Project/ Activity :

Studying the nutrition and health status of people in a peer group/ village/city slum/ tribal area/
neighbourhood

* The nutrition and health status of the people reflect and present status and future prospects of a
country. Enhancement of the nutrition and health status of the people should, therefore, be the first
priority of the national planning for development.

Study of the factors responsible for the present status of nutrition and health will lead to acquisition of
facts on the basis of which proper planning for the enhancement of their status can be made. Specific
Activities

● Adoption of a village/city slum/tribal area or even peer group/neighbourhood

● Preliminary identification of nutritional and health problems of the community.

● Preparation of questionnaire

Interview schedule to elicit background and information from family such as: - HINT FOR PREPARATION
OF QUESTIONAIRE (head of the family, type of family - Composition of the family - Meal pattern of the
family - Monthly expenditure pattern on food, clothing, housing, education, medicine, fuel, transport,
saving, remittance of debt, recreation, other items. - Details of monthly food expenditure. - Food
produced at home. - Food given under special condition - Methods of cooking. - Food items stored in the
home - Food items which are considered "good" and "not-good". - Commonly occurring health
problems: )

deficiency / diseases of children

● other common ailments of children

● commonly occurring ailments in the family - Measures taken to get rid of the ailments - Environmental
sanitation problem:

● procedure of disposal of wastes (soild or liquid)

● source of water supply and mode of water storage at home - Hygienic habits followed - Health
services available

● Conduct of Survey (Students in groups may develop a questionnaire for the survey)

● Analysis of data and preparation of reports on main findings in respect of: - socio-economic
conditions; - environmental sanitation problems; - commonly prevalent health problems; - malnutrition
problems of children, mothers and the community; - undesirable nutrition, health and sanitation
practices in the community; - practicable intervention measures to enhance the nutrition and health
status; ●

Helping in community health programmes and enhancing the nutrition, health and environmental
status of the community through door-to-door contact programmes.

● Presentation through feedback videos/posters/pamphlets

Process 1. May be done individually, in pairs or in groups

2. Form may be developed for data collection

PREPARE INDEX IN FIRST PAGE

INDEX

• Acknowledgement

• Introduction-----YOU HAVE ALREADY WRITTEN IN CLASS

• Objective of the project---* The nutrition and health status of the people reflect and present status and
future prospects of a country. Enhancement of the nutrition and health status of the people should,
therefore, be the first priority of the national planning for development.

• Activities involved

• Assessment criteria, Activity report, Sewa hourly schedule

• My sewa promise

• Mentor’s observation

• Sewa self- appraisal form

• Conclusion

• Bibliography

Activities involved

• Adoption of a village/ city/neighborhood/ peer group

• Preliminary identification of nutritional and health problems of the

community.

• Preparation of questionnaire/ interview schedule to elicit background and

Information from family such as:----ATTACH QUESTIONAIRE WHICH YOU WILL MAKE

❖ General information: head of the family, type of family

❖ Consumption of the family

❖ Meal pattern of the family

❖ Monthly expenditure pattern on food, clothing, housing, education,

medicine, fuel.

❖ Food produced at home

❖ Food items which are considered ‘good ‘ and ‘not good’

❖ Commonly occurring health problems

• Deficiency and diseases of children

• Procedure of disposal of wastes (solid and liquid)

• Source of water supply and mode of water storage at home

a. Hygiene habits followed

b. Health services available

•
● Analysis of data and preparation of reports on main findings in respect

of:

 ON THE BASIS OF THIS QUESTIONAIRE WRITE ALL BELOW POINTS

- Socio-economic conditions; Food Deficiency

 A food deficiency is mainly caused when an individual does not get an abundant amount of the required nutrients
in their daily diet which results in a dietary deficiency disease. Most of the dietary deficiency diseases are caused
due to the deficiency of minerals, proteins, and vitamins.
 Food deficiency diseases are mainly seen in the parts of undeveloped and developing countries. In a few parts of
the world, people are too poor to buy protein-rich food. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are due to diets that lack
some nutrients found in food components including vegetables, fruit, meat, cereals, pulses, milk, and milk
products, etc.

