i WME Smilers We Will Learn About + Light Travels in a Straight Line . + Reflection of Light Learning Objectives + Spherical Mirrors + Lenses + Seven Colours of White Light © LETT kcal eer aeieEteEeMesdlehis ‘Understand how light gets reflected on|various surfaces, ETE To SHictesatss/[Link] alee heltuLse onl le describelsphericall mirrors) their types and uses: TASES Mca eel Uiea slate] sshielautils)eehee Vel eon tiles Sento Sse ysies/ SCI leh WMS Selnls aL ALU Ali eel etsniclsunet les coh Tee lela cede (eis i Jeamsbout splitting of whitelight: Take a torch and pass the light through the following objects. On the basis of your observations, classify the given objects as transparent, translucent and opaque. How Light Passes through the a Object Object é Bag Glass tumbler Steel scale Plastic ruler Frosted glass door Woodyeareableto 22 things a7OUnd Us With the help of light . f energy that enabl intis a form of 8S Us to see, On ob r obser fabeam of light, we can notice that it travels ina Sei fe en about this property of igh, aoe Light Travels ina StraightLine ehave observed a beam of light entering adark room through a gay inthe curtains. Itis seen to propagateina straighttin Ha cht line | 'e. The propagation flight in a straight line is known as rectilinear Propagation ofiight, u2t5 understand the rectilinear propagation with the help of an activity. ake a chart paper and roll it to form a pi pe. Light a candle and look at its flame through the pipe. N bend the tube and look again me through the pipe. Now We will not be able to see the flame of the candle throu: ne igh the bent pipe. This shows that light travels ina straight line. Looking through a straight pipe Looking at the flame of a candle The above activity proves that light travels in a straight line. Let's learn how to change the direction of light. Reflection of Light When light falls on an object, a part of it gets absorbed by the object and the rest is reflected back by its surface. The reflected light reaches our eyes and makes the object Visible to us. The bouncing back of light from the surface of an object is called reflection. Light is reflected better by Smooth surfaces like mirrors. The surface of water can act ‘ike a mirror and can change the direction of path of light. Neate raves na straight ine PERL Propagation of ght: The property by which Nght aves ina sti to: The bouncing back of light Irom the surfice ofan object Looking through a bent pipe 2: Reflection in wateree ~ Let's study about the reflection of light through the following activities. Aim: To show that a mirror reflects light and divert its path Materials Required: A plane mirror, a sheet of chart paper, and a table Procedure + Take a sheet of chart paper and fix it on a table. + Place a mirror vertically on the sheet. + Take a torch and cover its lens with a black- coloured sheet that has two holes in it. + Place the torch at an angle to the mirror as shown in the figure. + Switch on the torch and direct the beam of light on the mirror such that the focussed light is seen on the chart paper. a torch, a black-coloured sheet of paper Observation As the light rays strike the mirror, they are reflected in a different direction. This proves that mirror reflects light and changes its path. Aim: To prove that smooth and shiny surfaces reflect light better Materials Required: A torch, a mirror, a steel plate and a paper sheet Procedure + Shine a beam of light through a torch on a mirror such that the reflected light falls on the wall. + Now repeat the same process by replacing the mirror with a steel plate and then with a sheet of Mirror Steel plate Reflection of light by different objects Observation In the case of mirror and steel plate, we will see a patch of light on the wall. Patch of light cannot be seen in the case of paper. This proves that light is reflected better by smooth and shiny surfaces.efiection of Light through a Plane Mirror nen light falls on a plane mitro, it gets reflect d. wight that alls on the surface ofthe plane minor pte 0 gsincident Fay and the ray that is reflected by the surf: gg the mirror is known as reflected ray, The point where the incident ray strikes on the mitror is called the point i incidence. A perpendicular line to the mitror drawn from the point of incidence is called normal. