‫ٌ ﳓﻮ اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬

‫ِ وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ِ إﱃ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Practical Steps Towards Translating from Arabic‬‬
‫‪into English and Vice Versa‬‬
‫اﻋﺪاد وﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪرس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﳏﻤﻮد ﻋﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎن‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪاد‪ /‬ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬
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‫ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬

‫‪E-mail : [email protected]‬‬
‫ﺻﻤﻢ اﻟﻐﻼف رﯾﺎض ﻓﺮﺣﺎن اﻟﺰھﯿﺮي‬
‫‪E-mail: [email protected]‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ أﺑﻮ ﻏﯿﺪاء ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪E-mail: [email protected]‬‬

‫رﻗﻢ اﻹﯾﺪاع ﻓﻲ دار اﻟﻜﺘﺐ واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد ‪ 1383‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪2013‬‬

 ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﳏﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪18-2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻻول ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(The Tenses‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻻزﻣﻨﺔ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫)‪(the Simple Present Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫)‪(The Present Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫)‪(The Present Perfect Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫‪3-1‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫)‪(The Past Simple Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫‪4-1‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫)‪(The Past Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫‪5-1‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫)‪(The Past Perfect Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫‪6-1‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫)‪(The Simple Future Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫‪7-1‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫)‪(The Future Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫‪8-1‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫)‪(The Future Perfect Tense‬‬ ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫‪9-1‬‬
‫‪24-18‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(The Moods of Verbs‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺻﯿﻎ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫)‪(The Infinitive Mood‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2‬اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫)‪(The Indicative Mood‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫)‪(The Potential Mood‬‬ ‫ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻹﻣﻜﺎن أو اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪3-2‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫)‪(The Subjunctive Mood‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫)‪(The Imperative Mood‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪5-2‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫)‪(The Participle Mood‬‬ ‫ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫‪6-2‬‬
‫‪35-25‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Modal Auxiliary Verbs‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬
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‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫‪1-3‬‬

‫‪27‬‬ ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫‪2-3‬‬
‫‪38-35‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(The Passive Voice‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪ 1-4‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬
‫‪43-39‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Phrasal Verbs‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺬﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪ 1-5‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺬﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬
‫‪47-44‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Collocations‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪ 1-6‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬ ‫‪2-6‬‬
‫‪52-48‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Idioms‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﯿﺔ‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪ 1-7‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﯿﺔ‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬ ‫‪2-7‬‬
‫‪63-53‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Clichés‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻠﯿﺸﮭﺎت‬
‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪ 1-8‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻜﯿﻠﯿﺸﮭﺎت‬
‫‪54‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬
‫‪67-64‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Abbreviations‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪ 1-9‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات‬
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‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬

‫‪65‬‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات‬ ‫‪2-9‬‬

‫‪73-68‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Prepositions‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ‬
‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪ 1-10‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪ 2-10‬اﻧﻮاع ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ‬
‫‪78-74‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Conjunctions‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪ 1-11‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪ 2-11‬أﻧﻮاع ادوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪82-79‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Electronic messaging‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪85-83‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻋَﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻷﻗﻮال ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ روح اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮل ﻓﺤﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ھﻲ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻠﻐﻮي ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄن اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺼﺎغ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻟﺠﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬وأن ﻣﺎ ﯾُﻤﯿﺰ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ھﻮ روحُ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ وأﺳﻠﻮﺑﮫُ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮاھﺒﮫ وﺧﻠﻔﯿﺘﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ وھﻨﺎك ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ أن ﺗُﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪ :‬إﺟﺎدة اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ واﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫وﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ وﺳﻠﺴﺔ وﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﺮدات ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻠﻐﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر )‪(Source Language‬‬
‫واﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﮭﺪف )‪ (Target Language‬وﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ‬
‫أدوات ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪھﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻗﺪام ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺟﻢ وﻗﻮاﻣﯿﺲ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫وﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﺮﺑﯿﺔ ودواﺋﺮ ﻣﻌﺎرف وﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻷﺳﺎس‪ ،‬ﯾُﻘﺪم ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Practical Steps‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ وﻗﺪ راﻋﯿﺖُ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺳﮭﻼً ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺎً‬
‫وﺳﻠﺴﺎً ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ أردت ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﻌﺐء ﻋﻦ ﻛﺎھﻞ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫‪7‬‬

‫واﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ وﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات واﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬

‫واﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ‪.........‬‬

‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ أدﻋﻮا اﷲ اﻟﻌﻠﻲ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﺮ أن ﯾﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻨﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وأن‬
‫ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺴﻨﺎﺗﻲ‪ ....‬وأﺧﺮ دﻋﻮاﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ رب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﻋﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎن‬

‫اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ‪2013/3/8‬‬

‫)ﺑﻐﺪاد(‬
8

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ‬
Translating
The English
Tenses
‫‪9‬‬

‫أن إﺟﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻋﺘﻤﺎداً ﻛﻠﯿﺎً ﺳﻮاءً ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻟﮭﺪف أم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪورھﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ووﻇﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺮﻛﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻤﮭﺎ واﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮأ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻼ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺄي ﺣﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻮال ‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﺬا ﻓﺄن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﮫ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﺮى ﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻧﺘﻨﺎول ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻛﻞ اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ ) ‪Finite‬‬
‫‪ (Tenses‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ أو ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ 1-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ]‪[The Simple Present Tense‬‬

‫ﯾُﻌﺒﺮ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻋﻦ اﻷﺣﺪاث أو اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث‬
‫داﺋﻤﺎً أو ﻋﺎدةً أو ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث اﻷن وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ وﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺘﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﺛﻨﺎن‪.‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻷﺣﺮف‬

‫أﻧﯿﺖ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ‪ +‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل أو ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫]‪[Verb to have‬‬ ‫]‪[Verb to be‬‬ ‫]‪[Verb to do‬‬

‫‪I have‬‬ ‫أﻣﻠﻚ‬ ‫‪I am‬‬ ‫أﻛﻮن‬ ‫‪I do‬‬ ‫أﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫‪We have‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫‪We are‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻮن‬ ‫‪We do‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪He has‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫‪He is‬‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫‪He does‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫‪She has‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫‪She is‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫‪She does‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ Nurses look after the patients in hospitals‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت‬

‫‪ Tom watches TV everyday‬‬

‫ﯾﺸﺎھﺪ ﺗﻮم اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮن ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‬

‫‪ I work in a factory‬‬

‫أﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫‪ We go shopping once a weak‬‬

‫ﻧﺬھﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮق ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬

‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾُﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )‪(general facts‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius‬‬

‫ﯾﻐﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﻣﺌﺔ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬

‫‪ The earth goes round the sun‬‬

‫ﺗﺪور اﻷرض ﺣﻮل اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬

‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻟﯿﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻛﺠﻤﻠﺔ أﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ He is a clever boy‬‬ ‫ھﻮ وﻟﺪ ﺷﺎﻃﺮ‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪ This is my book‬‬ ‫ھﺬا ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫‪ There are three birds on the tree‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻃﯿﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة‬

‫وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻟﯿﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ )ﯾﻤﻠﻚ( أو )ﻟﺪﯾﮫ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪I have a car‬‬ ‫أﻣﻠﻚ ﺳﯿﺎرة‬

‫ﻟﺪي ﺳﯿﺎرة‬
‫‪I have many friends‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪي ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺻﺪﻗﺎء‬

‫وﻟﻜﻦ أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪-:‬‬

‫‪I have a big party‬‬ ‫أﻗﯿﻢ ﺣﻔﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬

‫أو‬

‫‪I have nothing to do with‬‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﻲ أي ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﮫ ‪ /‬ﺑﮭﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‪-:‬‬

‫)اﻟﺦ‪ ، .....‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﮭﺮ ‪ ،‬اﺳﺒﻮع( ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‬

‫)‪Everyday (week, month, year,….etc‬‬
‫ﻋﺎدة داﺋﻤﺎً‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً‬ ‫اﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً‬ ‫وﻻ ﻣﺮة‬
‫‪Always, usually, often, sometimes, never,‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﯾﻮم اﻻﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪1990‬‬
‫‪in1990, on Sunday, at 7 o'clock,‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺒﺎح‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻞ‬
‫‪in the moving, at night.‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫‪ 2-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ]‪[The Present continuous Tense‬‬

