). The major competitors of
So if we can build a platform for them, it is handloom products are 1) Cloths come through

2
 Handloom Industry on the Way of Extinction

legal and illegal ways and 2) Power loom produced this industry of last 15 years (from 1989 to 2004)
cloths (Ahmed, 1999). In our next discussion, we to reveal the past and present situation of this
are going to illustrate a comprehensive scenario of industry.

Table: Domestic cloths production, 1989 to 2004

Year Mills Power looms Handlooms Total

Qnt. Percent Qnt. Percent Qnt. Percent Qnt. Percent
1989-90 231.8 18.1 220.0 17.2 826.8 64.7 1278.6 100.0
1990-91 238.6 19.3 195.0 15.8 808.1 64.9 1234.7 100.0
1991-92 258.3 21.1 190.0 15.5 775.5 63.4 1223.8 100.0
1992-93 290.0 23.6 185.0 15.1 752.2 63.3 1227.2 100.0
1993-94 288.0 24.0 180.0 15.0 729.6 61.0 1197.6 100.0
1994-95 254.2 28.8 170.0 13.8 707.0 57.4 1231.2 100.0
1995-96 502.4 37.2 165.0 12.2 684.4 50.6 1351.8 100.0
1996-97 584.1 41.5 161.0 11.4 663.9 47.6 1409.0 100.0
1997-98 677.5 45.9 155.0 10.5 642.7 43.6 1475.2 100.0
1998-99 827.9 51.9 145.0 9.1 623.4 39.0 1596.3 100.0
1999-00 954.6 56.2 141.0 8.3 604.1 35.5 1699.7 100.0
2000-01 1207.4 62.8 130.0 6.8 584.8 30.4 1922.2 100.0
2001-02 1425.7 66.8 142.0 6.6 567.3 26.6 2135.0 100.0
2002-03 1590.0 69.0 170.0 7.4 543.2 23.6 2302.2 100.0
2003-04 2000.0 72.7 160.0 5.8 590.0 21.5 2750.0 100.0
Source: (‘The Daily News Today’, February 08, 2005, Page- 10)

Since 1989-90 fiscal year to until 2003-04 fiscal of cloth production in mills jumped up
year, the share of the cloth production in the tremendously.
handloom sector dropped sharply while the share

Figure-1 Domestic Cloth Production

Domestic cloth production, 1989-90 to 2003-04 Mills (%)

Powerlooms (%)
80 Handlooms (%)
70
60
Production in %

50
40
30
20
10
0
1989- 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003-
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04
Year

Source: (‘The Daily News Today’, February 08, 2005, Page- 10)

Figure 1, clearly shows the upward trend of the in the handloom sector during the last 15 years
share of cloth production in mills and the from 1989-90 to 2003-04. (News Today: Feb
downward trend of the share of cloth production 2005; 10)

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 Suntu Kumar Ghosh et al

Figure-2 Trends in Last 15 years

Trends in last 15 years (1989-90 to 2003-04)

72.7
80 64.7
Production in %

60

40 18.1 17.2 21.5

20 5.8

0
1989-90 2003-04
Year

Handlooms (%) Mills (%) Powerlooms (%)

Source: (‘The Daily News Today’, February 08, 2005, Page- 10) (Appendix-2)

From the above Figure, we can see, in 1989-90 production in textile mills jumped to over 72
fiscal year the textiles mills had a share of about 18 percent in 2003-04 fiscal year while the share of
percent cloth production as against handloom handloom and power-loom sectors slide to 21
sector’s about 65 percent and power-loom sector’s percent and 5.8 percent respectively. (News
17 percent. However, the share of cloth Today: Feb 2005; 10)

Figure-3 Change in Production

Change in production during 1989-2004

2000
2000
Quantity in million

1500
meters

826.8
1000 590

231.8 220 160

500

0
1989-90 2003-04

Year
Handlooms (in million meters) Mills (in million meters)
Powerlooms (in million meters)
Source: (‘The Daily News Today’, February 08, 2005, Page- 10)

