UPPER LIMB QUESTIONS

OSTEOLOGY

1. The ____ is the most common site for fracture in the humerus

2. the greater tubercle of humerus is on the lateral margin while the lesser tubercle projects ____

2. The _____ aspect of the humerus has three facet-like impressions for the attachment of three
muscles namely____, _____ and _____ respectively

3. The lesser tubercle of the humerus provides attachment of _______

4. List the two structures contained in the intertubercular groove and the three muscles attached
to it with the part of the lip they are attached to

5. The humerus has ___ prominent features which are ____ and ____

6. The radial groove carries ____ and ____

7. The structures around the surgical neck are?

8. Which nerve will be damage if the medial epicondyle and the distal end of the humerus are
damaged?

8. which of the forearm bones is longer

9. what is the shape of the ulna proximally

10. what is the shape of the ulna styloid process

9. On what surface of the olecranon is the trochlear notch found?

10. On the lateral side of the coronoid process lies ______

10. the tuberosity of the radius is laterally directed. T/F

11. the body of the radius has a medial convexity. T/F

11. The ulnar tuberosity is the point of attachment for the _____

12. The distal end of the radius is what shape when transversed ?

13. Where can the ulnar notch be found and on which side?
14. What is found on the lateral aspect of the radius?

Which bone is shorter between the radius and the ulnar

The radius has a medial convexity. T/F

15. The most common carpal bone for fracture is?

16. What are the respective shapes of the following carpal bones. Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum,
Pisiform

16. The largest carpal bone is?

17. The first carpal bone to ossify is?

The last carpal bone to ossify is what

18. Which metacarpals has epiphysis at it's proximal end and which at the distal end?

19. List any two animals with only the scapula as the bone of the shoulder girdle

19. The superior appendicular skeleton articulates with the axial skeleton only at the _____ joint,
allowing _______

20. the pectoral girdle is supported by the ______ muscles

20. AAPM attach relatively to _____, ______, and ______ of the axial skeleton

21. The medial half of the clavicle is _____ anteriorly

22. the clavicle is absent in animals whose upper limb is used for _____ and ____ and not ____

22. what increases the resilience of the clavicle

23. Which part of the clavicle is triangular and enlarged

22. Mention the borders of the cervico-axillary canal

23. Another name of the cervico-axillary canal

24. The clavicle protect neurovascular bundle supplying the upper limb. T/F

25. What feature of the Clavicle keeps the limb away from the trunk?

26. Another name for Trabecular bone is ____

27. The superior surface of the clavicle lies deep to____ and ____

24. The inferior surface of the clavicle is rough because

25. Give four structures on the inferior surface of the clavicle and their usefulness

26. What forms the coracoclavicular ligament and specify the medial and lateral of the ligaments

27. Most common site of fracture of the clavicle is the junction of ____

27. the _______ elevates the medial fragment of clavicle during fracture

28. Why does the lateral part of the clavicle drop during clavicular fracture?

29. Where is the subclavius groove located on the clavicle

30. More medially than the subclavian groove of the clavicle is _____

30. Clavicle undergo which type of ossification?

31. Ossification of the rib begin during ____ and ___ embryonic week

32. the epiphysis begin to fuse with the shaft (diaphysis) of the clavicle between ___ and ___
years of age.

The ends of the clavicle later pass through endochondral ossification. T/F

33. The deltoid tubercle of the scapular spine is the prominence indicating the _____

34. ____ forms the subcutaneous point of the shoulder

35.

PECTORAL GIRDLE AND ASSOCIATED JOINTS

31. Which type of synovial joint is in the acromioclavicular joint and the carpometacarpal joint?

32. From the sternoclavicular joint, to the wrist joint, identify the joints covered with fibro-
cartilage and the hyaline cartilage

33. Briefly discuss the ossification of the clavicle emphasizing the number of primary centers
and the types of the ossification with the periods while also explaining why it is the last long
bone to ossify
34. List the ossification centers of the clavicle and their time of appearance and time of fusion

35. Briefly describe your scapula and overlies ___ to ___ ribs

36. Another name of the anterior surface of the scapula

37. Which of the coracoclavicular joint is more anterior and posterior?

38. Is the scapula thin and translucent?

39. The spine and acromion serve as levers for the attached muscles. T/F

40. Why is the medial border of the scapula called the vertebrae border

41. Which of the lateral scapula border is called the axillary border

42. Define the neck of the scapula.

43. The _____ border is the thinnest and shortest of the scapula

44. The superior border of the scapula is marked near the junction of the ____ and ______ by the
suprascapular notch,

45. The sternoclavicular joint is a _____ type of synovial joint but functions as a ______ joint.

46. The SC joint is divided into two compartments by an ______

47. Give the three ligaments binding the articular disc of the sternoclavicular joint

48. The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the _____ and _____

49. The articular surfaces of SC joint are covered with _____

50. Which ligament strengthens or reinforce the sternoclavicular ligaments anteriorly,

posteriorly, and superiorly and inferiorly

51. What movements does the sternoclavicular joint allow?

52. During full elevation of the limb, the clavicle is raised to approximately ____ angle

53. When elevation of the upper limb is achieved via flexion, it is accompanied by ____ of the
clavicle around ____ axis.

52. What supply blood to the sternoclavicular joint ____ and _____

53. What are the nerves innervating the sternoclavicular joint?

54. Acromioclavicular joint is located _____ cm from the point of the shoulder formed by the
______ part of the acromion

55. What type of synovial joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

56. The articular surfaces of the AC joint is separated by ____

56. Although relatively weak, the joint capsule of acromioclavicular joint is strengthened
superiorly by?

57. What strengthens the AC joint Superiorly

58. To the AC joint, the Coracoclavicular ligament is intrinsic. T/F

59. The coracoclavicular ligaments are separated by a bursa. T/F

59. The movements of the AC joint is associated with motion at the ______ joint and explain
why the only motion at the AC joint is the rotation of the acromion of the scapula on the
acromial end of the clavicle

60. The blood and nerve supply to the AC are?

61. Does any muscle cut across or connect the articulating bones to move the AC joint?

62. What is Hilton's law?

63. Lateral supraclavicular nerve is a subcutaneous nerve. T/F

63. The articular surfaces of AC joint is, covered with _______ type of ligament and are
separated by an incomplete or complete (choose one) wedge-shaped articular disc?

PECTORAL REGION AND THE SHOULDER JOINT

64. The pectoralis major has _____ and ______ heads.

65. Which border of the pectoralis major forms the anterior wall of the axilla

66. ______ forms the anterior axillary fold

67. The deltoid and pectoralis major forms the _______ groove in which_____ runs into

68. Explain how the clavipectoral triangle is formed and another name for it
69. Describe the proximal attachment of the pectoralis major

70. Describe the distal attachment of the pectoralis major

71. Which nerve innervates the pectoralis major and their root

72. Discuss the four different actions of the pectoralis major

73. Discuss the proximal and distal attachment of the pectoralis minor

74. What innervates the pectoralis minor

75. What supplies blood to the pectoralis minor

76. List the actions of the pectoralis minor

76. which muscle is used to stabilize the scapula when stretching the upper limb forward to touch
an object that is just out of reach

78. when does the subclavius muscle lie almost horizontally

77. The subclavius muscle provide protection for _____ and ______

78. Discuss the proximal and distal attachment of the subclavius muscle

79. What root innervates the subclavius muscle and what is it action?

80. what muscle resist the tendency for the clavicle to dislocate at SC joint when pulling hard in
tug-of-war game

80. What forms the medial wall of the axilla

81. What innervates the serratus anterior and it root?

82. Discuss the proximal and distal attachment of the serratus anterior and its 2 actions

83. which part of the serratus anterior rotates the scapula elevating its glenoid cavity so the arm
can be raised above the shoulder