‫ﯾُﻌﺒﺮ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻟﺤﻈﺔ اﻟﻜﻼم أي أﻧﮫ ﯾُﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫أﺣﺪاث وﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ واﺳﺘﻤﺮت ﻟﺤﻈﺔ وﻗﺖ اﻟﻜﻼم وﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد أﺣﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫)اﻟﯿﻮم( ‪Today‬‬
‫)اﻵن( ‪Now‬‬
‫)ھﺬا اﻟﺼﺒﺎح( ‪This morning‬‬
‫)ھﺬا اﻟﯿﻮم( ‪This day‬‬

‫)ھﺬا اﻻﺳﺒﻮع( ‪This week‬‬

‫)ھﺬا اﻟﺸﮭﺮ( ‪This month‬‬
‫)ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺦ…( ‪This year….etc‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫أﻧﯿﺖ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ ‪ +‬اﻵن‬

‫‪I am working now‬‬ ‫أﻋﻤﻞُ اﻵن‬
‫‪We are studying today‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪرسُ اﻟﯿﻮم‬
‫ﯾﺸﺎھﺪ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻠﯿﻠﺔ ‪He is watching TV this night‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎھﺪ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻠﯿﻠﺔ ‪She is watching TV this night‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ The students are doing their homework Now‬‬

‫ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻄﻼب واﺟﺒﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺘﯿﺔ اﻵن‬

‫‪ I am working hard today‬‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫أﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﯿﻮم ﺑﺠﺪ ‪ /‬أﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺠﺪ اﻟﯿﻮم‬

‫‪ 3-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم ]‪[The Present Prefect Tense‬‬

‫ﯾُﻌﺒﺮ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم ﻋﻦ اﻷﺣﺪاث واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك أي ذﻛﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ وﻗﺖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ واﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ وﻻ‬
‫زاﻟﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ وﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد ﻇﺮوف ﻣﺜﻞ‪-:‬‬

‫)ﺗﻮاً – ‪(Just‬‬ ‫)ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞُ –‪) - (Already‬ﻟﺤﺪ اﻻن – ‪-(Yet‬‬

‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ وﺟﻮد ﻇﺮوف وﻗﺘﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ (For -‬و )ﻣﻨﺬ –‪ .(Since‬وزﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎم ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻻول‪ :‬ھﻮ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ وﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫ ھﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪I, we, they, you + have + p.p‬‬

‫‪+ complement‬‬
‫‪He / She / It + has +p.p‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻗـــﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻘــﺪ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪ +‬اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ I have already studied English.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ درﺳﺖُ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻣُﺴﺒﻘﺎً‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ درﺳﺖُ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ We have lived in Baghdad for 20 years.‬‬
‫‪14‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺸﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻐﺪاد ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 20‬ﻋﺎم‬

‫‪ She has just come.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﺎءت ﺗﻮاً‬

‫‪ He has not arrived yet‬‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﺼﻞ ﻟﺤﺪ اﻷن ‪ /‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ)‪ (yet‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻟﻢ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ‪ +‬أﻧﯿﺖ ‪ +‬ﻟﺤﺪ اﻷن‬

‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ وﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪I, we, they, you + have + been + v + ing‬‬

‫‪He, She, It + has + been + v + ing‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬ ‫ﯾﺰال‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺖُ‬

‫آﻧﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺰال‬ ‫ﻛﺎنَ‬
‫أزال‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺰال‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮا‬
‫ﻛﻦﱠ‬
‫‪I have been studying English‬‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﻨﺖُ وﻣﺎ زﻟﺖُ أدرس اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬

‫‪He has been playing football‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎنَ وﻣﺎ زال ﯾﻠﻌﺐ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬

‫‪She has been cooking in the Kitchen‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ وﻣﺎ زاﻟﺖ ﺗﻄﮭﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ‬

‫‪We have been watching TV.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﻨﺎ وﻣﺎ زﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﺎھﺪ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮن‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬ھﻨﺎك ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮاً ‪lately‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎً ‪recently‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﯿﻦ ‪Ever since‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ‪since then‬‬

‫‪ 4-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ]‪[The Past Simple Tense‬‬

‫ﯾُﻌﺒﺮ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺣﺪاث واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ واﻧﺘﮭﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻣﺬﻛﻮرة‬

‫وﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ھﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺎرﺣﺔ – أﻣﺲ ‪Yesterday,‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ‪Ago,‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ‪ /‬اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ )‪Last (week, year‬‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﯿﺺ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬

‫وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻨﻮﻧﺔ )‪ (verb to be‬وﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ )‪(verb to do‬وﻓﻌﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ )‪(verb to have‬‬

‫)‪(Verb to be)(Verb to do‬‬ ‫)‪(Verb to have‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺖُ‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪Was‬‬ ‫‪I‬ﻋﻤﻠﺖُ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺖَ‬ ‫‪You‬‬ ‫‪You‬ﻋﻤﻠﺖَ‬ ‫‪You‬ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪We Were‬‬ ‫‪We‬ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪We‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮا‬ ‫‪They‬‬ ‫‪They‬ﻋﻤﻠﻮا‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪They‬ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ‪ /‬ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎنَ‬ ‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪He‬ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪had‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪SheWas‬‬ ‫‪She‬ﻋﻤﻠّﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﮫ‬ ‫‪He‬‬
‫‪It‬‬ ‫‪It‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪She‬‬
‫‪It‬‬

‫وﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬

‫‪I was a student‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺖُ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫‪I did my homework‬‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ واﺟﺒﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺘﻲ‬
‫‪We had a car‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪي‪/‬ﻛﻨﺖ اﻣﺘﻠﻚ ﺳﯿﺎرة‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻓﻌﺎل ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (-ed‬ﻣﺜﻞ )‪verb(regular‬‬

‫‪We played football‬‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺒﻨﺎ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬

‫‪He invited us to his party‬‬ ‫دﻋﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﺤﻔﻠﺘﮫ‬
‫‪She worked in a hospital‬‬ ‫ﻋَﻤِﻠﺖُ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫‪17‬‬

‫أو ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﺑﺄﻓﻌﺎل ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ) ‪verb (irregular‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻮزارت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬

‫‪I went to the cinema yesterday‬‬

‫ذھﺒﺖُ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﺎرﺣﺔ‬

‫‪ 5-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ]‪[The continuous past tense‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ أو ﺣﺪث ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ أو وﺳﻂ ﺣﺪث آﺧﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﺧﺮ أن ﺣﺪث ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺪث آﺧﺮ‪ .‬وھﻨﺎك ﻇﺮوف زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫أو أدوات رﺑﻂ زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬

‫‪When‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫‪While‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫‪As‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪I, he, she, it + was + v + ing‬‬

‫‪We, you, they +were +ing‬‬ ‫‪etc.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬

‫وﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻛﻨﺖ‬
‫‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮا‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪I was living in France‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺖ أﻋﯿﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬

‫‪While Tom was working in the garden, he hurt his hard‬‬

‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺗﻮم ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮح ﯾﺪه‬

‫‪ 6-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم]‪[The Past Perfect Tense‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أو ﺣﺪث ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ اﻛﺘﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أو ﻧﺸﺎط ﻣﺎ آﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ وﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫ ھﻲ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪I, he, she it‬‬

‫‪+ had . p .p‬‬
‫‪You, we, they‬‬
‫‪19‬‬

‫وﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻛﻨﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬

‫‪I had finished my work‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ أﻧﮭﯿﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫وﯾُﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻻول‪ :‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‪The past simple perfect‬‬

‫واﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪The past continuous perfect‬‬

‫وﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬

‫‪I, you, we, they + had + been +v +ing‬‬

‫‪He, she, it‬‬

‫وﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻛﺎنَ ﻗﺪ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪ +‬وﻣﺎ زال ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪-:‬‬

‫‪I had been watching TV‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺷﺎھﺪتُ وﻣﺎ زﻟﺖ ]أﺷﺎھﺪ[ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮن‬
‫وھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻇﺮوف وأدوات رﺑﻂ زﻣﻨﯿﺔ )‪ (Time clauses‬وﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم‬
‫وھﻲ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ‪[before ،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪،After,‬‬ ‫]ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪،when‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﯿﻞ‪by the time ،‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪After the guests had left, I went to bed‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ آن ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻏﺎدر اﻟﻀﯿﻮف‪ ،‬آوﯾﺖ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاش‬

‫‪I had switched off the lights before I went out home‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ أﻃﻔﺌﺖ اﻷﺿﻮاء ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻐﺎدرﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬وﯾﺄﺗﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻼم ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Bill told me that he had travelled a broad‬‬

‫أﺧﺒﺮﻧﻲ ﺑﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﮫ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬

‫‪ 7-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ]‪[The simple future tease‬‬

‫ﯾُﺴﺘﺨﺪم زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪث ﻣﺎ ﺳﯿﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪21‬‬