From the figure- 3, we can see that the handloom during the last 15 years. On the other hand, the
production has been decreasing significantly from mill production registered a subsequent increase in
826.8 million meters to 590.0 million meters cloth production during the last 15 years. The total

4
 Handloom Industry on the Way of Extinction

cloth production in 1989-90 was 231.8 million IV. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT

meters that shot up to 2000 million meters in 2003-
04. (News Today: Feb 2005; 10) H1: The declining productivity of handloom
industry is caused by simultaneous activation of
Now we might have a clear idea from this trend internal and external factors.
analysis, about how much the handloom industry H 1.1: weavers don’t get quality raw materials
suffers from the threat of extinction. Various news H 1.2: weavers don’t get quality raw materials at
articles, journals, report of handloom board have right time
identified a number of key problems and barriers, H 1.3: weavers don’t get quality raw materials at
which play a key role to demolish this important right price
sector. Shortage of working capital, high cost of H 1.4: Weavers are suffering from inadequate
raw material procurement, lack of organizing contemporary technology.
capability, inadequate technology and efficiency, H 1.5: Government supports are not adequate.
smuggling of Indian cloths and lack of policy H 1.6: Weavers are facing scarcity of working
support hit the handloom industry (Chowdhury, capital
1989). H 1.7: Promotion programs are not effective
H 1.8: The industry faces competition from mill
So we might predict how the most ancient and and power loom sector
most important cottage industry of Bangladesh has H 1.9: Weavers face lack of skills
been suffering from various diseases. But no full H 1.10: High level of skills are needed to produce
fledged research work has been done on this sector quality products
yet to find out the barriers and problems of this H 1.11: Weavers’ association is not efficient
sector in depth, to provide a solution to these H 1.12: Production is not enough to meet the
problems and to identify the future potentiality of demand.
this sector. Though from our previous discussion,
we can assume the dire need of a research work on Empirical findings:
this sector to save this sector from extinction.
Thus, we are interested to continue our research Here, we have used Factor Analysis to analyze
project on the handloom industry of Bangladesh. hypotheses ranging from 1.1 to 1.12 under H1.
KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
Adequacy.
.590

Bartlett's Test of Approx.

304.678
Sphericity Chi-Square
df 91
Sig. .000

From the above table it is clear that our factor indicates .000 probability (.000) which is less than
analysis is appropriate as KMO test result is the significance level (.05).
greater than .5o and it is valid as Bartlett’s test

Total Variance Explained

Compo- Extraction Sums of Squared
Initial Eigen values Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
nent Loadings
% of % of % of
Total Cumulative % Total Cumulative % Total Cumulative %
Variance Variance Variance
1 2.796 19.970 19.970 2.796 19.970 19.970 2.311 16.510 16.510
2 1.994 14.242 34.211 1.994 14.242 34.211 1.926 13.756 30.266
3 1.540 10.997 45.209 1.540 10.997 45.209 1.668 11.916 42.181
4 1.241 8.865 54.073 1.241 8.865 54.073 1.381 9.864 52.045
5 1.133 8.092 62.165 1.133 8.092 62.165 1.201 8.578 60.623
6 1.058 7.556 69.721 1.058 7.556 69.721 1.137 8.124 68.747
7 0.856 6.114 75.835 0.856 6.114 75.835 0.992 7.087 75.835
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

5
 Suntu Kumar Ghosh et al

From the above table, 7 factors have been 70% that indicates the adequacy of the analysis
extracted as cumulative frequency is greater than through the derived factors.