83. The posterior shoulder muscles are divided into _____ groups

84. The trapezius muscle covers the _____ of the neck and _____ of the trunk

85. ______ attaches the pectoral girdle to the cranium and vertebral column and assists in
suspending the upper limb.
86. Discuss the proximal and distal attachment of the trapezius muscle

87. What innervates the trapezius muscle

88. The C3 and C4 spinal nerve stands for ____ and ____ fibre respectively

89. Discuss the action of the trapezius muscle

90. Weakness of the trapezius muscle causes ______

91. Latissimus dorsi is from the latin word meaning

91. The latissimus dorsi acts directly on the Glenohumeral joint and indirectly on the pectoral
girdle joint. T/F

92. Describe the proximal and distal attachment of the latissimus dorsi

93. Discuss the four actions of the latissimus dorsi

94. The superior third of the levator scapulae lies deep to the

95. The inferior third of the levator scapulae lies deep to the _____

96. Discuss the proximal and distal attachment of the levator scapulae

97. What innervates the levator scapulae and discuss it actions

98. The rhomboid muscles lies deep to the ______

99. rhomboid major is approximately ______ times wider than the thicker rhomboid minor lying
_______ to it.

100. Discuss the proximal attachment and distal attachment and the innervation of the rhomboid
muscles and their actions

100. nuchal line extends from the_____ and ____ to the _____

101. The ______ border of the teres major forms the ______ border of the ______ part of the
posterior wall of the axilla.

102. Discuss the proximal and distal attachment of the teres minor and major muscles

103. Why are the SITS Muscles called rotator cuff muscle?
104. The infraspinatus occupies the medial ______ of the infraspinous fossa and is partly
covered by the _______ and ________.

105. The teres minor is a narrow, elongate muscle that is completely hidden by the ______ and is
often not clearly delineated from the infraspinatus

106. Which of the SITS doesn’t rotate the GH joint

106. What are the proximal and distal attachment, the innervation and the action of the
supraspinatus muscle

107. What are the proximal and distal attachment, the innervation and the action of the
infraspinatus muscle

108. List the boundaries of and structures in Quadrangular space, upper triangular, lower
triangular space

108. What makes the Glenohumeral joint relatively unstable

109. Glenoid labrum is Fibrocartilaginous. T/F

109. The glenoid cavity accepts about a third of the humeral head. T/F

110. The joint capsules of glenohumeral joint is attached medially to the ______ and laterally to
the ______ of the humerus

111. The superior part of the joint capsule ascends to the root of the coracoids process. T/F

111. The joint capsule of glenohumeral joint has two apertures namely:

112. the _______ part of the capsule is the weakest part of the joint capsule of the glenohumeral
joint

113. _____ part of the glenohumeral joint is the only part not reinforced by the rotator cuff
muscles and appear and lies in folds when the arm is _____; however, it becomes taut when the
arm is ______.

114. _______ forms a tubular sheath for the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii.

115. Categorize the two types of ligaments of the glenohumeral joint and their examples

116. Which ligament strengthens the glenohumeral joint anteriorly and Superiorly
117. Glenohumeral joint allows movements around _____ axes

118. _____ ligament spans the coracoacromial arch formed by the smooth inferior aspect of the
acromion and coracoids process

118. List the seven movements allowed in the glenohumeral joint

119. List the muscles that allow each movements at the glenohumeral joint

120. The axioappendicular muscles act indirectly on the glenohumeral joint. T/F

120. What is the innervation and blood supply to the glenohumeral joint

121. List the bursae found at the glenohumeral joint, their location and function

122. Another name for the subacromial bursae is

123. The subacromial bursa communicates with the cavity of GH joint. T/F

AXILLA

123. Briefly define the Axilla

124. The Axilla can be described as a ______ 3-sided pyramidal space between the upper part of
the medial side of the ______ and the upper part of the lateral wall of the _____.

125. The Axilla lies inferior to the _______ joint and superior to the ______ fascia at the
junction of the arm and the thorax.

126. The apex of axilla lies medial to the coracoids process. T/F

126. List the borders of the Apex of the Axilla

127. The base of the Axilla is formed by the _____ and a thick layer of _____ fascia extending
from the arm to the thoracic wall (between the inferior borders of _____ in front and _______
behind).

128. The Anterior, posterior, medial and lateral wall of the Axilla is formed by _____

129. Which of the walls above is bony and which is convex laterally

130. List the six contents in the axilla

BRACHIAL PLEXUS

131. Brachial plexus is a major nerve network which supply the _____ and _____

132. The Anterior cords of the trunk of brachial plexus supply_____ compartments of the upper
limb generally and posterior supply ______ compartments

133. The cords are named based on their position with______

134. Explain how the three cords are formed

135. The phrenic nerve supplies _____

135. List the 5 supraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus

136. Which of the three trunks of the plexus has branches

137. List the supraclavicular branches and infraclavicular branches and their roots and muscles
they supply

138. discuss the cutaneous innervation of the palm

139. The Axillary nerve innervate the anterior fiber of the deltoid. T/F

138. ______ is the largest nerve of the brachial plexus and _____ supplies the extensor
compartments of the arm and forearm.

139. _____ supply the posterior skin of the arm and forearm

140. Radial nerve send branch that supply the skin overlying the ______ of the dorsum of the
hand and skin overlying the ______ of the posterior surface of the digit.

141. _____ supplies all the muscles on the flexor compartment of the forearm except those
supplied by ulnar nerve.

142. _______ descends to the hand and supply the thenar muscle of the hand

143. ______ becomes cutanous to supply the lateral 3 ½ of the palmar skin and and skin
overlying the lateral 3 ½ of the anterior surface of the digits.

144. List all the muscles paralyzed in Erb-Duchenne palsy

BREAST

144. The breasts are in the subcutaneous tissue. T/F

145. The breast forms the primary sexual feature of female. T/F

146. The breast are present in ______ form in male

147. The breasts are the most prominent superficial structures in the anterior thoracic wall in
women. T/F

148. ______ determines the size of non-lactating breasts.

149. The breasts are the site of malignant change in as many as one in ____ women.

150. The breast enlarges medially to a varying extent. T/F

151. Breast shape and size depend upon ____, _____, _____, ____, _____, _____

152. Describe the bed of the breast

153. How is the axillary process of breast/axillary tail of Spence formed?

154. The deep pectoralis fascia overlies____, _____, ______

155. The retromammary space is a bursa. T/F

156. Where is the retromammary space found and what is it function?

157. the parenchyma of the mammary gland is made up of

158. Each lobule is drained by a ______

159. Do the lactiferous ducts open depending on the nipple of the breast?

160. small droplet of milk accumulates in the _____ of nursing mother

161. The breast is supplied blood by four structures namely

162. The venous drainage of the breast is into____ and partially into______

163. Lymph passes from the nipple, areola, and lobules of the gland to the _______

164. Briefly discuss the lymphatic drainage of the breast

Flexor and Extensor compartments of the Arm

165. List the two movements that occur in the arm and forearm at the elbow joint

166. Which type of muscle is the biceps brachii

167. The biceps is a three-joint muscle. T/F

168. Discuss the attachment of the biceps brachii

167. List the actions of the biceps brachii and the conditions attached

168. Which type of muscle is the brachialis muscle

169. The brachialis lies deep or posterior to the ________

170. _____ is the main flexor of the forearm

171. _____ is the workforce of the elbow flexors

172. Discuss the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and action of the brachialis

173. Coracobrachialis is a useful landmark for locating other structures in the arm. T/F

174. What is the difference between a Sprunt and shunt muscle

175. List the three shunt muscle

176. Discuss the attachments and the innervation and actions of the coracobrachialis

177. Which type of muscle is the tricep brachii?

178. What is the function of the Long head of tricep brachii

179. Which of the heads of the tricep brachii is the least active, most active and the strongest
respective?

180. _____ is the workforce of the forearm extension

181. Which bursa is found proximal to the distal attachment of the triceps brachii

182. Discuss the attachment, innervation, and actions of the triceps

FOREARM AND CUBITAL FOSSA

1.What type of joint is the elbow joint (two types)