‫‪I/ We/ You/ they‬‬ ‫‪shall‬‬ ‫‪verb (base) + Complement‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪He/She/it‬‬ ‫‪Will‬‬
‫‪be going to‬‬
‫‪be about to‬‬

‫‪Bill will come tomorrow‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﯿﻞ ﻏﺪاً‬

‫‪Tom is going to come tomorrow‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻮي ﺗﻮم اﻟﻤﺠﻲء ﻏﺪاً‬
‫ﯾﻨﻮي ﺗﻮم أن ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻏﺪاً‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬

‫س‬
‫‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮف‬
‫وھﻨﺎﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻟـــ )‪ (will‬و )‪ (shall‬ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﻧﺬﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﺪ )‪(promise‬‬

‫‪I will write to you next week‬‬

‫ﺳﺄﻛﺘﺐ ﻟﻚ ﻏﺪاً‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺰﯾﻤﺔ )‪(determination‬‬

‫‪I will go a broad‬‬

‫ﺳﺄذھﺐ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺆدب)‪(polite request‬‬

‫‪22‬‬

‫ھﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﺒﺎب ؟‬

‫?‪Will you please close the door‬‬ ‫رﺟﺎءاً أﻏﻠﻖ اﻟﺒﺎب‬

‫‪ -4‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ )‪(certainty‬‬

‫‪I 'm sure I will pass‬‬

‫أﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻧﻲ ﺳﺄﻧﺠﺢ‬

‫‪ -5‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ )‪(Expectation‬‬

‫‪I expect she will phone this evening‬‬

‫أﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺘﺘﺼﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺎء‬

‫‪ -6‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺮض )‪(offer‬‬

‫‪I will help you carry this heavy bag‬‬

‫ﺳﺄﺳﺎﻋﺪك ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﯿﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ 8-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ]‪[The continuous future tense‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬

‫وﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ھﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪I/ you/ we/ they‬‬

‫‪+ will + be + ing‬‬
‫‪He/ she/ it‬‬
‫‪23‬‬

‫وﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬

‫س او ﺳﻮف ‪ +‬ﯾﻜﻮن ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫‪I will be living in England for the next two years‬‬

‫ﺳﺄﻛﻮن ﻣﻘﯿﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮا ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ھﺬه اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Do not worry. She will be coming soon.‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻖ ﺳﺘﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎً‬

‫‪I will be studying English when you come‬‬

‫ﺳﺄدرس اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬

‫‪ 9-1‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم]‪[The Future Perfect Tense‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أو ﺣﺪث ﺳﻮف ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ أﻛﺘﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺪث أو ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﯾُﻘﺴﻢ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻻول‪ :‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬

‫‪1- simple future perfect‬‬

‫وﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪24‬‬

‫‪I/ you/ we/ they + will have +p.p‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺳﺄﻛﻮن ﻗﺪ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ‪ +‬ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫‪By the time I see you, I will have graduated‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي أراك ﻓﯿﮫ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺄﻛﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺮﺟﺖ‬

‫‪By June, we will have worked here for 10 years.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﺷﮭﺮ ﺣﺰﯾﺮان‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ ھﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮات‬

‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪The continuous future perfect‬‬

‫وﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫ‬

‫‪I/we/ you/ they‬‬

‫‪+ will + have + been + v+ ing‬‬
‫‪He/ she/ it‬‬

‫وﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ھﻮ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺄﻛﻮن وﻣﺎ أزال ﻗﺪ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

25

In September George will have been studying in this

university for two years

.‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻮل ﺷﮭﺮ أﯾﻠﻮل ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﺟﻮرج وﻣﺎ ﯾﺰال ﻗﺪ درس ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻦ‬
26

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺻﯿﻎ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
Translating
The moods of the
verbs
‫‪27‬‬

‫أن ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺪث وﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺻﯿﻎ وھﻲ )‪ (1‬اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ )‪ (2‬واﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ )‪ (3‬وﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻹﻣﻜﺎن )‪ (4‬ﺻﯿﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ )‪ (5‬وﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﻣﺮ )‪ (6‬وﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬

‫‪ 1-2‬اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ]‪[The Infinitive Mood‬‬

‫ﺗُﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻣﻦ دون ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﺪد‬
‫)‪ (number‬أو اﻟﺸﺨﺺ )‪ (person‬أو اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )‪(tense‬‬

‫وﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫‪to study‬‬ ‫ﯾﺪرس‬

‫‪to write‬‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬

‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﺟﺬر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻷﺧﺮى‬

‫‪EX: To take‬‬ ‫‪took‬‬ ‫‪taken‬‬ ‫‪taking‬‬ ‫‪Was‬‬

‫‪taken‬‬
‫ﯾﺄﺧَﺬ‬ ‫أَﺧَﺬَ‬ ‫ﻣﺄﺧﻮذ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫أُﺧِﺬَ‬

‫‪To write‬‬ ‫‪wrote‬‬ ‫‪written‬‬ ‫‪writing‬‬ ‫‪Was written‬‬

‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮب‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛُﺘﺒِﺖً‬

‫‪Had written‬‬ ‫‪Was writing‬‬

‫ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬

‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻻن اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻷﺳﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬

 ‫‪28‬‬

‫‪To err' is human‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬

‫‪He wanted to go there‬‬ ‫أراد اﻟﺬھﺎب اﻟﻰ ھﻨﺎك‬
‫‪To go there is forbidden‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮع اﻟﺬھﺎب اﻟﻰ ھﻨﺎك‬

‫‪ 2-2‬اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ]‪[The Indicative Mood‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أو ﺗﺴﺎل ﺳﺆاﻻً ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أو ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬

‫‪He worships God‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺒﺪُ اﷲ‬

‫‪We answer two questions‬‬ ‫ﻧﺠﯿﺐُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺆاﻟﯿﻦ‬
‫‪She is doing her exercises now‬‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻨﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻵن‬
‫?‪Does he read a play or a novel‬‬ ‫ھﻞ ھﻮ ﯾﻘﺮأ ﻣﺴﺮﺣﯿﺔ أو رواﯾﺔ؟‬

‫‪ 3-2‬ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻹﻣﻜﺎن أو اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل]‪[The potential mood‬‬

‫ﺗﺪل ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻹﻣﻜﺎن أو اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة أو اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ أو اﻹرادة أو اﻻﻟﺘﺰام أو‬
‫اﻟﻀﺮورة واﻟﯿﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪He may go there‬‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺬھﺐ اﻟﻰ ھﻨﺎك )اﺣﺘﻤﺎل(‬

‫‪I can do it‬‬ ‫)ﻣﻘﺪرة(‬ ‫أﺳﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﮫ‬
‫‪We must obey the laws of this Country‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ إﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬
‫)اﻟﺘﺰام(‬
‫‪He must be sick‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ اﻧﮫ ﻣﺮﯾﺾ )إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ(‬
‫‪I will help him‬‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺳﺎﻋﺪه )أرادة(‬
‫‪29‬‬

‫‪ 4-2‬اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ]‪[The Subjunctive Mood‬‬

‫ﺗُﻤﺜﻞُ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﺪث ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺮط أو أﻓﺘﺮاض وﯾﺴﺒﻘﮭﺎ أداة رﺑﻂ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ وﯾﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﺧﺮى ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ أو اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﺧﺮ ﺳﺆال ﺷﺮط ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮫ ﺟﻮاب ﺷﺮط ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪If he studies hard, he will succeed‬‬ ‫أن ﺗﺪرس‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻨﺠﺢ‬

‫‪If he studied hard, he would succeed‬‬ ‫أن درﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺠﺤﺖ‬

‫‪If he had stud led hard, he would have succeed‬‬

‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ درﺳﺖ ﻟﻜﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺤﺖ‬

‫‪Were she clever, she would succeed‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ذﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﺤﺖ‬
‫‪Had he been there, he would have found her‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ رآھﺎ‬
‫‪Should he do it, he would win the prize‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﻜﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬

‫‪ 5-2‬اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﯾﺔ]‪[The imperative mood‬‬

‫ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ أﻣﺮ أو اﻟﺘﻤﺎس أو ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Close/ Shut the door‬‬ ‫أﻏﻠﻖ اﻟﺒﺎب‬

‫‪Get out of here‬‬ ‫أﺧﺮج ﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ‬
‫‪Please do not be late‬‬ ‫رﺟﺎء ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬
‫‪Never neglect your eyes‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﮭﻤﻞ ﻋﯿﻮﻧﻚ‬
‫‪30‬‬