Component Matrix a

Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Weavers dont get quality
.686 .255 -.340 .131 -.064 -.076 -.079
raw materials
Weavers dont get raw
.630 .347 -.188 -.307 2.E-02 -.169 3.E-02
materials in time
Weavers dont get raw
.619 .434 -.251 -.122 2.E-02 -.235 .121
materials at right price
Suffers from inadequate
.589 .156 .175 -.246 6.E-02 .172 -.345
contemporary technology
Government supports are
-.316 .806 .117 .309 -.110 8.E-02 8.E-02
not sufficient
Government supports are
-.392 .739 6.E-02 .291 -.200 9.E-02 1.E-02
not effective
Weaver's faces scarcity of
-.208 .488 7.E-02 -.289 .410 -.333 .104
working capital
Promotions are not
.321 .189 .704 .279 .140 -.069 -.147
effective
The Industry faces
competition from mill & .321 -.158 .688 .117 -.190 -.258 .157
powerloom sector
Weaver's have lack of skill .370 -.021 -.401 .511 -.228 .263 -.158
Distribution channel is not
.440 -.133 .115 .422 .586 9.E-02 -.175
efficient
High level of skill is
needed to produce .355 .061 .341 -.349 -.574 .253 -.066
handloom products
Weaver's Association is
-.023 .245 .122 -.323 .350 .753 .104
not efficient
Production is not
.489 -.138 2.E-02 .183 3.E-02 .184 .762
sufficient to meet demand
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 7 components extracted.

7 factors have been extracted from the component V. Analysis of Factors under H1 and other core
matrix on the basis of factor loadings to encounter hypotheses through T-Test
our first hypothesis (H1) that is, the declining
productivity of handloom industry is caused by Factor-1: Weavers do not get quality raw
simultaneous activation of internal and external materials at right time and right price
forces.
The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is
Extracted Factors under H1: less than the significance level (.05). So we can
• Weavers don’t get quality raw materials conclude that weavers do not get quality
at right time and right price raw materials at right time and right price. (See-
• Government supports to Handloom table:1)
Industry are not sufficient and effective.
• Promotion of handloom products is not Factor-2: Government supports to Handloom
effective. Industry are not sufficient and effective
• Weavers have skill deficiency.
• High level of skill is needed to produce The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is
handloom products. less than significance level (.05). So, we can
• Weavers Association is not efficient. conclude that Government supports to Handloom
• Production of handloom products is not Industry are not sufficient and effective (See
sufficient to meet demand table: 2).

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 Handloom Industry on the Way of Extinction

Factor-3: Promotion of handloom products is less than significance level (.05). So, we can
not adequate conclude that high level of skill is needed to
produce handloom products (See-table: 5)
The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is
less than significance level (.05) So we can Factor-6: Weavers’ Association is not efficient
conclude that Promotion of handloom products is
not effective. . (See-table: 3) The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is
less than significance level (.05) . So, we can
Factor-4: Weavers have skill deficiency conclude that weavers’ association is not efficient
(See-table: 6)
The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is
less than significance level (.05). So, we can Factor-7: Production of handloom products is
conclude that weavers have skill deficiency. (See- not sufficient to meet demand
table: 4)
The hypothesis is not accepted, as probability
Factor-5: High level of skill is needed to (.423) is greater than the significance level (.05).
produce handloom products So we can not conclude that Production of
handloom products is not sufficient to meet
The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is demand. (See-table: 7)

Factors Probability Significance level

Weavers don’t get raw materials in time .000 .05
Govt. supports are not sufficient .000 .05
Promotion s are not effective .000 .05
Weaver’s have lack of skill .000 .05
High level of skill is needed to produce handloom products .000 .05
Weaver’s Association is not efficient .000 .05
Production is not sufficient not meet demand .423 .05

We have extracted seven factors from the factor H2: Weavers are suffering from inadequate
analysis; moreover, with these factors, there are contemporary technology.
also some significant factors that are also H3: Weavers face scarcity of working capital.
important to find out the reasons for which the H4: Existing distribution channel of handloom
Handloom industry of Bangladesh is now on the products is not efficient.
way of extinction. So, in the following, we will H5: Handloom industry faces intense competi-
analyze these factors. tion from mill and power loom sector.