2. The superior radioulnar joint plays no functional role at the elbow

3. What type of synovial joint is the superior radioulnar joint

4. Intermediate radioulnar joint is a ____ joint

5. The inferior radioulnar joint is a _____ type of joint

6. Give any two other names of cubital fossa

7. Cubital fossa is only found in humans. T/F

8. Can you list the lateral, medial, Superior borders of the cubital fossa?

9. The Apex of the CUBITAL FOSSA is directed superiorly. T/F

10. Briefly describe the superficial boundaries of the CUBITAL FOSSA

11. The floor of the cubital fossa is formed by _____ and ____

12. List the three contents of the cubital fossa

13. Where does the brachial artery bifurcate into the radial and ulnar artery

14. List three clinical correlations of the cubital fossa

15. The brachial artery pulse palpation and measurement can be done medial or lateral to the
biceps tendon?

16. What is sub-tendinous space of the wrist

17. Space of Parona is a nonpotential space of the wrist. T/F

18. Describe the location of the space of parona

19. List the three ways at which pus can rupture into the space of parona

20. How can the pus that ruptures into the space of Parona be drained?

21. The anterior surface of the skin is usually more hairy than the posterior surface. T/F

22. The anterior compartment is divided into how many levels?

23. Palmaris longus is absent is ____% of the population

24. List the two heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis

25. The superficial and deep muscles of the anterior compartment arise from _____ and _____

26. The FDS is a good anatomical landmark in the forearm because

27. How does the supracondylar fracture occur?

28. _____ is a transverse fracture spanning between the two epicondyles

29. What is volkmann's ischaemic contracture and what causes it?

30. List the two nerves that could be damage in supracondylar fracture

31. The extensors compartment of the forearm is divided into ____&____ with___&____
number of muscles respectively

32. Explain why the brachioradialis is a paradoxical muscle

33. Brachioradialis is most visible when the forearm is _____&_____

34. The ulnar travels ___ to the brachial artery. Medially or Laterally?

35. The radial nerve runs anterior to which muscle in the arm?

36. The radial nerve runs down the ____ part of the forearm to enter the hand. Medial, lateral,
posterior or anterior

ANATOMY OF THE HAND

1. Which bone represent most of the length of the hand

2. What bones form the radiocarpal joint?

3. What is the role of the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC) in the radiocarpal joint?

4. What movements are possible at the radiocarpal joint and what muscles are responsible for the
movements

5. What is the nerve supply to the radiocarpal joint?

6. What are the degrees of movement in the adduction and abduction of the radiocarpal joint
7. What ligament connects the radial styloid process to the scaphoid and trapezium bones,
limiting ulnar deviation, terminal wrist flexion, and extension?

8. What ligament connects the ulnar styloid process to the triquetrum and pisiform bones,
limiting radial deviation, terminal wrist flexion, and extension?

9. What is the role of the palmar (volar) radiocarpal ligament in the wrist joint?

10. What is the role of the dorsal radiocarpal ligament in the wrist joint?

11. Which ligament is the most important stabilizer of the wrist?

12. What is the location of the radial collateral ligament in the wrist?

13. What is the location of the ulnar collateral ligament in the wrist?

14. What movements are possible at the 1st and 5th carpometacarpal joints?

15. What additional movement is possible at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

16. What movements are possible at the 2nd through 4th carpometacarpal joints?

17. What bones articulate at the metacarpophalangeal joints and the shape of the part
articulating?

18. What movements are possible at the metacarpophalangeal joints?

19. Which digits have more abduction/adduction range of motion when extended?

20. What are the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints?

21. Which ligaments resist varus and valgus forces at the IP joints?

22. What are the two categories of muscles that act on the wrist, hand, and fingers?

23. What are the thenar muscles supplied by?

24. What are the origins of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle?

25. Where does the abductor pollicis brevis muscle insert?

26. What is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle?

27. Which nerve supplies the abductor pollicis brevis muscle?

28. What are the origins of the opponens pollicis muscle?

29. Where does the opponens pollicis muscle insert?

30. What is the action of the opponens pollicis muscle?

31. Which nerve supplies the opponens pollicis muscle?

32. What are the origins of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle?

33. Where does the flexor pollicis brevis muscle insert?

34. What is the action of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle?

35. Which nerves supply the flexor pollicis brevis muscle?

36. What are the origins of the adductor pollicis muscle?

37. Where does the adductor pollicis muscle insert?

38. What is the action of the adductor pollicis muscle?

39. Which nerve supplies the adductor pollicis muscle?

40. Where are the hypothenar muscles located?

41 What are the muscles that make up the hypothenar muscles and discuss their origin and
insertion?

42. What is the action of the abductor digiti minimi muscle?

43. What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?

44. What is the action of the opponens digiti minimi muscle?

45. Which nerve supplies the hypothenar muscles?

46. What are the muscles that make up the midpalmar/intermediate group?

47. Which muscles are important for movement for sure activities like typing, playing piano, etc

48. What are the origins of the lumbrical muscles?

49. Where do the lumbrical muscles insert?

50. What are the actions of the lumbrical muscles?

51. Which nerves supply the radial lumbricals?

52. Which nerves supply the ulnar lumbricals?

53. What are the origins of the palmar interossei muscles?

54. Where do the palmar interossei muscles insert?

55. What are the actions of the palmar interossei muscles?

56. Which nerves supply the palmar interossei muscles?

57. What are the origins of the dorsal interossei muscles?

58. Where do the dorsal interossei muscles insert?

59. What are the actions of the dorsal interossei muscles?

60. Which nerve supplies the dorsal interossei muscles?

61. What is the palmar aponeurosis and what is its origin and insertion?

62. What is Dupuytren's Contracture

63. List the medial and lateral attachment of the flexor retinaculum

64. What structures are located superficially to the flexor retinaculum from ulnar to radial side?

65. What is the Guyon's canal and what structures pass through it?

66. What are the thenar and mid palmar spaces located between?

67. What is the midpalmar oblique septum?

68. What structures are contained within the thenar space?

69. What structures are contained within the midpalmar space?

70. What is the hypothenar space?

71. What muscles form the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?

72. What structures are found within the anatomical snuffbox?

73. What structures form the floor and roof of the carpal tunnel?

74. What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

75. What condition can occur due to narrowing of the carpal tunnel?
76. What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

77. What are the common causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?

78. What are the common causes of Trigger finger?

79. What are the symptoms of Trigger finger?

80. What is whitlow and what is its usual cause?

BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE UPPER LIMB

1. The axillary artery begins and ends at ___&___ borders respectively.

2. Give the anterior, posterior, lateral and medial relations of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd part of the
axillary artery

3. The superior thoracic artery supplies _____&_______

4. The lateral thoracic artery supplies ___&___ &____

5. The posterior circumflex humeral artery supplies______ and _____

6. List the contents of the quadrangular space, upper triangle space and lower triangle space

7. List the relations of the brachial artery (2each for the anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial)

8. Explain the branches of the profunda brachii artery

9. What does the the profunda brachii artery supply?

10. Which nerve runs with the superior ulnar collateral artery

11. Superior ulnar collateral artery runs anterior to the medial epicondyle. T/F

12. Superior ulnar collateral artery anastomoses with

13. The radial artery passes above the brachioradialis muscle. T/F

14. The radial artery rest on deep muscles of forearm. T/F

15. In distal part of the forearm, the radial artery lies on the posterior surface of the radius. T)F
16. At wrist, the radial artery winds backwards and passes anteriorly into the palm
between______ muscles