‫‪ 6-2‬ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل]‪[The Participial Mood‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﻦ اﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪث اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪The moon is shining‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﯾﺸﺮق‬

‫‪The sleeping boy‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﻢ‬
‫‪The boy is sleeping‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺎﺋﻢ‬
‫‪A written letter‬‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪A well – trained worker‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺪرب ﺟﯿﺪاً‬

‫وﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﻤﻲ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﮭﺬا اﻻﺳﻢ ﻻﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﯾﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫وﺧﻮاص اﻻﺳﻢ أذ أﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺄﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺪﻻن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪث وأذ اﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺼﻔﺎت ﯾﺼﻔﺎن اﻻﺳﻤﺎء‬

‫وﻣﻦ اﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫)‪The sun is rising (As verb‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮق اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬

‫)‪The rising sun (As adj‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻗﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ داﺋﻤﺎً ﺑـ )‪ (ing‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎً‪having‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼً ‪doing‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﯿﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑـ )‪ (en – ed‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻤﺘﺪح ‪praised‬‬
‫ﻣﮭﺰوز ‪shaken‬‬
‫‪proven‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮھﻦ‬
‫‪31‬‬

‫واﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺘﺎم ﯾﻮﺿﻊ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ وﻣﻦ اﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Having finished his work, he went home‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن أﻧﮭﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﮫ‪ ،‬ذھﺐ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﯿﻎ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻵﺗﻲ‬

‫‪The present participle / Being‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎً‬

‫‪The past participle / been‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬
‫‪The perfect participle / having been‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻻﻧﮫ ﻛﺎن‬
32

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬
Translating
Modal Auxiliary
Verbs
‫‪33‬‬

‫‪ 1-3‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬

‫اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ھﻲ أﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ وأﯾﻀﺎً ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ وﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﮭﺬا اﻷﺳﻢ ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﻨﻘﺼﮭﺎ ﺟﺰء أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺟﺰاﺋﮭﺎ اﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوراً ھﺎﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ إذ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ (do, be, have‬ﻛﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ) ‪s -‬‬
‫‪ (forms‬وﻻ )‪ (ing- form‬أو )‪ .(participle‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪Ing- form‬‬ ‫‪S – forms‬‬ ‫‪P.P‬‬

‫‪Cam‬‬ ‫‪Could‬‬ ‫ـــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــــــ‬
‫‪Will‬‬ ‫‪Would‬‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــــــ‬
‫‪Shall‬‬ ‫‪Should‬‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــ‬
‫‪May‬‬ ‫‪Might‬‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــ‬
‫‪Must‬‬ ‫ــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــ‬
‫‪Ought‬‬ ‫ـــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــــــ‬ ‫ـــــــــ‬

‫أﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﮭﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻛﻠﯿﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ وﻇﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﯿﺎن ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯿﮫ‬

‫‪Can‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺪر‪ ،‬ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬
‫‪Could‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﯾﻘﺪر‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﮫ‬
‫‪Will‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‪ ،‬ﯾﻠﺰم‬
‫‪Would‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‪ ،‬ﯾﻠﺰم‬
‫‪May‬‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻞ‬
‫‪Might‬‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻞ‬
‫‪34‬‬

‫‪Must‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ ،‬ﯾﻠﺰم‪ ،‬ﻻﺷﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﺪ‬

‫‪Ought‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪ ،‬ﯾﻠﺰم‬
‫‪Shall‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‪ ،‬ﯾﻠﺰم‪ ،‬ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫‪Should‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‪ ،‬ﯾﻠﺰم‪ ،‬ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬

‫‪ 2-3‬وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻷداء وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻻﻣﻜﺎن واﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﻮم ھﺬه اﻻﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ وﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺘﮭﺎ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ واﻟﯿﻚ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻻﻓﻌﺎل‬

‫)‪(1‬‬

‫‪Can / Could‬‬

‫ﯾُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ‬

‫‪ (1‬اﻟﻘﺪرة )‪ (Ability‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪George can read English very well‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺟﻮرج أن ﯾﻘﺮأ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ‬

‫‪ (2‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ )اﻷﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ( ‪Possibility‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام )‪ (can‬أو )‪ (could‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪He can see the doctor at 3:14‬‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ رؤﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ورﺑﻊ‬

‫أي أن ھﻨﺎك اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬

‫‪ (3‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮص )‪ (opportunity‬وھﻨﺎك ﻓﺮﺻﺘﺎن ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ) ‪realized‬‬

‫‪(opportunity‬‬

‫‪I was able to get an appointment with the doctor‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺎدراً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬

‫وﻓﺮﺻﺘﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ) ‪ (not realized opportunity‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻵﺗﻲ‬

‫‪I could have read news lard while waited for the doctor‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺼﺤﯿﻔﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻠﺘﻘﻲ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬

‫)أي أن ﻟﻢ ﯾﺪرك اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ(‬

‫‪ (4‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح )‪(permission‬‬

‫‪You can leave now‬‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﻤﻐﺎدرة اﻵن‬

‫‪You could leave now‬‬

‫)‪(2‬‬

‫‪Will / Would‬‬
‫‪36‬‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﯾﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

‫اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ وﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ (promise) (1‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﺪ‬

‫‪I will come at nine o'clock‬‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺻﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬

‫‪ (Decision) (2‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺮار‬

‫‪I will buy a new car‬‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺷﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎرة ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬

‫‪ (Intention) (3‬اﻟﻨﯿﺔ‬

‫‪I will cull you tomorrow‬‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻚ ﻏﺪاً‬

‫‪ (Agreement) (4‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق‬

‫‪I will do whatever you advise‬‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﮫ‬

‫‪ (prediction) (5‬اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬

‫‪It will rain to night‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻤﻄﺮ اﻟﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ (request) (6‬ﻃﻠﺐ‬

‫?‪Will you please close the door‬‬ ‫أرﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﻚ أن ﺗﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﺒﺎب؟‬
‫‪ (certainty) (7‬اﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ‬

‫‪He will be here at 10:00‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‬

‫‪ (willingness) (8‬اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‬

‫‪I will give you a helping hand‬‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻣﺪ ﻟﻚ ﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻮن‬

‫‪ (offering) (9‬اﻟﻌﺮض‬

‫?‪Will you have a cup of tea‬‬ ‫ھﻞ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﻔﻨﺠﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺎي؟‬

37

‫( اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬likelihood) (10

That will be the postman at the door

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺎب‬

‫( اﻟﺮﻓﺾ‬rejection) (11

I will not accept your offer ‫ﻟﻦ أﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻚ‬

(possibility) ‫( أﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬12

The car will hold six people ‫ اﺷﺨﺎص‬6 ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬

‫( اﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬punishment) (13

If you do not do that you will be punished

‫أذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺴﻮف ﺗُﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬

‫( ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻣﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ‬conditional) contrary to fact statement (14

(‫)اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ‬

If I study, I'll succeed ‫ ﺳﺄﻧﺠﺢ‬،‫أن ادرس‬

‫ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺆدب‬Polite request (would) (15

Would you please open the door? ‫ھﻼ ﻓﺘﺤﺖ اﻟﺒﺎب ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ؟‬
‫( ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻨﻲ‬wish) (16

I wish I had a car ‫ﺗﻤﻨﯿﺖ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪي ﺳﯿﺎرة‬

‫( ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬Preference) (17

I would rather go to the movie ‫أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺬھﺎب اﻟﺴﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬

‫( اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ‬conditional) (18
38

If I studied hard, I would succeed ‫ ﻟﻜﻨﺖ ﻧﺠﺤﺖ‬،ُ‫أن درﺳﺖ‬

‫( ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬habitual action in the past) (19

When I was a student, I would go swimming every day

‫ أﻋﺘﺪت اﻟﺬھﺎب ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‬، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‬

(3)

Shall / should

‫( اﻟﻮﻋﺪ‬promise) (1

You shall receive the book tomorrow ً‫ﺳﺘﺘﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻏﺪا‬

‫( أﻣﺮ‬command) (2

You shall not go ‫ﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﺗﺬھﺐ‬

‫( ﺗﮭﺪﯾﺪ‬threat) (3

If you do that again, you shall be dismissed

‫آن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺴﺘَﻄﺮد‬
‫( ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻀﺤﯿﺔ‬Advisability) (4

Shall I check you in here ‫ﻣﻦ اﻻﻓﻀﻞ أن اﺳﺠﻞ وﺻﻮﻟﻚ ھﻨﺎ‬

(‫)وﯾﻘﺼﺪدﺧﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻨﺪق‬
We should be careful crossing tracts