Hypotheses Probability Significance level

H2: Weavers are suffering from inadequate .000 .05
contemporary technology.
H3: Weavers face scarcity of working capital. .000 .05
H4: Existing distribution channel of handloom .000 .05
products is not efficient.
H5: Handloom industry faces intense .000 .05
competition from mill and power loom sector

Testing of other core hypotheses: conclude that weavers are suffering from
inadequate contemporary technology. (See
H2: Weavers are suffering from inadequate table: 10)
contemporary technology. H3: Weavers face scarcity of working capital
The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is
less than significance level (.05). So, we can less than significance level (.05). So, we can

7
 Suntu Kumar Ghosh et al

conclude that weavers face scarcity of working monitoring cell under Handloom Board of
capital..(See-table:8) Bangladesh to monitor activities of those
wholesalers and retailers who are engaged
H4: Existing distribution channel of handloom in selling raw materials for handloom
products is not sufficient. products to prevent any unfair advantage.
In addition, all tax and levies should be
The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is waived on all kinds of raw materials
less than significance level (.05). So, we can which will ensure the right price.
conclude that existing distribution channel of
handloom products is not sufficient. (See-table:9) • We have found that weavers suffer from
inadequate contemporary technology. So,
H5: Handloom industry faces intense government should take necessary steps
competition from mill and power loom to make available these technologies in
sector. local market and should waive all taxes
on these technologies so that weavers can
The hypothesis is accepted, as probability (.000) is
afford these technologies.
less than significance level (.05). So, we can
conclude that handloom industry faces intense
• Another major finding is- weavers suffer
competition from mill and power loom sector.
from scarcity of working capital. Most of
(See- table: 11)
the time, weavers acquire their working
capital from their own money and
VI. MAJOR FINDINGS sometimes they acquire capital from
various institutions like govt. banks,
• Weavers do not get quality raw materials
private banks and some other financial
at right time and right price.
institutions. Both government and private
• Government supports to Handloom sectors should work to solve this problem
Industry are not sufficient and effective. of working capital.
• Promotion of handloom products is not
effective. • We have found that high level of skill is
• Weavers don’t have skill deficiency. needed to produce handloom products,
• High level of skill is required to produce but there is no development program for
handloom products. weavers. So various specialized trainings
• Weavers Association is not efficient. program should be launched for weavers
• Production of handloom products is that will keep them updated. Both private
sufficient to meet demand. and public sectors can work for this.
• Weavers are suffering from inadequate
contemporary technology. • We have found that government supports
• Weavers face scarcity of working capital. to this industry are not sufficient and
• Existing distribution channel of handloom effective. Government should be more
products is not efficient. responsible and should provide more
• Handloom industry faces intense policy support to save this ancient
competition from mill and powe industry. Our neighboring county, India,
provides approximately 20% incentives to
VII. RECOMMENDATION their handloom industry and these create
problems like lots of handloom products
After analyzing our all-major and associated enter in our market through illegal ways
findings, we recommend the following steps, as these products are cheaper than our
which we believe, will provide a direction for local products. To eliminate this problem,
further improvement of this sector. government can provide incentives to
those weavers who produce those
• We have found that weavers don’t get handloom products which have high
raw materials at right time and at right demand in national and international
price. In this case, our recommendation is market, such as Sharee, Lungi, Bed sheet
that government should have a etc.

8
 Handloom Industry on the Way of Extinction

• We have found that existing distribution Ahmed, M. U (2001):″Globalization and

channel of the handloom products is not Competitiveness of Bangladesh’s small- scale
adequate and effective. This problem can industries (SSIs)”: An Analysis of the
be eliminated if we can catch the attention Prospects and Challenges, in CPD/UPL
of private organizations and NGOs to published, Bangladesh facing the challenges
participate in the growth of this industry. of Globalization, IBRD.