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is known as angle of incidence. The angle between the normal and the reflected rayisknown as angle of reflection, The angle of incidence is i ways equal to the angle of reflection, point of incence Ray diagram of reflection through plane mirror angle of | angle of reflection incident ray reflected ray An image of an object is formed on a surface if it reflects most of the light that falls on it from the object. For example, if you stand in front of a mirror, your image can be seen in the mirror. Collect the following objects at your home. Cardboard, steel plate, mobile phone, bag, paper, mirror, wood, jute bag, cloth Flash a beam of light on the surface of these objects one by one using a torch. Observe whether light gets reflected on these surfaces. What can you conclude from this activity? Types of Images There are two types of images—real image and virtual image. Areal image can be taken on a screen. An example of a real image is the image formed on a screen by aprojector in a theatre. Avirtual image cannot be taken on a screen. An example of a virtual image is the image formed by a plane mirror. Any smooth or polished surface that reflects light to form an image is known as a mirror. When the reflecting surface of the mirror is plane, then the mirror is called a plane mirror. The image formed by the plane mirror has the following features. * Itis virtual and erect (upright). + The size of the image is same as that of the object. + The image formed is at the same distance as the object from the mirror. + The image is laterally inverted. Tre Taper o peal formed by he Hg ta pases trough a es reece fem a lor fea inoge: An image that ean be formed on a screen tl nage: An image that cannot be formed ona sreen or: Any smooth or polished surface which reflects High to fom InagesPlace a lighted candle on a table in front of a mirror as shown in the diagram. We can observe the image of candle in the mirror. Compare the size of the candle with its image. They are of the same size. Also, it can be seen that the image is erect. Place a screen behind the mirror and try to get the image on it. ‘The image cannot be obtained on the screen and hence, itis a virtual image, Next, move the candle slightly away from the mirror. Note the position of the image formed in the mirror. Its position is at the same distance as the candle from the mirror. This activity shows that the image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect and of the same size as the object. Image of a candle in a plane mirror Lateral Inversion The phenomenon by which left side appears to be >RFE EER apn right and right side appears to be left is known as lateral inversion. The image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted. Let's understand this by performing the following activity. Raise your left hand in front of a mirror. Your image raises the right hand. This shows that the image formed by a plane mirror interchanges sides, ie. left side appears right and right side appears left. This is known as lateral inversion. Now take a mirror and look at the words given below in it. What do you observe? HoTs| How many capital letters of English alphabet do not show lateral inversion? Write them. AOAAIM JNAI49 Lateral inversion of image ina plane mirror AMBULANCE is written in inverted letters on an ambulance van. This is because when the driver of a vehicle in front of the ambulance looks in the rear view mirror, it will appear laterally inverted as AMBULANCE and he can make way for it. Plane mirrors are used to make looking glasses, periscopes, kaleidoscopes and solar cookers. Fig. 14.3: AMBULANCE written inverted ®fillin the blanks to complete the given sentences, i z | henomenon of | 4, Thep «curs in a plane mirror, 7, A image can be formed on a screen, 3 when light falls on an object, a part of it gets and the restis__ age formed by a plane mirror is 4, Th always and ey spherical Mirrors jirrs that have a curved surface are known as spherical mirrors. They are called so as they are a part ofa! complete ae as shown in Fig. [Link] ‘concave mirror, the teflecting surface of the mirror ison theinner side of the sphere. In a convex mirror, the reflecting surface of the mirror is on the outer side. reflecting surface Concave mirror Convex mirror reflecting surface Fig. 14.4: Types of spherical mirrors Take a look at your image in a stainless steel spoon. The inner surface of the spoon acts as a concave mirror and the outer surface of the spoon that bulges out acts as a convex mirror. The image formed on the inner side or the concave side of the spoon will be inverted whereas the image formed on the outer side or the convex side ofthe spoon will be erect. Convex side Concave side Formation of Images bya Concave Mirror Fis. 145: Formation of images in spherical mirors The size of the image formed by a concave