‫ﻣﻦ اﻻﻓﻀﻞ أن ﻧﻜﻮن ﺣﺬرﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﻮر اﻟﺸﻮارع‬

39

(obligation) ‫( اﻻﻟﺘﺰام‬5

You should go now or you will be late

‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﺬھﺐ اﻻن واﻻ ﺳﺘﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬

(Expectation) ‫( اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬6

The guests should be arriving soon

ً‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻀﯿﻮف ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬

‫( اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ‬chance) (7

Should you see him, give him my regard

‫أذا ﺻﺎدف ورأﯾﺘﮫ ﺑﻠﻐﮫ ﺗﺤﯿﺎﺗﻲ‬

(4)

May / Might
‫ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻤﺎل أو اﻟﺸﻚ‬Probability or doubt (1

He may be at home right now ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻻن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺖ‬

‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬Permission (2

You may go home ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﻌﻮدة ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺰل‬

‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺮض‬Purpose (3

I will come so that I may meet him‫ﺳﺂﺗﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ اﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﮫ‬

‫( ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻨﻲ‬wish)(4

May you be happy ‫اﺗﻤﻨﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﻌﯿﺪ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪ (request) (5‬اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬

‫?‪May I come in‬‬ ‫اﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬

‫‪ Probability (6‬اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪That may, might be true‬‬ ‫ھﺬا ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﯾﻜﻮن ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺎً أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬

‫)‪(5‬‬

‫‪Must‬‬

‫‪ Necessity (1‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﺮورة‬

‫‪Students must read English‬‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻘﺮأ اﻟﻄﻼب اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬

‫‪(obligation) (2‬اﻻﻟﺘﺰام‬

‫‪I said I must go‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﻠﺖ أﻧﻨﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ أن أذھﺐ‬

‫‪ (3‬اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪(logical deduction‬‬

‫‪They must be asleep, It's 3 a.m.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ اﻧﮭﻢ ﻧﺎﺋﻤﻮن ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎً‬
‫‪ Abstention (4‬اﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎع‬

‫‪You must not neglect your eyes‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﮭﻤﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﯿﻚ‬

‫‪ Probability (5‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
41

You must be hungry ‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ اﻧﮫ ﺟﺎﺋﻊ‬

(6)

Ought
‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬Duty (1

You ought to do this at once

‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر‬
(‫ )اﻟﻨﺼﯿﺤﺔ‬Advisability (2

You ought to be careful crossing streets

‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺬراً ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﻮر اﻟﺸﻮارع‬

‫( اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬Expectation) (3

He ought to be arriving soon ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﯾﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ‬

(unfulfilled obligation) ‫( اﻟﺘﺰام ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺰ‬4

I ought to have studied English yesterday

‫ﻛﺎن ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ أن ادرس اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺎرﺣﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻲ ﻟﻢ اﻓﻌﻞ‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﳌﺒﲏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل‬

‫‪Translating‬‬
 ‫‪43‬‬

‫‪The passive voice‬‬

‫‪ 1-4‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬

‫أن ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻻول ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫)‪ (Active voice‬إذ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد واﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل )‪ (passive voice‬إذ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ‪ ،‬وأﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﻓﯿﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻵﺗﯿﺔ أوﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﮫ‬
‫وﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻛﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﮫ أي أن اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﮫ ﯾﻜﻮن أھﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب واﻟﻤﺆرﺧﯿﻦ ھﺬا اﻻﺳﻠﻮب ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﻮر ‪ ،‬واﻟﯿﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ وﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Form‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪Future‬‬

‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬
‫‪I eat an apple‬‬ ‫‪I bought a car‬‬ ‫‪He will study English‬‬
‫‪Simple‬‬ ‫‪passive‬‬ ‫اﺷﺘﺮﯾﺖ ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺄدرس اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬
‫‪An apple is eaten‬‬ ‫‪A car was bought English will be studied‬‬
‫أﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ ‪ -‬أﻛُﻠﺖ ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﺷُﺘﺮﯾﺖ ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳَﺘُﺪرس اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰي‬
‫ﺗﻄﮭﻮ اﻟﻐﺪاء اﻻن‬ ‫‪We were playing‬‬
‫)ﻻ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم(‬
‫‪She is cooking‬‬ ‫‪football‬‬
 ‫‪44‬‬

‫‪diner now‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻠﻌﺐ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬

‫‪Continuous Dinner is being‬‬ ‫‪Football was‬‬
‫‪cooking now‬‬ ‫‪being played‬‬
‫ﯾُﻄﮭﻰ اﻟﻐﺪاء اﻻن‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻜﺮة ﺗُﻠﻌﺐ‬
‫‪They have eaten‬‬ ‫‪I had written a‬‬ ‫‪We will have seen him‬‬
‫‪fish‬‬ ‫‪letter‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ رأﯾﻨﺎه‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻮا اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫‪ He will have been seen‬ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪Fish has been eaten‬‬ ‫‪A letter had been‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ رؤﯾﺘﮫ‬
‫‪Simple‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫‪written‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪Continues‬‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪ 2-4‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ أي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﻓﯿﺠﺐ ﻋﺪم ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل وﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ]ﺗﻢ ‪ +‬أﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ[ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪The meeting was cancelled‬‬

‫اﻟُﻐﻲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬

‫ﻓﯿﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ اﻟﻐﺎء اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺣﯿﺎن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﮭﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮم ﻣﻊ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪The meeting was cancelled by the manager‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬

‫وﻟﯿﺲ اﻟﻐﻲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ او ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪They built this house in 1940‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻮا ھﺬا اﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪1940‬‬

‫‪This house was built by them in 1940‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ھﺬا اﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪1940‬‬

‫وﻟﯿﺲ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ھﺬا اﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﮭﻢ ﻋﺎم ‪1940‬‬

‫‪The people have been killed and two others have been‬‬
‫‪injured due to the explosion.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗـُﺘﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ وﺟﺮح أﺛﻨﺎن آﺧﺮان ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮاء اﻷﻧﻔﺠﺎر‪.‬‬

‫‪Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺐَ ﺷﻜﺴﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺮﺣﯿﺔ روﻣﯿﻮ وﺟﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬

‫وﻟﯿﺲ ﻛُﺘﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺮﺣﯿﺔ روﻣﯿﻮ وﺟﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﻜﺴﺒﯿﺮ‬

‫‪The Moonlight sonata was composed by Beethoven‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺘﮭﻮﻓﻦ ﺳﻮﻧﺎﺗﺎ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬

‫وﻟﯿﺲ ﻛُﺘﺒﺖ ﺳﻮﻧﺎﺗﺎ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺘﮭﻮﻓﻦ‬

‫‪The Mona Lisa was painted by da Vinci‬‬

‫رﺳﻢ داﻓﻨﺸﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰا‬

‫وﻟﯿﺲ رُﺳﻤﺖ اﻟﻤﻮﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰا ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ داﻓﻨﺸﻲ‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫اﳌﺬﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Translating‬‬

‫‪Phrasal verbs‬‬
 ‫‪47‬‬

‫‪ 1-5‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺬﯾﻠﺔ‬

‫وھﻲ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ أﻣﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ وأﻣﺎ ﻇﺮف واﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن أي ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺪه ﺣﺮف أو ﻇﺮف ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎه وﻗﺪ ﯾﻮاﺟﮫ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﻮن ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﺟﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل وﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ أن اﻹﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ )‪ (American English‬ﺗﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﻓﻌﺎل وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ )‪(British English‬ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻤﯿﻞ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة اﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻌﻞ ذي ﻣﻘﻄﻊ واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﮭﺬه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺎت )‪(terminology‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )‪(phrasal verbs‬‬

‫أو )‪ (tailed verbs‬أو )‪ (prepositional verbs‬أو )‪(two-particle verbs‬‬
‫)‪(two-word verbs‬‬

‫‪ 2-5‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬

‫ﺳﻨﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺧﺬﻧﺎھﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب اﺳﺘﻌﺮاض ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬

‫]‪[Rapid Review of English Grammar‬‬

‫‪British English‬‬ ‫‪American English‬‬ ‫‪Sentences‬‬

‫ﯾﺰور ‪visit‬‬ ‫‪Call on‬‬ ‫‪Ivisit/call on my friend every week‬‬
‫أزور ﺻﺪﯾﻘﻲ ﻛﻞ اﺳﺒﻮع‬
‫‪Submit‬‬ ‫‪Hand in‬‬ ‫‪The manager handed in his report‬‬
‫ﯾُﺴﻠﻢ )ﺷﻲ ﻣﺎ(‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮه‬
 48