- Environmental sanitation problems;

- Commonly prevalent health problems;

 Immunisation and disease screening are key to reducing your risk of certain diseases, but simple lifestyle
changes can also lower your risk of a number of health conditions.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s Australia’s health 2016 report, the top five
risk factors for disease are smoking, obesity, high alcohol intake, physical inactivity and high blood
pressure.

Addressing these is a good start and can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as
coronary heart disease, cancers and diabetes, which account for 17 of the 20 top causes of death.

Other proactive steps, like regular check-ups and seeing your GP if you develop symptoms or notice any
changes (such as a lump or new mole), may also prevent a condition from becoming serious and
increase the likelihood of successful treatment.

Lifestyle has a clear impact on the following five issues, so here’s what you can do.

- Malnutrition problems of children, mothers and the community

- Undesirable nutrition, health and sanitation practices in the community;

Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera and dysentery, as well as typhoid, intestinal
worm infections and polio. It exacerbates stunting and contributes to the spread of antimicrobial resistance

- Practicable intervention measures to enhance the nutrition and health Status;

Some practical measures to improve nutrition and health status include:

 Dietary changes: Eating a healthier, more balanced diet with more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-
fat dairy products
 Fortified foods: Eating foods that contain extra nutrients
 Snacks: Snacking between meals
 Supplements: Taking supplements
 Nutrition education: Providing nutrition education
 School gardens: Having school gardens
 Community workshops: Holding community workshops

● Helping in community health programmes and enhancing the nutrition, health and Environmental
status of the community through door-to-door contact programmes.

Community health programs can include door-to-door surveys and health camps to reach
communities, especially those in tribal, far-flung, or backward areas. These programs can also include activities
such as:
 Prenatal care
 Counseling
 Women's health and nutrition
 Screening for nutritional status
 Family-planning services
 Improved access to health services
Some policies and strategies to improve nutritional status include: Incorporating nutrition objectives into
development policies and programs, Improving household food security, Protecting consumers through
improved food quality and safety, Preventing and managing infectious diseases, and Promoting breastfeeding.

Some nutrition supplementation programs in India include:

 Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS)
 Mid-day meal Programs (MDM)
 Special Nutrition Programs (SNP)
 Wheat Based Nutrition Programs (WNP)
 Applied Nutrition Programs (ANP)
 Balwadi Nutrition Programs (BNP)


● Presentation through poster----STUDENTS THE POSTER AND SOLONG WHICH YOU MADE IN CLASS
YOU HAVE ATTACH THAT

Objective: To study the adolescence opinions' among nutritional habits and beliefs.

Results: According to FGDs results, although majority of participants agreed on the important role of
nutrition in health and the effect of nutritional habits on different aspect of health, they used modern and
publicized fast foods. On the other hand, most of female and male participants said that different factors
influenced the girls and boys diet selection i. e. girls' paid more attention to diet selection and taste and
health of foods, whereas boys were careless and gluttony caused more food to be consumed.

Conclusion: Adolescents' information (both genders) regarding nutritional problems resulting from improper
food habits were not satisfactory. Peer-based health programmes through target groups for capacity building
and participation of stakeholders will fulfill the objectives.

The day-to-day food habits or the food one consumes daily ends up being that particular person’s diet. This human diet is
generally divided into seven nutritional groups. They are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre.
These groups include about 50 nutritional items. They are necessary for good health and growth in which each of these
nutrients plays an essential role in the functioning of the human body.

A number of nutrients required for good health vary from person to person. The factors affecting the nutrition level includes

 Gender.
 The person’s age.
 Overall health conditions.