17. How is deep and superficial palmar arch formed

18. List the 5 branches of the radial artery

19. The ulnar artery enters the palm behind the flexor retinaculum. T/F

20. List the four branches of the ulnar artery

21. The deep palmar arch is deeply placed in front of the ____ and ____

22. The deep palmar arch in medial side is completed by _____

23. List the branches of the Deep palmar arch (Princess Paint and Make Rainbows)

24. List the branch of the superficial palmar arch

25. Types of veins of the upper limb

26. List the five types of superficial veins in the upper limib

27. How is the dorsal venous arch drained?

28. What surface does the cephalic vein drain (2surfaces)

29. Cubital fossa ascend from deep fascia into the cubital fossa. T/F

The cephalic vein runs up in the arm on the medial side of the biceps. T/F

30. On reaching the interval between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles, the cephalic vein
pierces (deep/superficial) fascia to join the ____ vein

31. The medial cubital vein is a branch of which vein

32. The basilic vein ascends on the lateral side of the biceps

33. The basilic vein pierces the deep fascia at the middle of the arm. T/F

34. ____ and ____ form the Axillary vein

35. The basilic vein drains the ___&___ surface of the upper limb

36. How does drainage occur in the median antebrachial vein

37. ____ number of vena comitantes of brachial artery join the basilic vein at the____ border of
teres major to form ___ vein

38. List the five branches of axillary lymph nodes, what the lie behind and what they drain

LOWER LIMB

OSTEOLOGY OF THE LOWER LIMB

1. The proximal part of the femur articulates with the___ to form the hip joint
2. List the two bony ridges connecting the two trochanters of the femur anteriorly and
posteriorly respectively
3. The head of the femur is a smooth surface. T/F
4. The head of the femur is covered with articular cartilage except
5. The neck of the femur is projected in a superomedial direction at an angle _____ degree
to the shaft
6. What is the essence of the large angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur

Posture and locomotion in man, evolution and development of the locomotor apparatus in
man. Gait and gait cycles

Joints of the lower limbs and joint classification

1. How can joints be classified?

2. What are the three types of joints based on histological classification?
3. What are the three types of joints based on functional classification?
4. _____ are typically joints that require strength and stability over range of movement?
5. How are fibrous joints further sub-classified?
6. There is limited movement in sutures until about 35 years of age, after which they
become fixed and immobile.
7. Where are sutures found in the body?
8. What are gomphoses?
9. Where are gomphoses found in the body?
10. What bound teeth to their sockets in gomphoses?
11. What are syndesmoses?
12. Syndesmoses, gomphoses, and sutures are amphiarthroses. T/F
13. Can you provide examples of syndesmoses joints?
14. In a cartilaginous joint, the bones are united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. T/F
15. How are cartilaginous joints classified. List them with the cartilage found in each, the
degree of movement and where each can be found in the body?
16. What defines a synovial joint?
17. Synovial joints are the most common type of joint found in the body. T/F
18. We have 6 types of synovial joints. T/F
19. Provide an example of a joint for each sub-classification of synovial joints: hinge, saddle,
plane, pivot, condyloid, and ball and socket.
20. ______ joint is characterised by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-
convex shape.
21. _____ joint articular surfaces are relatively flat, allowing the bones to glide over one
another.
22. _____ are also known as ellipsoid joints.
23. ______ joint have convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity.
24. What are the two articulations of the knee joint?
25. What type of joint is the knee joint
26. Name the muscles and ligaments that stabilize the knee joint.
27. What is the shape of the menisci?
28. What movements can occur at the knee joint?
29. What are the two types of joints between the tibia and the fibula, their articular surfaces,
and the type of joint?
30. What type of movement does the proximal tibiofibular joint allow?
31. Does the distal tibiofibular joint permit any movement?
32. What is the ankle joint also called?
33. What bones form the ankle joint?
34. What type of joint is the ankle joint?
35. What movements does the ankle joint allow?
36. What is the subtalar joint also called?
37. How many articular facets are there between the talus and calcaneus in the subtalar joint?
38. What separates the posterior facet from the other facets in the subtalar joint?
39. What ligaments stabilize the subtalar joint?
40. What percentage of ankle dorsiflexion is due to the subtalar joint?
41. What are the main movements allowed by the subtalar joint?
42. What is the transverse tarsal joint also called?
43. What are the two joints that make up the transverse tarsal joint?
44. What type of joint is the talocalcaneonavicular joint
45. What is the ball and socket in talocalcaneonavicular joint
46. What stabilizes the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
47. What type of joint is the calcaneocuboid joint
48. What ligaments stabilize the calcaneocuboid joint?
49. What type of movement is permitted by the calcaneocuboid joint?
50. cuboideonavicular joint, formed by the navicular and the three cuneiform bones is a
synovial joint which permits _____ movement. The ____ and ______ ______ ligaments
stabilize the joint.
51. Cuboideonavicular joint is a joint between the cuboid and navicular bones and is
supported by the _____, ____, and ____ ligaments. It is a ____ joint.
52. Tarsometatarsal joints are _____ joints formed between the three cuneiform, cuboid, and
the bases of the (1st to the 5th) metatarsal bones. The ____, _____, and ______ ligaments
stabilize these joints.
53. Intermetatarsal joints are ____ joints between the ____ of the metatarsal bones. The
____, ____, and ____ ligaments stabilize them.
54. The base of the first metatarsal is not connected to the second via any ligaments. T/F
55. Metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) are joints between the metatarsal heads and the bases
of the proximal phalanges of the toes. The joints are ____ joint and are supported by the
_____ and _____ ligaments. Due to these joints, we are able to flex and extend our toes,
as well as adduct and abduct them to keep them apart or bring them closer.
56. Interphalangeal joint (IP) of the big toe is supported by the _____ and _____ ligaments.
57. Disruption of the arches during weight-bearing is prevented by the strong ligaments
connecting the foot bones. T/F
58. The strong ligaments in 57 above is an elastic ligament
59. What are the functions of the long plantar ligament?
60. What is the function of the short plantar ligament?
61. What is the role of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament?
 62. What bones does the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament connect?
63. ______ is the longest ligament of the tarsus and converts the groove on the cuboid into a
canal for the fibularis longus tendon.
64. The short plantar ligament is superficial to the long plantar ligament. T/F

Lumbar and sacral plexuses

1. Sacral plexus is located on the surface of the ____ wall, anterior to the ____ muscle.
2. The plexus is formed by the _____ rami (divisions) of the sacral spinal nerves S1, S2, S3
and S4. It also receives contributions from the lumbar spinal nerves ____ and ____.
3. What forms the basis of the sacral plexus?
4. At each vertebral level, paired spinal nerves leave the spinal cord via the _____ foramina
of the vertebral column.
5. How many major peripheral nerves are in the sacral plexus

What are the roots, motor function, and sensory functions

6. Superior gluteal nerve

7. Sciatic nerve
8. Posterior femoral cutaneous
9. Pudendal nerve
10. Inferior gluteal nerve
11. The posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh leaves the pelvis via the _____ foramen, entering
the gluteal region inferiorly to the ____ muscle. It descends deep to the _____ muscle and
runs down the back of the thigh to the knee.
12. In addition to the five major nerves of the sacral plexus, there are a number of smaller
branches. These tend to be nerves that directly supplying muscles (with the exception of
the perforating cutaneous nerve, which supplies the skin over the ______ and the _____,
which innervate the abdominal viscera)
13. The lumbar plexus supplies the pelvis. T/F
14. How many major peripheral nerves are in the sacral plexus
15. The first major branch of the lumbar plexus

What are the roots, motor function, and sensory functions

16. Iliohypogastric nerve

 17. Ilioinguinal nerve
18. Genitofemoral nerve
19. Lateral cutaneous nerve
20. Obturator nerve
21. Femoral nerve
22.

Lymphatic,venous drainage and blood supply of lower limb

1.What is the main artery of the lower limb?