British English American English Sentences

Decide ‫ﯾﻘﺮر‬ Make up one's mind I made up my mind to accept the offer
‫ﻗﺮرت ﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﻌﺮض‬
Postpone ‫ﯾﺆﺟﻞ‬ Put off The flight has been put off
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺟﯿﻞ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
Leave Take off The plane took off an hour lake
‫ﺗﻐﺎدر‬/‫ﯾﻐﺎدر‬ ‫اﻗﻠﻌﺖ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮة ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
Discuss ‫ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ‬ Talk over We talk over the present situation
‫ﻧﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬
Cancel‫ﯾﻠﻐﻲ‬ Call off ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺖ ﻣﺒﺎرات ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم ﺑﺴﺒﺐ رداءة اﻟﺠﻮ‬
The football match was called off
because of the bad weather
Repeat‫ﯾُﻌﯿﺪ‬ Do over My house will need doing over soon
‫ﺳﯿﺤﺘﺎج ﺑﯿﺘﻲ اﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺒﮫ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬
Complete‫ﯾﻤﻠﺊ‬ fill out Could you fill out the application
form, please?
‫ھﻼ ﺗﻤﻸ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎرة رﺟﺎءٍ؟‬
Omit‫ﯾﻐﻔﻞ‬ Leave out I think the typist has left out a line
ً‫أﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻄﺒﺎع ﻗﺪ اﻏﻔﻞ ﺳﻄﺮا‬
Examine‫ﯾﻔﺘﺶ‬ look over The detective looked over the room for
clues
‫ﻓﺘﺶ اﻟﺘﺤﺮي ﻓﻲ اﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺎً ﻋﻦ ادﻟﺔ‬
Distribute‫ﯾﻮزع‬ pass out Tickets well be passed out to all club
members
‫ﺳﻨﻮزع اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻨﺎدي‬
 49

British English American English Sentences

Review‫ﯾُﺮاﺟﻊ‬ Go over Go over your report before you hand it

in
‫راﺟﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻤﮫ‬
Continue‫ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ keep on He keeps on asking me silly questions
‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﯾﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ اﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺳﺨﯿﻔﺔ‬
Return‫ﯾﻌﻮد‬ come back I do not know what time I will be
coming back
‫ﻻ اﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺄي وﻗﺖ ﺳﺄﻋﻮد‬
Progress‫ﯾﺘﻘﺪم‬ get along How are you getting along with your
job
‫ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‬
Faint‫ﯾﻐﻤﻰ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ pass out She passed out when she saw the
snake
‫اﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺷﺎھﺪت اﻻﻓﻌﻰ‬
Telephone ‫ ﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬call up I call up my friends every day
‫ﯾﺨﺎﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‬
Appear‫ﯾﻈﮭﺮ‬ show up The disease has showed up in Africa
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻇﮭﺮ اﻟﻤﺮض ﻓﻲ اﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ‬
Rise‫ﯾﻨﮭﺾ‬ get up I Get up early every morning
‫اﻧﮭﺾ ﻣﺒﻜﺮاً ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‬
Dress‫ﯾﺮﺗﺪي‬ put on I put on my clothe
‫ارﺗﺪﯾﺖ ﻣﻼﺑﺴﻲ‬
Quit ‫ ﯾﺘﺮك‬/ give up I gave up smoking
‫ﯾﻘﻠﻊ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻠﻌﺖ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﯿﻦ‬/‫ﺗﺮﻛﺖ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﯿﻦ‬
Recover‫ﯾﺸﻔﻰ‬ get over My father got over his illness
‫ﺷﻔﻲ واﻟﺪي ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺿﮫ‬
 50

British English American English Sentences

Wait‫ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ‬ hang on Would you please hang on?
‫ھﻼ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ رﺟﺎءاً ؟‬
Abstain‫ﯾﻤﺘﻨﻊ‬ keep from His injury kept him from playing
‫اﺻﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﻣﻨﻌﺘﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ‬
Come‫ﯾﺼﻞ‬ turn up What time did they turn up?
‫ﺑﺎي وﻗﺖ وﺻﻠﻮا؟‬
Control‫ﯾﺴﯿﻄﺮ‬ keep under The demonstrates are kept under by
the army
‫ﺳﯿﻄﺮ اﻟﺠﯿﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎھﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫‪51‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬
‫‪Translating‬‬
‫‪Collocations‬‬

‫‪ 1-6‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدات‬

‫)‪(Lexicology‬وھﻮ ﻓﺮع ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮوع ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺎت ﯾﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ودراﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯿﮭﺎ‪ ،‬إذ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ أو اﻟﺘﻼزم اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
 ‫‪52‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت أو اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺳﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻼزﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت أﺧﺮى ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫أذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪﯾﺔ إﻻ اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﮭﺎً ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬
‫واﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺗﺰﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ واﻟﯿﻚ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪2-6‬ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬

‫‪Mortal enemy‬‬ ‫‪ Huge‬ﻋﺪو ﻟﺪود‬ ‫‪ Slim stature‬ﺟﯿﺶ ﻋﺮﻣﺮم‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ھﯿﻔﺎء‬

‫‪army‬‬
‫‪Decisive‬‬ ‫‪ Warm‬ﻧﺼﺮ ﻣﺆزر‬ ‫‪ Slender stature‬ﻧﺴﯿﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻣﯿﺎس‬
‫‪Victory‬‬ ‫‪breeze‬‬
‫‪Heavy defeat‬‬ ‫‪ Pitch‬ھﺰﯾﻤﺔ ﻧﻜﺮاء‬ ‫‪ Full bosom‬ﻇﻼم داﻣﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﺪر ﻧﺎھﺪ‬
‫‪black‬‬
‫‪Deadly poison‬‬ ‫‪ Happy face‬ﻧﻌﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻐﺔ ‪ Abundant‬ﺳﻢ زﻋﺎف‬ ‫وﺟﮫ ﺻﺒﻮح‬
‫‪grace‬‬
‫‪Sharp wit‬‬ ‫‪ Jet black‬ذﻛﺎء وﻗﺎد‬ ‫‪ Heavy losses‬اﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ‬
‫‪Complete‬‬ ‫‪ Confuting‬ﻓﺸﻞ ذرﯾﻊ‬ ‫‪ Torrential‬رد ﻣﻔﺤﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻞ ﺟﺎرف‬
‫‪fiasco‬‬ ‫‪reply‬‬ ‫‪stream‬‬
‫‪Urgent‬‬ ‫‪ Ripe‬ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻠﺢ‬ ‫‪ Fierce war‬أﺧﻀﺮ ﯾﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺮب‬
‫‪demand‬‬ ‫‪green‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮوس‬
‫‪Snow white‬‬ ‫‪ Sound‬أﺑﯿﺾ ﻧﺎﺻﻊ‬ ‫‪ Violent‬ﺑﻼغ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺷﻌﻮاء‬
‫‪Judgment‬‬ ‫‪campaign‬‬
‫‪Bright yellow‬‬ ‫‪ Close‬أﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺎﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎل ﺷﺎھﻘﺎت ‪ High mountains‬ﺻﺪﯾﻖ ﺣﻤﯿﻢ‬
‫‪friend‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ )‪ (English‬ﻓﺄﻟﯿﻚ ھﺬه اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Heavy‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻻزدﺣﺎم ‪Hour.‬‬
‫‪Traffic‬‬
‫‪Rush‬‬
‫‪Faint‬‬
53

Strong smell ‫راﺋﺤﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬

Fresh
High
Low Heel ‫ﻛﻌﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻌﺐ واﻃﺊ‬
Broad Smile ‫اﺑﺘﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬
Narrow ‫ھﺰﯾﻤﺔ ﻧﻜﺮاء‬ Heavy rain ‫ﻣﻄﺮ ﻏﺰﯾﺮ‬
defeat High ‫رﯾﺢ ﻋﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬
Heavy wind
Sea ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﺤﺮي‬ Strong
view High ‫ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
Mountain ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﺒﻠﻲ‬ cost
A glimmer of hope ‫وﻣﻀﺔ أﻣﻞ‬ Low ‫ﻛﻠﻔﺔ واﻃﺌﺔ‬
Sharp
wit ‫ذﻛﺎء ﺣﺎد‬ Sharp ‫ﺻﻘﯿﻊ ﻗﺎرص‬
Guick Hard frost
Heart Failure ‫ازﻣﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﯿﺔ‬ Severe
Heavy smoker ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻦ ﺷﺮه‬ Strong ‫ﻧﺒﺮة ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬
High probability ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ accent
High society ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ راﻗﻲ‬ Broad
Sharp Blatant Violation‫اﻧﺘﮭﺎك ﺻﺎرخ‬
contrast
Merry Christmas
Striking ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺣﺎد‬
‫ﻋﯿﺪ ﻣﯿﻼد ﻣﺠﯿﺪ‬
Broad
Generalization Sterner ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺧﺸﻦ‬
Sweeping ‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ واﺳﻊ‬ sex
Fair ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬
Weak ‫ﺷﺎي ﺧﻔﯿﻒ‬
54

tea
Strong ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬/‫ﺷﺎي ﻗﻮي‬
Curly hair ‫ﺷﻌﺮ ﻣﺠﻌﺪ‬
Straight hair ‫ﻋﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
Dark ‫ﺑﺸﺮة ﺧﺸﻨﺔ‬
skin
Fair ‫ﺑﺸﺮة ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬
Vicious circle ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ‬