mirror can be larger or smaller than that of the object. It an be real or virtual, The size of the image decreases with increase in the distance of the object from ‘hemirror. Let's understand these characteristics of the image formed by a concave mirror through the fllowing activity > eal in Titer Minor having a curved sutace wa7 ‘Aim: To study the nature of image formed by a concave Miro Materials Required: A concave mirror, a stand to fix the mirror in place, 2 cardboard, a stand to fix the cardboard, a white sheet of paper and a candle Procedure A «Take a concave mirror and fix it on a stand, Place it on the floor. + Paste a white sheet on a cardboard an This will act as a screen, Place it at some mirror on the floor. Place a lighted candle on the floor at a distance of about 60 cm from the mirror. Now adjust the screen in such a way that a sharp image of the candle flame is formed on it. Observe if the image can be formed on the screen ‘Also, notice if the size of the image is same as that of the object. d fix it on a stand. distance from the Observation ‘The image can be formed on the screen. Itis real, inverted and smaller in size than the object (candle). Procedure B Move the candle closer to the mirror and observe the nature of image formed on the screen. Observation The size of the image increases as the lighted candle is brought closer to the mirror. After a point, the size of image becomes larger than that of the object. This shows that the image is real, inverted and magnified. Procedure C Move the candle very close to the mirror. Observation You will find that the image is virtual, erect and magnified. Virtual, erect and magnified image Formation of Images by a Convex Mirror Let's understand the nature of image formed by a convex mirror by performing the following activity.‘Aim: TO study the nature of image formed bya materials Required: A convex mirror, a stand se mee et Jace, a cardboard, a stand to fix the cardbogr'e 1% the mitror in paper and a candle ard, a white sheet of procedure + Repeat the previous activity usi a concave mirror. 'Y Using a convex mitrorin place of + Observe the nature of the image formed observation . he image formed by a convex min ‘ roris insize than the object. virtual, erect and smaller Virtua, erect and diminished image Table 14.1: Nature of Image Formed by Different Types of Mirrors Virtual Same size as that of the object the mirror and real for all other positions| inverted when real Concave | Virtual when the object is very close to| Erect when virtual and | Magnified or diminished convex | Virtual Erect Diminished Uses of Spherical Mirrors Concave mirrors are useful in the following ways. + They are used by dentists to see enlarged images of the teeth. + They are used in make-up and shaving mirrors. + They are used as reflectors in the torches and headlights of automobiles. + They are used by doctors to examine ear, nose, throat and eyes. Convex mirrors are used as rear vie view a much larger area than a plane mirror. ‘aside view mirror (conven) of Dent veck-up using a concave mirror a a rig, 1.6: Uses of spherical mirrors .w or side view mirrors in cars and scooters. This is because they can Headlights ofa car (concave mirror)Lenses , _———_ Lenses are different from mirrors as they allow ight to pass through them. We have seen a magnifying glass that is used for reading small text. Its also used in biology laboratories for observing the body parts of small organisms suchas grasshoppers and cockroaches A magnifying 9255152 Ye of ns that is used to magnify small objects. There are two types of lenses—convex lens and concave lens. Convex lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges, whereas the concave lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges. The convex lensis also known as converging lens. Tis is because it converges (bends inside) the rays of light passing through it. The concave lens is also known as diverging lens because it diverges the rays of light passing through it. concavelens convexlens Convex lens converges rays of ight. Concave lens diverges rays of light. Fig. 14.7: Working of convex and concave lenses eyes reel) This activity is performed to show that convex lens converges the rays of light whereas concave lens diverges the rays of ight. Take @ magnifying glass (convex lens) and place it in the path of sunlight. Adjust its position such that a bright spot is formed on a piece of white paper placed on the other side of the lens. The bright spot is the real image of the sun. Hold the lens in this position for a while. We can observe that the paper