 Food Deficiency
 A food deficiency is mainly caused when an individual does not get an abundant amount of the required nutrients
in their daily diet which results in a dietary deficiency disease. Most of the dietary deficiency diseases are caused
due to the deficiency of minerals, proteins, and vitamins.
  Food deficiency diseases are mainly seen in the parts of undeveloped and developing countries. In a few parts of
the world, people are too poor to buy protein-rich food. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are due to diets that lack
some nutrients found in food components including vegetables, fruit, meat, cereals, pulses, milk, and milk
products, etc.

Community Health and Nutrition Programs

Rapid improvements in health and nutrition in developing countries may be ascribed to specific, deliberate, health- and nutrition-related
interventions and to changes in the underlying social, economic, and health environments. This chapter is concerned with the
contribution of specific interventions, while recognizing that improved living standards in the long run provide the essential basis for
improved health. Consideration of the environment as the context for interventions is crucial in determining their initiation and in
modifying their effect, and it must be taken into account when assessing this effect.

In community-based programs, workers—often volunteers and part-time workers—interact with households to protect their health and
nutrition and to facilitate access to treatment of sickness. Mothers and children are the primary focus, but others in the household should
participate. Commonly, people go regularly to a central point in their community—for example, for growth monitoring and promotion—
or are visited at home by a health and nutrition worker.
Economic Aspects of Sanitation in Developing
Countries

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and feaces. An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human
excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation generally involves physically closer facilities,
less waiting time, and safer disposal of excreta.1,2

According to 2006 figures, approximately 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation
facilities, two-thirds of whom live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.1 While 99% of people living
in industrialized countries have access to improved sanitation, only 53% of populations in
developing countries have such access. Within developing countries, urban sanitation coverage is
71%, while rural coverage is 39%.3 In Asia, although Thailand and Singapore have achieved
universal sanitation coverage, the proportions of populations having access to improved
sanitation in Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines in 2005 were 28%, 57%, 69%
and 76%, respectively.4

Poor sanitation is responsible for one of the heaviest existing disease burdens worldwide. The
diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe water account for about 10% of the global
burden of disease.5 Diseases associated with poor sanitation are diarrhoeal diseases, acute
respiratory infections, undernutrition and other tropical diseases such as helminth and
schistosomiasis infections.3,6–8 Diarrhoeal diseases are the most common sanitation-related
diseases. Globally, about 1.7 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, and 90% are
children under 5 years, mostly in developing countries. Eighty-eight percent of cases of
diarrhoeal diseases worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor
hygiene.9,10

In 2000, the international community committed to halving the proportion of people without
access to clean water and basic sanitation by 2015 through the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).11 Overall, the world is on track to meet the water MDG, but there are major gaps in
achieving the sanitation target. At the current rate of progress, the world would miss the MDG
target by 13 percentage points.3 Unless huge efforts are made, the proportion of people without
access to basic sanitation would not be halved by 2015. Even if we meet the MDG target, there
would still be 1.7 billion people without access to basic sanitation. If the trend remains as
currently projected, an additional billion people who should have benefited from MDG progress
would miss out, and by 2015 there would be 2.7 billion people without access to basic
sanitation.3,12 The United Nations declared 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation to make it
a priority for governments, organizations, civil society, and private partners worldwide. 13

One of the reasons for the slow progress in expanding improved sanitation coverage in the world,
in general, and in developing countries in particular, is that policy makers and the general public
have not fully understood the importance of the improved sanitation solutions. The governments
in developing countries tend not to see improved sanitation as a necessary condition of economic
development or source of improved welfare, and cost benefit analysis has not been commonly
used to justify increasing spending on sanitation programs. Until now, both policy makers and
the general public have not been presented with comprehensive evidence on the economic
impact that sanitation has on the economy, the environment, and population welfare. While
medical researchers have extensively documented the health impacts of poor sanitation, much
less is known about its economic consequences. This paper, by gathering relevant research
findings, aims to report and discuss currently available evidence on the economic aspects of
sanitation, including the economic impacts of unimproved sanitation and the costs and economic
benefits of some common improved sanitation options in developing countries. The evidence is
expected to be used to justify stronger actions in order to reach the MDG sanitation target.
Methods