• We have found that existing promotional Asian development Bank (ADB) “Strategic Issues
campaign is not adequate. So intensive and potential Response- Small and medium
promotional programs like trade fairs, Enterprise Development and export
public relations, sales promotions and expansion”, Dhaka-2002.
advertising should be undertaken.
Bakht , Z (1998) “Jobs opportunities and Business
• We have found that handloom industry Support (JOBs) Programm”e: Growth
faces intense competition from mill and potentials of small and Medium Enterprises: A
power loom sector. So government can Review of Eight Sub- sectors in Bangladesh,
create a quota system for handloom in Bangladesh, , BIDS, for JOBS Sub-sector
industry, under which, some special Study.
products such as Sharee, Lungi, Bed sheet
etc which have high demand in national Basu, S. N, (2001). ‘Tate O Rong’, Bakshi
and international markets, can exclusively Printers: Calcutta. P- 2-12, 24, 101, 118-122,
be produced by handloom.
Chowdhury, N. (1989): “Bangladesh’s Handloom
Economy in Transition: A Case of market
VII. CONCLUSION
Unequal Growth, Structural Adjustment and
Economic Mobility Amid Laissez-faire
All recommendations are to boost up the sales and
markets”: A Synthesis The Bangladesh
market share of handloom industry in Bangladesh.
Development Studies, Vol. XVII, Nos. 2 & 1.
This industry is facing a lot of problems that have
been highlighted through our discussion and made
Mandal, Al H (1989) “ Distribution of yarn in the
necessary recommendations to bring the handloom
Handloom Sector of Bangladesh: A Further
industry at the blooming stage of development. We
Study” The Bangladesh Development Studies,
should extend our helping hand to the government
Volume XVII, Nos. 2 & 1
and NGOs to pave the way of development for our
poor weavers.
Sobhan, R. (1989) “Employment and social issues
in the Formulation of policy for the Handloom
REFERENCES Industry”. The Bangladesh Development
Studies, Volume XVII, Nos. 2 & 1.
Ahmed, M. U. (1999): "Development of Small-
scale industries in Bangladesh in the New Zohir, I. S. (1996): “An Assessment of Industrial
Millennium”: Challenges and Opportunities, Policy in Bangladesh”: What Policies are We
Asian Affairs, Vol.21, NO.1, Jan-march. Talking About? February.

9
 Suntu Kumar Ghosh et al

APPENDICES

Table: 1

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Weavers dont
get raw -6.224 99 .000 -.9000 -1.1869 -.6131
materials in time

Table: 2

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Government
supports are not -9.811 99 .000 -1.0900 -1.3104 -.8696
sufficient

Table: 3

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Mean Interval of the
Sig. Mean
Differen Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference
ce Lower Upper
Promotions
are not -15.626 99 .000 -1.5300 -1.7243 -1.3357
effective

Table: 4

One-Sample
Test Value =
95%
Interval of
Sig. Mean Differenc
t df (2- Difference Lower Upper
Weaver's have
-.494 99 .622 -7.E- -.3510 .2110
of skill

10
 Handloom Industry on the Way of Extinction

Table:5
One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
High level of
skill is needed
to produce -10.780 99 .000 -1.2600 -1.4919 -1.0281
handloom
products

.
Table: 6

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Weaver's
Association is -6.259 99 .000 -.8300 -1.0931 -.5669
not efficient

Table: 7

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Production is not
sufficient to meet -.804 99 .423 -.1200 -.4162 .1762
demand

Table:8

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Weaver's faces
scarcity of -13.947 99 .000 -1.3500 -1.5421 -1.1579
working capital

11
 Suntu Kumar Ghosh et al

Table: 9
One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Distribution channel
-9.381 99 .000 -1.2000 -1.4538 -.9462
is not efficient

Table: 10

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Suffers from
inadequate
-6.969 99 .000 -.9600 -1.2333 -.6867
contemporary
technology

Table: 11
One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3
95% Confidence
Mean Interval of the
Sig. Difference Difference
t df (2-tailed) Lower Upper
The Industry
faces
competition
-13.709 99 .000 -1.4500 -1.6599 -1.2401
from mill &
powerloom
sector

12