starts burning at this point. Now repeat the activity using a concave lens. We cannot get a bright spot on the paper this time. This shows that convex lens converges the rays of light and concave lens diverges the rays of light. Real image of the sun by convex lens ens: A piece of transparent mater (platic orgs) which has one or both surfaces spheriealgormation of Images by a Convex Lens iets perform the following activity to understand the formation of image by a convex len: procedure place a convex lens fixed in a stand Place alighted candle at a distance of about 60 cin f Place a white screen on the other side of the lens” Fens Adjust the screen to get a well-defined image of the candle fl lame on the screen. It can be observed that the image formed is real, inverted and diminished + Now move the candle closer to the lens, A real, inverted and magnified image is formed. + Next, bring the candle even closer to the lens. This time the image is not formed on the screen. ae a virtual, erect and magnified image of the candle can be seen when looked through the lens, ‘on a plane surface. Real inverted and diminished image Real, inverted and magnified image Virtual, erect and magnified image | Image formation by convex lens Formation of Images by a Concave Lens \| oe | Let’ perform the following activity to understand the formation of image by a concave lens. | | Aim: To study the formation of image by a concave lens Materials Required: A concave lens, a lens holder, a candle and a \white screen (a white paper sheet pasted on a cardboard) Procedure * Place a concave lens fitted on a stand. Place a lighted candle on one side and screen on the other side of the concave lens. * Now change the position of the screen and the object with Tespect to the lens and observe if it is possible to get an image on the screen, Observation ; : We will not be able to get an image on the screen in any position. Me pes nature of image formed will be erect, virtual and diminished for vitual, erect and diminished image all positions of the object when looked through the lens. Image formation by concave lens 7 ®Table 14.2 summarises the differences between a convex lens and a concave lens. Table 14.2: Differences between Convex Lens and Concave Lens ‘Concave Lens Convex Lens Itis thicker in the middle and tapering at the edges. | It is thicker at the edges and thinner in the middle, Itconverges the rays of light. It diverges the rays of light, It generally forms real and inverted image. However, It | It always forms virtual and erect image, smaller in size forms a virtual, erect and magnified image when the | than the object Object is placed very close to the lens. Uses of Lenses: Lenses are used as magnifying glassin camera, spectacles, microscopes and telescopes, Lenses improve the quality of images that are viewed through them. Telescope Spectacles Fig. 14.8: Uses of lenses Nature of Image Place a concave lens and fix it on a stand. Keep a screen at the back of the lens. Place a small object like a pencil stand in front of the lens at different positions and note the nature of image formed in the table given below. Perform the same activity using a convex lens and note the nature of images formed. camera Type of Lens Position of Object _| Nature of Image Concave lens Far from the lens Concave lens Near the lens Concave lens Very close to the lens Convex lens Far from the lens Convex lens Near the lens Convex lens Very close to the lens mr Pieeve” Colours of White Light bow appears in the sky after rain j i herd when the sun is low inthe sy, Raises ° sjsoven cOlOUTS. They are Violet, indigo, blue, green, ell ; ange and red (VIBGYOR), When suntight Passes a oh shewater droplets, it splits into seven different Colours, : ‘his phenomenon of splitting of white colouts is Known as dispersion of light, formed by the splitting of white light is kn light into different The set of colours lOWN as spectrum, SEs anna aswiite ight PIs into seven different colours, we should be able MELEE LEC toget white light by mixing those seven colours. This phenomenon, Why do soap bubbles appear yas explained by the famous physicist Sir isaac Newton fe ee colouriuly QS the seven colours of the rainbow in equal sections ona disc. On rotating the disc, all the colours got mixed and the disc appeared white in colour. This discs popularly known as Newton's disc. Newton also showed the dispersion of white light using a prism, He focused a beam of light on one side of a prism in a dark room. When the beam of light passed through the prism, it splitted into seven colours. These colours were