2. What does the femoral artery continue from?

4. What artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery in the femoral triangle?

5. How many branches does the profunda femoris artery give off?

6. What do the perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery contribute to?

7. Where does the lateral femoral circumflex artery wrap around?

8. What muscles does the lateral femoral circumflex artery supply?

9. Where does the medial femoral circumflex artery wrap around?

10. What does the medial femoral circumflex artery supply?

11. What can happen to the femur head if the medial femoral circumflex artery is damaged?

12. Where does the obturator artery arise from?

13. How does the obturator artery enter the medial thigh and What are the two branches of the
obturator artery and what do they supply?

14. Which arteries supply the gluteal region?

5. Where do the superior and inferior gluteal arteries arise from?

6. The superior gluteal artery leaves the foramen above the piriformis muscle, the inferior below
the muscle. T/F

7. The inferior gluteal artery also contributes towards the vasculature of the posterior thigh. T/F
9. What branches does the popliteal artery give rise to?

10. Where does the popliteal artery exit the popliteal fossa?

11. What arteries does the tibioperoneal trunk bifurcate into?

12. The fibular artery gives rise to perforating branches, which penetrate the _____ to supply
muscles in the _____ compartment of the leg.

13. What does the anterior tibial artery become in the foot?

14. Arterial supply to the foot is delivered via two arteries: namely

The dorsalis pedis artery anastomoses with the ____ plantar artery to form the deep plantar arch.
The dorsalis pedis artery supplies the ____ bones and the dorsal aspect of the _____ bones. Via
the deep plantar arch, it also contributes to the supply of the ____.

15. What do the lateral and medial plantar arteries supply in the foot?

16. Where are the deep veins located in the lower limb?

17. The main venous structure of the foot is the ______ arch, which mostly drains into the _____
veins.

18. On the plantar aspect of the foot, medial and lateral plantar veins arise. These veins combine
to form the _____ and _____ veins. The posterior tibial vein accompanies the posterior tibial
artery, entering the leg _____ to the medial malleolus. • On the posterior surface of the knee,
______, _____ and ______ veins unite to form the popliteal vein. The popliteal vein enters the
thigh via the ____ canal.

19. The ____ vein of the is the other main venous structure in the thigh. Via perforating veins, it
drains blood from the thigh muscles. It then empties into the proximal (T/F) section of the
femoral vein. • The femoral vein leaves the thigh by running underneath the ____ ligament, at
which point it is known as the ______ vein.

20. The gluteal region is drained by ____ and ____ veins. These empty into the ____ vein.

22. The great saphenous vein is formed by the _____ of the foot, and the ____ vein of the great
toe. It ascends up the medial side of the leg, passing _____ to the medial malleolus at the ankle,
and ______ to the medial condyle at the knee. • As the vein moves up the leg, it receives
tributaries from other small superficial veins. The great saphenous vein terminates by draining
into the ____ vein immediately _____ to the inguinal ligament.

23. The small saphenous vein is formed by the _____ of the foot, and the ____ vein of the little
toe. It moves up the _____ side of the leg, passing _____ to the lateral malleolus, along the
lateral border of the calcaneal tendon. It moves between the two heads of the gastrocnemius
muscle and empties into the ____ vein in the popliteal fossa.

24. • The lymphatic system functions to drain ____ fluid, _____ and other _____ back into the
blood stream, and is also involved in immune defence. Once this collection of substances enters
the lymphatic vessels it is known as ____; lymph is subsequently filtered by _____ and directed
into the venous system.

24. How can the lymphatic vessels of the lower limb be divided?

26. What are the two major subsets of superficial lymphatic vessels in the lower limb?

27. The medial and lateral vessels ends where respectively

28. The deep lymphatics vessels are more than their superficial counterparts. T/F

29. Where do the medial vessels of the lymphatic system originate?

30. What is the destination of the medial vessels, and which group of lymph nodes do they drain
into?

31. Where do the lateral vessels of the lymphatic system arise from?

32. How many main groups of deep lymphatic vessels are found in the lower leg, and where do
they enter?

33. Where are the inguinal nodes located, and how many are typically present?

34. How are the inguinal nodes subdivided based on their position relative to the termination of
the great saphenous vein?

35. What is the location of the superficial inguinal nodes and what areas do they receive lymph
from?

36. Where are the superficial sub-inguinal nodes located and what is their primary source of
afferent input?
37. How many are the deep sub-inguinal nodes typically found and what is their afferent supply?

38. the popliteal lymphatic nodes are small in size. T/F?

39. How many popliteal nodes are usually present and where are they typically located?

40. What is the source of lymph for the popliteal nodes?

41. Where do the efferent vessels of the popliteal nodes empty into?

42. Are there any exceptions to the drainage pattern of the efferent vessels of popliteal nodes?

The thigh– anterior compartment to include femoral triangle,Hunters canal,medial

compartment and gluteal regions and hip joint

1. What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thighorigin, insertion and
action?
2. Which muscle in the anterior compartment is considered the longest in the body?
3. What are the two intermuscular septa that separate the anterior compartment from the
posterior and medial compartments?
4. What is the nerve supply for the anterior compartment of the thigh?
5. The innervation for the quadriceps muscles come from ____ division of the femoral
nerve while the sartorius by ____ division of the femoral nerve
6. Are the iliacus and psoas muscles considered part of the anterior compartment, and if so,
do they share the same innervation?
7. What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the thigh?
8. What is the largest blood vessel of the inferior limb that supplies the anterior
compartment?
9. What are the functions of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
10. Another name for the femoral triangle
11. How can the femoral triangle be visualized?
12. What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
13. What is the relationship between the apex of the femoral triangle and the adductor canal?
14. What structures form the roof of the femoral triangle?
15. What is contained within the superficial fascia of the femoral triangle?
16. The saphenous opening is covered by
17. What vital structures pass through the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?
 18. What is the course and distribution of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
19. The femoral nerve lies in a groove between___ and___ muscles
20. After a short course of about ____ cm in the thigh the femoral nerve is divided into
___&____ separated by ____
21. Where does the nerve to pectineus arise from and where does it reach?
22. What structures are enclosed within the femoral sheath, and what are their respective
positions?
23. The mid-Inguinal point is the ___
24. How does the femoral vein relate to the femoral artery within the femoral triangle?
25. What are the tributaries of the femoral vein within the femoral triangle?
26. the deep inguinal lymph nodes receives lymphatics drainage from _____, ____ and
_____
27. What is the Hunter's canal and where is it located?
28. Hunters canal is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh. T/F
29. The hunters canal is ____ cm long
30. What are the borders of the Hunter's canal?
31. What structures mark the apex and posterior border of the Hunter's canal?
32. What covers the Hunter's canal and what muscle lies on top of it?
33. Another name for subsartorial fascia
34. Discuss the course of the subsartorial fascia
35. What structures are contained within the Hunter's canal?
36. What are the three foramina of the Hunter's canal and what structures pass through each?
37. What muscles are part of the medial compartment of the thigh and discuss their origin,
insertion and action?
38. What is the primary nerve and blood supply to the medial compartment of the thigh?
39. Is the obturator externus muscle considered part of the medial compartment muscles?
40. Is the pectineus muscle included in the medial compartment muscles?