Even ‫ﻋﺪد زوﺟﻲ‬

Number
Odd ‫ﻋﺪد ﻓﺮدي‬
Calm ‫ﺑﺤﺮ ھﺎدئ‬
sea
Rough ‫ﺑﺤﺮ ھﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫‪55‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑات‬
‫اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Translating‬‬
‫‪Idioms‬‬

‫‪ 1-7‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﯿﺔ]‪[Idioms‬‬

‫ﺗﺰﺧﺮ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﯿﺔ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ وﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬
‫ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎً أﺻﯿﻼً إذ ﻻ ﯾﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻞ واﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ آن وﺟﻮد ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﯿﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ﺟﯿﺪة وذات ﻣﻐﺰى ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ وﻃﻼب اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻻﻟﻤﺎم‬
‫ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات ﻵن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﻗﺎً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﮭﻢ واﻟﯿﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‪-:‬‬

‫‪2-7‬ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬
56

- In full swing ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪم وﺳﺎق‬-

- To return empty-handed ‫ رﺟﻊ ﺑﺨﻔﻲ ﺣﻨﯿﻦ‬-
- To trigger war ‫ ﯾﺸﻌﻞ ﻓﺘﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮب‬-
- Custodian of the two holy mosques ‫ ﺧﺎدم اﻟﺤﺮﻣﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻔﯿﻦ‬-
- Before tying the knot ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ آن ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻔﺄس ﺑﺎﻟﺮأس‬-
- A war to the knife ‫ ﺣﺮبُ ﻻ ھﻮادة ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬-
- Friendly fire ‫ ﻧﯿﺮان ﺻﺪﯾﻘﺔ‬-
- To strike a responsive chord ‫ ﯾﻀﺮب ﻋﻠﻰ وﺗﺮ ﺣﺴﺎس‬-
- To extend an olive branch ‫ ﯾﻤﺪ ﯾﺪه ﺑﻐﺼﻦ اﻟﺰﯾﺘﻮن‬-
- A zero hour ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬-
- Unavoidable ‫ ﻻ ﻣﻨﺎص ﻣﻨﮫ‬-
- Force majeure ‫ ﻗﻮة ﻗﺎھﺮة‬-
- High and low ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن‬-
- Null and void ٍ‫ ﻻغ‬-
- Jointly and severally ‫ ﻣﻌﺎً وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ‬-
- Under penalty of ‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬-
- Contraception ‫ ﻣﻨﻊ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬-
- Dystrophy ‫ ﺳﻮء اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬-
- Bird flu ‫ أﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا اﻟﻄﯿﻮر‬-
- Abuse of power/office ‫ اﺳﺎءة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬-
- Vice squad ‫ ﺑﻮﻟﯿﺲ اﻵداب‬-
- K9 ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺴﻲ‬-
- In full sanity ‫ ﯾﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻮاه اﻟﻌﻘﻠﯿﺔ‬-
- In cold blood ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ اﻻﺻﺮار واﻟﺘﺮﺻﺪ‬-
57

- Crystal clear ً‫ واﺿﺢ ﺟﺪا‬-

- Cool as cucumber ً‫ ھﺎدئ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬-
- On the horns of dilemma ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺺ ﺑﯿﺺ‬-
- Kick the bucket ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﻰ‬-
- Catch someone napping ‫ ﯾﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻏﺮة‬-
- Rain cats and dogs ‫ ﺗﻤﻄﺮ ﺑﻐﺰارة‬-
- At variance ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﯿﺾ‬-
- Bad language ‫ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺬﯾﺌﺔ‬-
- As busy as a bee ً‫ ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﺟﺪا‬-
- As stubborn as a mule ً‫ ﻋﻨﯿﺪ ﺟﺪا‬-
- As white as a sheet ‫ أﺑﯿﺾ ﻧﺎﺻﻊ‬-
- As large as life ‫ واﺳﻊ ﻛﺎﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬-
- As easy as ABC ‫ ﺳﮭﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬-
- As blind as a bat ‫ أﻋﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﺼﯿﺮة‬-
- Perjury ‫ اﻟﺤﻨﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ‬-
- Witnesses for the prosecution ‫ ﺷﮭﻮد اﻹﺛﺒﺎت‬-
- Witnesses for the defense ‫ ﺷﮭﻮد اﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬-
- Breaking news ‫ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﺟﻞ‬-
- Top stories ‫ أھﻢ اﻷﺧﺒﺎر‬-
- Crushing defeat ‫ ھﺰﯾﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﺣﻘﺔ‬-
- Intensive care unit ‫ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻌﻨﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰة‬-
- Plagiarism ‫ اﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ‬-
- War of Attrition ‫ ﺣﺮب اﺳﺘﻨﺰاف‬-
- Unanimously ‫ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻤﺎع‬-
58

- To sound the alarm bell ‫ ﯾﺪق ﻧﺎﻗﻮس اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‬-

- Diametrically opposed ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﯿﺾ‬-
- To spare no effort ً‫ ﻻ ﯾﺄﻟﻮا ﺟﮭﺪا‬-
- From top to toe ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﺮق اﻟﺮأس اﻟﻰ أﺧﻤﺺ اﻟﻘﺪم‬-
- To fish in troubled waters ‫ ﯾﺼﻄﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﻜﺮ‬-
- To come to a head ‫ ﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﺴﯿﻞ اﻟﺰﺑﻰ‬-
- Unsurpassable ‫ ﻻ ﯾﺸﻖ ﻟﮫ ﻏﺒﺎر‬-
- With great difficulty ‫ ﺑﺸﻖ اﻻﻧﻔﺲ‬-
- The status quo ‫ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاھﻨﺔ‬-
- To exaggerate ‫ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﺔ ﻗﺒﺔ‬-
- Of no avail ‫ ﺣﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ورق‬-
- To give free rein to ‫ اﻟﻘﻰ اﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎرب‬-
- From all sides ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪب وﺻﻮب‬-
- All of it ‫ ﺑﺤﺬاﻓﯿﺮه‬-
- Worth mentioning ‫ ﺣﺮي ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ‬-
- To receive with open arms ‫ اﺳُﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻀﺎن‬-
- To break the record ‫ ﺣﻄﻢ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ‬-
- Face saving ‫ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺎء اﻟﻮﺟﮫ‬-
- By surprise ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻏﺮة‬-
- Shuffle the cards ‫ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻻوراق‬-
- To throw dust in the eyes ‫ دْر اﻟﺮﻣﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻮن‬-
- To be futile ‫ ذھﺐ ﺳُﺪى‬-
- In public ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ رؤوس اﻷﺷﮭﺎد‬-
- Upside-down ‫ رأﺳﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺐ‬-
59

- With pleasure ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮأس واﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬-

- Augur ‫ رﺟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﯿﺐ‬-
- In spite of him ‫ رﻏﻢ آﻧﻔﮫ‬-
- At the point of death ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺧﺮ رﻣﻖ‬-
- To bring good news ‫ زف اﻟﺒُﺸﺮى‬-
- Take the rein of government ‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻰ زﻣﺎم اﻷﻣﺮ‬-
- Previously convicted ‫ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﺴﻮاﺑﻖ‬-
- Their battle has its ups and downs ‫ اﻟﺤﺮب ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ ﺳﺠﺎل‬-
- for better or for worse ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺮاء واﻟﻀﺮاء‬-
- the die is cast, It is too late ‫ ﺳﺒﻖ اﻟﺴﯿﻒ اﻟﻌﺪْل‬-
- To support ‫ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻦ أزره‬-
- Move away ‫ ﺷﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﺎل‬-
- To drink in honor of ‫ ﺷﺮب ﻧﺨﺒﮫ‬-
- On the verge of ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻔﯿﺮ ﻛﺬا‬-
- To sigh deeply ‫ ﺗﻨﻘﺲ اﻟﺼﻌﺪاء‬-
- To fail ‫ ﻃﺎش ﺳﻤﻌﮫ‬-
- It is indispensable ‫ ﻻ ﻣﻨﺪوﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ‬-