seen on a white screen placed on the other side of the prism. disc with seven Appears white on colours of rainbow rotation Fig. 14.10: Newton's disc ‘Aim: To observe the dispersion of light through a prism Materials Required: A source of narrow beam of light (like a small hole in the window), a prism and awhite screen or white wall Procedure light dispersed * Place a prism in a dark room such that a narrow moment beam of light through a small hole in the window falls on it. Place a white screen on the other side of the prism. Allow the beam of light to pass through the prism and fall on the white screen. Observe the pattern of the light coming out of ee operon of Wk rough arin servation The light splits to form a spectrum that can be seen on ‘the white sae Sco of ight The phenomenon of splitingof white ight eto comporet cleus Fat The St of colours formed on sping of white ight "A tangla piece of pas that can disperse light‘A. Name the following. 1. Mirrors having curved surfaces —_—s | 2. The mirror in which the sizes of object and image always remains the same, —_____ 3. Lens that is also known as converging lens —_——_ 4, The set of colours formed on splitting of white light ——_ B. Answer orally. Why are spherical mirrors called so? Why are concave mirrors used by dentists? 1 2 3. How is a converging lens different from a diverging lens? 4, What is a spectrum? 5. Give two uses of lenses. + Light is a form of energy that makes things visible to our eyes. + Light travels in a straight line. + Light is reflected better on smooth and polished surfaces than rough and dull surfaces. + Aplane mirror forms a virtual and erect image that is of the same size as the object. The image is laterally inverted, + Spherical mirrors are of two types—concave mirrors and convex mirrors. + Aconcave mirror forms a real and inverted image. The nature of image formed is virtual, erect, and magnified when the object is placed very close to the mirror. + Aconvex mirror always forms a virtual, erect and dimir ished image. + There are two types of lenses—concave lens and convex lens. + Convex lens is also known as converging lens, and concave lens is also known as diverging lens. + Aconvex lens forms an inverted and real image. However, when the object is placed very close to the lens, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified. + Aconcave lens always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image. + White light is composed of seven colours which can be seen in a rainbow. + The seven colours when mixed, as in Newton's disc, appear white.Apply Your Learning opserve and Label i below sho : the diagram given ws the reflecti i . Tree and answer the questions thot a of a ray of ight on a mirror. Label the rays and the 1. What type of mirror is shown in the picture? is this a type of spherical mirror? vs(_J} No (CJ 2 3, Does this mirror show lateral inversion? Wes: (mam) Noe. (me) | 4, What type of image does this mirror form? Real{_] virtual (__} | 5, What is the relation between the two angles shown in the image? | Both angles are equal. (__] Both angles are unequal. (__] Observation Pea ye) B. Image Study Look at the pictures of different types of mirrors. Fill in the blanks. mirror which is used to see images of the teeth. of acar in which____ mirrors are used. 1. Picture A shows a 2. Picture B shows the3, Picture C shows a of acar.A______— Mirror is used for this purpose so that a area can be viewed easily. ent C. Life Skills Eyesight of a person may be affected due to various reasons. Aging is a major factor that weakens the muscles of the eyes. Itis difficult for old people to read newspapers due to weak eyesight. We should help them by buying them spectacles that can correct their eye defects. 1. How can you help old people who have weak eyesight? 2. Name the eye defect that occurs commonly in old people in which hardening of eye lens takes place. 3. What type of lens should be used to correct this eye defect? Rae ree un sats ocean ees D. Reason Out (HOTS) Think carefully and answer the following questions. 1. What happens to the size of the image if the size of plane mirror is changed? 2. Can we use a concave mirror as rear view mirror? Why or why not? 3. The description of images formed by a mirror when the objects placed close to them is given below. Identify the type of mirror. (@) Virtual, erect and of the same size as the object (b) Virtual, erect and magnified image (0) Virtual, erect and diminished image 4, Why does the paper burn when the real image of sun is formed on it using a convex lens? @inaas) E. Link and Learn (History) In earlier times, people used pools of still water or water collected in vessels as mirrors. Later on, mirrors that contained pieces of polished naturally occurring volcanic glass were manufactured. ‘Ancient Egyptians crafted mirrors that were made up of polished metal. Later on, in 500 AD, silver-mercury amalgam mirrors were developed. 