The Knee Joint

1. Another name for knee joint

2. What type of joint is the knee joint and what movements does it permit?
3. What are the articulations involved in the knee joint?
4. What are the two articular surfaces in the knee joint and what are their functions?
5. The articular surfaces of the knee joint is covered by ____ cartilage
 6. ____ provides a fulcrum to increase power of the knee extensor.
7. ____ serves as a stabilizing structure that reduces frictional forces placed on femoral
condyles
8. The menisci are _____ shaped and attached at ____ of the tibia
9. What are the functions of the medial and lateral menisci in the knee joint?
10. Which meniscus is fixed to its corresponding ligament and joint capsule that any damage
to the ligament leads to the meniscus tear
11. Which of the menisci is smaller
12. The menisci are ____ cartilage in nature
13. What is the function of a bursa in the knee joint and how many bursae are found there?
14. Can you describe the location and function of the four bursae in the knee joint?
15. Another name for semimembranosus bursa is
16. Which ligament helps to stabilize the hinge motion of the knee
17. The fibular collateral ligament is thinner and rounder than the tibial collateral ligament.
T/F
18. List the three ligaments of the knee joint
19. Discuss the attachment of the tibial and fibular collateral ligament
20. Discuss the attachment of the anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligament and what
they prevent
21. List the four movements of the knee joint and the muscles responsible for each movement
22. Which injury to the knee joint is common
23. How is collateral ligament damage assessed clinically
24. What can lead to anterior and posterior cruciate ligament tear
25. What is the dashboard injury
26. The PCL can be damage by hyperextension of the knee. T/F
27. Damage to the upper part of the tibial tuberosity can lead to _____
28. What is housemaid knee and clergyman's knee?
Popliteal fossa

1. Where is the popliteal fossa located and what is it shaped?

2. Popliteal fossa is the main path by which vessels and nerves pass between the thigh and
the leg. T/F
3. How many borders does the popliteal fossa have and what are they formed by?
4. What structures form the floor of the popliteal fossa?
5. What are the two layers that make up the roof of the popliteal fossa?
 6. What are the 5 superficial content of the popliteal region?
7. What are the content of the popliteal fossa from medial to lateral
8. The deepest structure of the popliteal fossa is _____
9. What are the contents of the popliteal fossa from medial to lateral?
10. What are the branches of the sciatic nerve that are found in the popliteal fossa?
11. How does the small saphenous vein pass through the popliteal fossa?
12. What is a Baker's cyst and what is its association with osteoarthritis?
13. What is a popliteal aneurysm and how does it affect the other contents of the popliteal
fossa?
14. An aneurysm of the popliteal artery makes the diameter of the artery greater than ____ of
the normal artery
15. The popliteal fascia is extensible but thick. T/F
16. Which nerve is particularly susceptible to compression from a popliteal artery aneurysm?
17. What are the major features of tibial nerve compression?

POSTERIOR THIGH

1. What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh collectively known as?
2. Which muscles make up the hamstrings?
3. What does the phrase 'hamstringing the enemy' refer to?
4. What are the functions of the hamstrings?
5. What additional muscle may be included in the posterior thigh muscles?
6. What nerves innervate the hamstrings?
7. How are the hamstrings supplied with blood?
8. What is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, muscle?
9. What are the 3 functions of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle?
10. Which nerve innervates the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle?
11. How many heads does the biceps femoris have and where do they originate?
12. Where does the biceps femoris insert?
13. Which nerves innervate the long and short heads of the biceps femoris?
14. What are the functions of the biceps femoris muscle?
15. What are the 3 origin and 4 insertions of the adductor magnus muscle?
16. The adductor Magnus originates from the inferior tamus of the pubis. T/F
17. Which nerve supplies the adductor magnus muscle?
18. What are the roots of the sciatic nerve
 19. Sciatic nerve is about ___ cm wide
20. Where does the sciatic nerve begin and pass through?
21. Where does the sciatic nerve terminate?
22. What are the clinical correlates of the sciatic nerve?
23. What is sciatica and what are its symptoms?
24. The arteries that supply the Posterior compartment of the thigh arise from ____ and ____
artery

Fascia Compartment of the Leg

1. The deep fascia of the leg is a continuation of the ____

2. The deep fascia of the leg below the tibial condyles, attaches to ___
3. The two intermuscular septae of the leg pass from
4. Where is the Superior extensor retinaculum attached to

5. Where is the flexor retinaculum attached to

6. The flexor retinaculum binds the tendons of ___ to the ____

7. Where is the Superior peroneal retinaculum attached to

8. The Superior peroneal retinaculum binds the tendons of ___

9. The inferior peroneal retinaculum binds the tendons of ___ to the ____

Anterior & Lateral Compartments of the Leg

1. The upper part and lower part of the lateral surface of the leg and the anteromedial
surface of the leg are innervated by what respectively. State the source of their branch too
2. The veins of the anterior leg drains into _____

3. The lymphatics follow the great saphenous vein to end in the _____

4. A small amount of lymph from the lower lateral part of the anterior leg may accompany
the small saphenous vein into the popliteal nodes. T/F

5. _____ plays an important role in holding up the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.
 6. Discuss the origin and insertion of the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus
tertius, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus

7. The anterior tibial artery is smaller of the terminal branches of the popliteal artery

8. The anterior tibial artery arises at the level of the ____

9. The anterior tibial artery passes forward to the anterior leg through _____

10. As the tibial nerve accompanies the posterior tibial artery, ____ accompanies the anterior
tibial artery

11. The anterior tibial artery lies _____ in the upper part of its course and ____ of the lower
part of its course

12. The anterior tibial artery lies between the tendon of the _____ on the medial side and
____ on the lateral side

13. Where can the anterior tibial artery pulse be felt easily.

14. Where does the anterior tibial artery becomes the dorsalis oedus artery

15. The deep peroneal nerve arises on ____ side of the neck of the fibula

16. The deep peroneal nerve enters the anterior compartment by piercing____

17. Discuss the relationship between The deep peroneal nerve and the anterior tibial artery as
they descend in the anterior compartment

18. The deep peroneal nerve passes superficial to the extensor retinacula

19. Numerous branches from ____ artery which lies posterior compartment of the leg pierce
_____ and supply the peroneal muscles.

20. The superficial peroneal nerve arises on the lateral side of ____

21. The superficial peroneal nerve descends between ___&___ and it ____ part of the leg, it
becomes cutaneous

22.

Posterior Compartment of the Leg

1. Which nerves supply the skin over the popliteal fossa and the upper part of the back of
the leg?
2. What nerve supplies the skin on the upper part of the posterolateral surface of the leg, and
which nerve is it a branch of?
3. Which nerves supply the skin on the lower part of the posterolateral surface of the leg,
and what nerve are they branches of?
4. Which nerve supplies the skin on the posteromedial surface of the leg, and what nerve is
it a branch of?
5. The small saphenous vein arises from the ____ and ascend behind____ in company
with____ nerve
6. The small saphenous vein follows the ____ border of tendocalcaneus and then runs up the
____ of the leg
7. Small saphenous vein does not pierce any deep fascia. T/F
8. Small saphenous vein passes between_____ in the lower part of the popliteal fossa.
9. The small saphenous vein has little valves along its course. T/F
10. The small saphenous vein terminates by __ ___ or _____ or ____
11. Small saphenous vein receives numerous small veins from the front of the leg. T/F
12. The small saphenous vein communicates with the ___&___
13. How do the lymph vessels run upward, and where do they drain?
14. What does the deep fascia of the leg form, and what does it divide the muscles of the
posterior compartment into?
15. What is the blood supply to the posterior thigh
16. What are the muscles in the superficial group of the posterior compartments of the leg,
and what is the common insertion point for these muscles?
17. What 2 functions do the soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris muscles perform together?

18. What are the origins of the gastrocnemius muscle, and where does it insert?
19. The medial head of gastrocnemius may have a sesamoid bone called fabella. T/F
20. Which nerve supplies the gastrocnemius muscle, and what actions does it perform at the
ankle and knee joints?
21. Which type of muscle is the soleus?
22. What are the origin, insertion, and nerve supply?
23. What actions does the soleus muscle perform at the ankle joint, and what role does it play
in walking and running?
24. What are the origin, insertion, and nerve supply of the plantaris muscle?
25. What actions does the plantaris muscle perform at the ankle and knee joints, and what is
its potential absence used for?
26. Where does the popliteus muscle originate and insert, and what is its nerve supply?
27. What actions does the popliteus muscle perform at the knee joint, and how does it
contribute to the movement of the knee joint?
28. What are the origin, insertion, and nerve supply of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?
29. What actions does the flexor digitorum longus muscle perform, and what structures does
it support?
30. What are the origin, insertion, and nerve supply of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
31. What 3 actions does the flexor hallucis longus muscle perform
32. What are the origin, insertion, and nerve supply of the tibialis posterior muscle?
33. What 3 actions does the tibialis posterior muscle perform at the ankle and foot, and how
does it support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
34. The popliteus arises inside _____
35. ____ separates the lateral ligament of the knee joint from the lateral meniscus
36. The posterior tibial artery begins at the level of the ______
37. The posterior tibial artery passes downward deep to the _____, _____ and _____
38. The posterior tibial artery lies on the posterior surface of the _____ above and _____
below
39. In the lower part of the leg, the Posterior tibial artery is covered by only ___&____
40. The Posterior tibial artery passes in front of the medial melleolus
41. The Posterior tibial artery terminates by dividing into _____&_____
42. What are the 5 branches of the posterior tibial artery
43. Which vena commitantes form the popliteal vein
44. The peroneal artery arises close to the posterior tibial artery. T/F
45. Peroneal artery descends in front of the fibula either within the FHL or posterior to it. T/F
46. What are the 3 branch of peroneal artery
47. The peroneal artery takes part in the ankle anastomosis. T/F
48. The sciatic nerve passes deep to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. T/F
49. The posterior tibial artery lies on the posterior surface of the _____ above and _____
below
50. Discuss the relationship between the posterior tibial artery and the tibial nerve as they
pass through the leg
51. The tibial nerve passes in front of the medial melleolus. T/F
52. The tibial nerve terminates by dividing into _____&____
 53. Which nerve supplies the skin over the medial surface of heel and it is a branch of ___
nerve
54. Ruptured tendocalcaneus is common in ___ set of people
55. Ruptured tendocalcaneus occurs frequently in tennis players. T/F
56. Ruptured tendocalcaneus occurs at its widest part. T/F
57. Ruptured tendocalcaneus occurs about ___ centimeter above its insertion
58. In ruptured tendocalcaneus tendon, it is impossible to ___ the foot
59. What should be done in a case of ruptured tendocalcaneus
60. Rupture of the plantaris tendon is rare. T/F
61. ____ apart from the plantaris can be used for autografts in repairing severed flexor
tendons to the fingers.

The Dorsum of the foot

1. Describe the skin of the dorsum of the foot
2. The sensory nerve supply to the dorsum of the foot is derived from 4 nerves, list and
talk about
their functions.
3. What nerves supply the nail beds and the skin on the dorsal surfaces of the terminal
phalanges?
4. Where does the dorsal venous arch lies?
5. The dorsal venous arch drains on the medial side into the ______ and on the lateral
side into the
______
6. The great saphenous vein leaves the dorsum of the foot by ascending into the leg in
front of
______
7. The small saphenous vein ascends into the leg behind ______
8. The greater part of the blood from the whole foot drains into the arch via _______ and
_______,
which pass through the _______
9. The extensor digitorum longus tendon passes beneath the extensor retinacula, in
company
with the ______ muscle and then divides into four, which fan out over the dorsum of the
foot and pass to the ______
 10. Opposite the metatarsophalangeal joints of the second, third, and fourth toes, each
tendon of the extensor digitorum longus is joined on its lateral side by ______
11. What does the extensor digitorum tendon joins to on the dorsal surface of each toe?
12. Near the proximal interphalangeal joint, the extensor expansion splits into three parts,
what
are they and where are they inserted into?
13. The dorsal expansion, as in the fingers, receives the tendons of insertion of the
______
and _______ muscles?
14. What is the origin of the extensor digitorum brevis?
15. What is the insertion of the extensor digitorum brevis?
16. What is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis?
17. Where does the dorsalis pedis artery begin and it is a continuation of what?
18. How does the dorsalis pedis artery terminates?
19. What is the orientation of the dorsalis pedis artery and what are the two structures that
crosses
it?
20. What are the two structures that lies on the lateral side of the dorsalis pedis artery
21. What structure lies on the medial side of the dorsalis pedis artery?
22. The pulsation of dorsalis pedis artery cannot easily be felt. T/F?
23. Talk about the branches of the dorsalis pedis artery
24. How does the deep peroneal nerve enters the dorsum of the foot?
25. What does the medial and lateral branches of the deep peroneal nerve innervate?
26. Only the medial branch of the deep peroneal nerve gives articular branch to the joint
of the foot. T/F?

Sole of the foot

1. Describe the skin of the sole of the foot

2. List the 5 cutaneous nerves of the sole of the foot
3. List the 4 deep fascia of the sole of the foot
4. Plantar aponeurosis is the thickened band of deep fascia in the sole of the foot, talk
about its
attachments and functions.
5. Mention the muscles in the first layer of the sole of the foot
6. Mention the muscles and tendons in the second layer of the sole of the foot
7. Mention the muscles in the third layer of the sole of the foot
8. Mention the muscles and tendons in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot
9. What is the origin and insertion of the abductor hallucis?
10. Which nerve innervates abductor hallucis and what is its nerve roots?
11. What is the action of the abductor hallucis?
12. What is the origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis?
13. Which nerve innervates flexor digitorum brevis and what is its nerve roots?
14. What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?
15. What is the origin and insertion of the abductor digiti minimi?
16. Which nerve innervates the abductor digiti minimi and what is its nerve roots?
17. What is the action of the abductor digiti minimi?
18. What is the origin and insertion of the quadratus plantae muscle?
19. Which nerve innervates the quadratus plantae muscle and what is its nerve roots?
20. What is the action of the quadratus plantae muscle?
21. What is the origin and insertion of the lumbricals?
22. What are the nerves that innervates the lumbricals and what is their nerve roots?
23. What is the action of the lumbricals?
24. What is the origin and insertion of the flexor hallucis brevis?
25. Which nerve innervates the flexor hallucis brevis and what is its nerve roots?
26. What is the action of the flexor hallucis brevis?
27. What is the origin and insertion of the adductor hallucis?
28. Which nerve innervates the adductor hallucis and what is its nerve roots?
29. What is the action of the adductor hallucis?
30. What is the origin and insertion of the flexor digiti minimi?
31. Which nerve innervates the flexor digiti minimi and what is its nerve roots?
32. What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi?
33. What is the origin and insertion of the dorsal interosseous muscles?
34. Which nerve innervates the dorsal interosseous muscles and what is its nerve root?
35. What is the action of the dorsal interosseous muscles?
36. What is the origin and insertion of the plantar interosseous muscles?
37. Which nerve innervates the plantar interosseous muscles and what is its nerve roots?
38. What is the action of the plantar interosseous muscles?
39. Which is larger between the two terminal branches of the posterior tibial nerve?
 40. With reference to the nerve above, how does it enters the foot and how does it
terminates?
41. With reference to the same nerve above, talk about its branches?
42. How does the smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial nerve enters the foot and
how does it terminates?
43. With reference to the nerve above, talk about its branches
44. Medial plantar artery is one of the two terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery,
how does it enter the foot and how does it terminates?
45. Talk about the branches of the medial plantar artery
46. Lateral plantar artery is one of the two terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery,
talk about its branches.
47. Mention the three bursae in the foot