1. Write the name of one naturally occurring volcanic glass. 2. Which metal was used to make mirrors by the Ancient Egyptians? 3, Find out the name of a metal alloy mirror that is made in Kerala. epic eee hina) olan ctcay F, Mind Map Make a mind map on ‘Types of Mirrors’. Describe the different types of mirrors and also give one use. siiccnsEosaicholndacrim ©«integrating ICT " create a presentation in MS Poy na cie thelenses that are used to correct qifge sr eOMfce| Impress on ‘Spectacl ’ i . ent facie Lenses’, Mention about format the Presentation as per yes choice, 2 Steet. Insert related Pictures from the Internet. erPoins | Case Study Convex Lens Alens is made up of transparent material and has one lens, the middle partis thicker as compared tothe eee hs bya convex lens depends upon the position and size of the als See between the image distance and obj ect. A graph both spherical surfaces. In a convex, ize of image formed showing the relation E ject distance of a convex lens is given below. 70. . 60. = = g E40 . & 3 % 2 — 20. < > ptf te 10. °. 09 © 100» 200-300-400 500600700 Object distance (u) (em) Source: School Physics (Image Formation by Convex Lens) 1. Atwhat approximate distance is the image located when the object is placed at a distance of 30cm? At what approximate distance is the object placed when the image is formed at a distance of 30cm? ‘At what point on the graph are both u and hdosiiohe i , |. How does the image distance vary as the object distance increases?Stop and Reflect (Very Short Answer Questions) A. Choose the correct answer. B. Write True or False. Also, re c 1. What is the ray of light that bounces back from the surface of a plane mirror called? {a) Incident ray (b) Reflected ray (c) Normal (d)_Angle of incidence 2. Which of the following surfaces can reflect light smoothly? (a) Mirror (b) Steel plate (c) Polished table (a) Allof these 3. Which of the following is/are correct regarding the image formed by a convex lens when the object is. placed very close to the lens? (a) Erect (6) Virtual (c) Magnified (a) Allof these 4. Choose the colour that does not belong to VIBGYOR. (a) Indigo (b) Orange (c) Black (d) Green 5. Which of the following is correct regarding the image formed by a concave lens when the object is placed in front of the lens? (a) Inverted {b) Real (c) Enlarged (d) None of these the incorrect statements. 1. Light is a form of energy that enables us to see. 2. Light can travel in bent directions. 3. Convex lens is called diverging lens. 4, White light is composed of eight colours. 5. Aconvex mirror forms a virtual image. LITT Match the columns. Column A Column B 1. White light (a) Diverging lens 2. Plane mirror (b) Virtual and erect image 3. Concave lens (c) Reflectors in torches 4, Convex mirror (d) Lateral inversion 5. Concave mirror (e) visGyorthe type of mirror/lens us, . omelets of automobiles 8 forthe folowing 9, spectacles 5, Rearview miror of car 4, solar cooker 5, Make-up mirror li g, ce one diference between each of the folowing 4, Mirror and lens Patrs: 2, Convex mirror and concave mirror 3, Concave lens and convex lens 4, Plane mirror and concave mirror 5, Prism and plane mirror . Give one use of each of the following. 1. Concave mirror 2. Concave lens 3, Convex mirror I 4, Convex lens 5, Plane mirror Crisp and Accurate (Short Answer Questions) A. Define the following terms. 1. Reflection 2. Real image 3. Lens 4. Dispersion of light 5. Spectrum 8, Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Why are convex mirrors used as side view mirrors? 2. What is the difference between real image and virtual image? 3. Why is ‘AMBULANCE’ written in inverted form on an ambulance van? 4, Which types of lenses are known as converging and diverging lenses? 5. Describe the formation of a rainbow. Think and Explain (Long Answer Questions) Answer the following questions in detail. 1. With the help of an activity, show that light travels ina straight line, 2. What are spherical mirrors? What is the nature of image formed by different types of spherical mirrors? 3. Give four uses of spherical mirrors. 4. How isa convex lens different from a concave lens? Write three differences. 5. With the help of an activity, explain the spitting of white light through a prism. ©