Inversion and Eversion

1. _______ movement of the foot which causes the soles of the feet to face inwards,
2. Inversion occurs at ____ and ____ joint
3. Inversion injuries of the ankle are common. T/F
4. Inversion injuries result in _____
5. ______ ligament is torn in 70-85% of ankle sprains
6. List the three ligaments torn in ankle sprains and the two most commonly fractured
7. Which joints are involved in the main movement of inversion and eversion?
8. What serves as the pivot in the movement of inversion and eversion?
9. Inversion raises the medial border of the foot by ___ degree
10. Supination is similar to _____ + _____ + ______ (toe ____)
11. Eversion raises the lateral border of the foot by ____ degree
12. Pronation is similar to ____ + _____ + _____ (toe ___)
13. Inversion and Eversion main movement take place at the clinical ____ joint
14. _____ joint is the inferior portion of talocalcaneonavicular joint
15. What is the pivot of the talocalcaneus joint
16. The muscles which cause inversion and Eversion are
17. ____ plays an important role in holding up the medial longitudinal arch
18. List the origin and insertion and nerve supply of the tibialis anterior and posterior
19. Inversion of foot by tibialis posterior occur at ____ and _____ joints
 20. List the three actions of tibialis posterior
21. The peroneus longus and brevis muscles are: • Planterflexors and evertors of the foot. T/F
22. _______ play an important role in holding up the lateral longitudinal arch in the foot.
23. ______ serve as a tie to the transverse arch of the foot
24. What are the origin and insertion of peroneus longus and brevis

Foot and Ankle Joint

1. What compose the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot?

2. Tarsal bones of the foot are organized into how many rows?
3. What are the proximal tarsal bones?

4. What are the articulations of the talus?

5. What is the main function of the talus?

6. Talus is wider anteriorly compared to it posterior end. T/F

7. What feature of the talus provides additional stability to the ankle?

8. Why is there a high risk of avascular necrosis associated with the talus?

9. ______ is the largest tarsal bone

10. _____ is the heel bone

11. What are the articulations of the calcaneus?

12. The calcaneus takes the weight of the body as the heel does_____

13. The Achilles tendon attaches to _____

14. The intermediate row of tarsal consists of

15. What are the articulations of the navicular?

16. On the _____ surface of the navicular, there is a tuberosity for the attachment of______

17. How are the tarsal bones in the distal row positioned and what are their articulations?

18. The plantar surface of the cuboid is marked by a _____ for ____

19. What is the shape of the cuneiforms

20. The shape of cuneiform helps form ____

21. The medial and lateral cuneiform serve as a point for which muscles respectively

22. The toes are designed to _____

23. How many sesamoid bones are located under the 1st MP joint

24. Which metatarsal is the largest and strongest

25. Which metatarsal functions as the main body support during walking and running

26. The 1st metatarsal is palpable at

27. Which metatarsal is the most commonly fractured

28. How many plane articulations are between the talus and the calcaneus

29. The posterior facet of the joint receives ____ of stress of subtalar joint

30. Where is the tarsal tunnel located?

31. What ligaments are associated with the subtalar joint

32. alternative names for the transverse talar joint?

33. Transverse tarsal joint is a ____ joint formed by _____&_____ and ____ shaped

34. What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?

35. What are the articulations of the talonavicular joint

36. The capsule of the talonavicular joint is reinforced medially and laterally by ____ and
____ respectively

37. what are the reinforcing ligaments of talonavicular joint?

38. Calcaneo-cuboid joint is a _____ type of joint.

39. Which transverse tarsal joint has it own capsule

40. What ligaments are associated with the calcaneo-cuboid joint, and what is the
significance of the inferior plantar ligament in the transverse tarsal joint?

41. Calcaneocuboid joint support the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot. T/F
42. What type joint is the tarso-metatarsal joint

43. What are the articulations of the tarso-metatarsal joint

44. The 3rd TMT share capsule with the ___

45. What ligaments reinforce the TMT joints,

46. 4th and 5th TMT joints also share a common joint capsule. T/F

47. The motion at the TMT joints are dependent on each other. T/F

48. Which type of joint are the five metatarsophalangeal joints synovial joints

49. What are the movements of the metatarso-phalangeal joints, and what provides stability
to these joints?

50. What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints, and what movements do they allow?

51. What are the functions of foot and ankle

52. What are the main weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones of the lower leg, and
what is the main weight-bearing bone of the ankle

53. The ankle is thin and weak. T/F

54. Which collateral ligament is weaker and more susceptible to injury?

55. List the 3 lateral collateral ligaments and the 4 medial collateral ligament

56. What is the deltoids ligament

57. ____ ligament resist ankle eversion

58. ____ ligament resist ankle inversion

59. What are the functions of the anterior muscles of the foot and ankle,

60. What are the functions of the medial muscles of the foot and ankle,

61. What are the functions of the posterior muscles of the foot and ankle and lateral muscles

62. Which arch of the foot is the largest

63. The arches of the foot are fully integrated with one another. T/F
64. ____ enhances the dynamic function of the foot

65. The foot arches are present at birth. T/F

66. At what age as children approached gait parameters similar to those of adults do they
develop an arch

67. List the 4 factors maintaining the arches

68. What are the anterior pillar, posterior pillar, vulnerable part and characteristics feature of
the medial and lateral longitudinal arch

69. What are the 2 characteristics of the anterior and posterior transverse arches of the foot,
and what factors maintain their structure?

70. _____ help in proportionate distribution of weight

71. The heads of the five metatarsals posses how many weight bearing point

72. _____ arched as a segmental level

73. _______ helps prevent compression of neurovascular structures of the foot

74. Arched foot is not dynamic but pliable. T/F

75. Invertors and Evertors help in shifting weight distribution. T/F

76. What are the symptoms and causes of plantar fasciitis

77. What are the common symptoms and characteristics of osteoarthritis of the feet

78. What are the symptoms and effects of gout on the feet

79. What are the symptoms and characteristics of athlete's foot?

80. What are the symptoms and effects of rheumatoid arthritis on the feet,

81. What are the symptoms and characteristics of bunions (hallux valgus),

82. What are the symptoms and potential complications of diabetic foot infection,

83. What are the potential causes and implications of swollen feet (edema)

84. What are the characteristics and causes of calluses and corns on the feet,

85. What are the symptoms and effects of heel spurs

86. What are the symptoms and potential complications of ingrown toenails,

87. What are the symptoms and effects of fallen arches (flat feet)

88. What are the symptoms and characteristics of nail fungal infection (onychomycosis),

89. What are the symptoms and effects of mallet toes,

90. What are the symptoms and causes of metatarsalgia,

91. What are the symptoms and effects of claw toes,

92. What are the symptoms and signs of a fracture in the metatarsal bones,

93. What are the symptoms and characteristics of plantar warts,

94. What are the symptoms and effects of Morton's neuroma,

95. What are the characteristics and symptoms of hammer toe,

96. What are the characteristics and effects of claw toe,

97. What are the characteristics and potential impact of mallet toe,

98. What are the features and forms of talipes,

99. What are the characteristics and implications of PES CAVUS deformity,

100.