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬
‫‪60‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺸﻬﺎت‬
‫‪Translating‬‬
‫‪Clichés‬‬

‫‪ 1-8‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻜﯿﻠﯿﺸﮭﺎت‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻜﯿﻠﯿﺸﮭﺎت آو اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮات ﺗﺘﺮدد وﺗﺘﻜﺮر ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﮫ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ وھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أﺳﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺗُﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮزارات واﻟﮭﯿﺌﺎت واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﺠﻤﻌﯿﺎت واﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻓﯿﺠﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻼب واﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻻﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ وﺣﻔﻈﮭﺎ ﻷن ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺟﺪاً وھﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ دوﻟﺔ اﻟﻰ دوﻟﺔ وﻟﮭﺬا ﻓﯿﻨﺒﻐﯿﺎﻻﻟﻤﺎم ﺑﮭﺎ ﻻﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰءٍ ﻣﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-8‬ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬

‫أن ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول ﯾﻮﺿﺢ وﯾﺒﯿﻦ ﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ اﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻮزارات‬
‫واﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ‪-:‬‬
61

Ministry of Interior (‫وزارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ )اﻟﻌﺮاق‬

The Home Office (‫وزارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ )ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

Interior Department (‫وزارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (‫وزارة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻌﺮاق‬

The Foreign Office (‫وزارة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ )ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

State Department (‫وزارة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

Foreign Minister (‫وزﯾﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ )ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

Secretary of State (‫وزﯾﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

Ministry of Higher Education and ‫وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬

Scientific Research

Ministry of Culture ‫وزارة اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

Ministry of Education ‫وزارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬

Ministry of Trade ‫وزارة اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬

Ministry of Transportation ‫وزارة اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت‬

Communication

Ministry of Water Resources ‫وزارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

Ministry of Irrigation ‫وزارة اﻟﺮي‬

Ministry of Electricity ‫وزارة اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬

62

Ministry of Youth ‫وزارة اﻟﺸﺒﺎب‬

Ministry of Tourism ‫وزارة اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺣﺔ‬

Ministry of Information ‫وزارة اﻷﻋﻼم‬

Ministry of Housing and ‫وزارة اﻹﺳﻜﺎن واﻟﺘﻌﻤﯿﺮ‬

Construction

Ministry of Harbor and Social ‫وزارة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺸﺆون اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬

Affairs

Ministry of Justice ‫وزارة اﻟﻌﺪل‬

Ministry of Agriculture ‫وزارة اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬

Ministry of Islamic ‫وزارة اﻷوﻗﺎف‬

Endowments

Ministry of Oil ‫وزارة اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬

Ministry of Defense (‫وزارة اﻟﺪﻓﺎع )ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

Department of Defense (‫وزارة اﻟﺪﻓﺎع )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

Ministry of Finance (‫وزارة اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ )ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

Treasury Department (‫وزارة اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

The chancellor of Exchequer (‫وزﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ )ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

Secretary of Treasury (‫وزﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

63

Secretary of Interior (‫وزﯾﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ )ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

Home secretary (‫وزﯾﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

Un secretary-general ‫اﻻﻣﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻸﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

President ‫رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ‬

Head of state

Prime Minister ‫رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﻮزراء‬

Chief justice ‫رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

Chairman of the board ‫رﺋﯿﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة‬

Chancellor ‫رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

President

Head of the House ‫رﺋﯿﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻨﻮاب‬

of Representatives

Vice-President ‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺲ‬

Deputy Speaker ‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ رﺋﯿﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻨﻮاب‬

Attorney General ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻌﺎم‬

Ambassador ‫ﺳﻔﯿﺮ‬

Consul ‫ﻗﻨﺼﻞ‬
64

Cultural Attaché ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬

Commercial Attaché ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺗﺠﺎري‬

Food and Agriculture ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻏﺬﯾﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬

Organization

International Labor ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬

Organization

Organization of Petroleum ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺼﺪرة ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول‬

Exporting Countries

Organization of Islamic ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Conference

Un High Commissioner for ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻮﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻟﺸﺆون اﻟﻼﺟﺌﯿﻦ‬

Refugees

Un Relief and Works Agency ‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻏﺎﺛﺔ واﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬

World Health organization ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬

National Aeronautics and Space ‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ‬

Administration

World Trade organization ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬

Food and drug Administration ‫ھﯿﺌﺔ اﻷﻏﺬﯾﺔ واﻟﺪواء‬

Arab. League Educational, cultural ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

65

And Scientific organization

International Monetary Fund ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﻨﻘﺪ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬

North Atlantic Treaty Organization ‫ﺣﻠﻒ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬

Un Industrial Development ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬

Organization

Organization of Arab ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرة ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول‬

Petroleum Exporting Countries

Central Intelligence Agency ‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮات اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ‬

Federal Bureau of Investigations ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻲ‬

Un Educational scientific and ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬

cultural Organization ‫واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

General Agreement on Tariffs and ‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺮﻛﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬

Trade

Un International Children's ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻻﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬

Emergency

Federation Internationals de ‫اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬

Football Association

Society for the Prevention of ‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻓﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬

cruelty to Animals

House of Representatives ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻨﻮاب‬

66

House of Lords ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻠﻮردات‬

House of Commons ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم‬

The Congress ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺸﯿﻮخ‬

Test of English As a Foreign ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬

Language

Teaching English As a Foreign ‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬

Language

International Committee of the Red ‫ھﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﯿﺐ اﻻﺣﻤﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬

Cross

World Intellectual Property ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬

organization

Bar association ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬

Labor union ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل‬

Press syndicate ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻔﯿﯿﻦ‬

League of Human rights ‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻷﻧﺴﺎن‬

Arab League ‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬

Republic of Iraq ‫ﺟﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺮاق‬

Arabic Republic of Egypt ‫ﺟﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬

People's Republic of china ‫ﺟﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ‬

‫‪67‬‬

‫‪United Arab Emirates‬‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

‫‪Saudi Arabia‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Great Britain‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬

‫‪The united state of America‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Wall Street‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮرك‬

‫‪London Stock Exchange‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺪن‬

‫‪The White House‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺖ اﻻﺑﯿﺾ )ﻣﻘﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ(‬

‫‪Downing Street‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Central BANK of Iraq‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ‬

‫‪British Broadcasting Corporation‬‬ ‫ھﯿﺌﺔ اﻻذاﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Cable News Network‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Immigration‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪Naturalization‬‬ ‫داﺋﺮة اﻟﮭﺠﺮة واﻟﺘﺠﻨﺲ‬

‫‪service‬‬

‫‪Bachelor of Arts‬‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﯾﻮس أداب‬

‫‪Bachelor of science‬‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﯾﻮس ﻋﻠﻮم‬

‫‪Bachelor of journalism‬‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﯾﻮس ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﻼم‬

‫‪Masters degree‬‬ ‫ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ‬

‫‪Doctorate‬‬ ‫ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮرة‬

68

Certificate of proficiency in ‫ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬

English

Teaching efficiency test ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺔ ﺗﺪرﯾﺲ‬

Teaching English as a foreign ‫ﺗﺪرﺳﻲ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬

language

Teaching English as a second ‫ﺗﺪرﺳﯿﻦ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

language

Teaching English to speakers of ‫ﺗﺪرﺳﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﺪﺛﯿﻦ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬

other language ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬

Short message service ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮة‬

Teaching English as a second ‫ﺗﺪرﺳﯿﻦ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

language

College (Faculty) of Arts ‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻵداب‬

College of languages (Alsuns) (‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت )اﻻﻟﺴﻦ‬

School of Law (‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق )اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬

College of Law

Faculty of Law

College of Medicine ‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ‬

69

College of Engineering ‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬

Auditor – comptroller ‫ﻣﺪﻗﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬

Librarian ‫آﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬

Mayor (governor) ‫آﻣﯿﻦ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬

District commissioner ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻘﺎم‬

Charge d' affaires ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬

District general (general manager) ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻋﺎم‬

Principal (headmaster) ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ‬

Master of ceremonies (chief of ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻢ واﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﻔﺎت‬

protocol)

Pupil (school boy) ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬

Student (collegian) ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ‬

Cadet ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﺴﻜﺮي‬

Boarding student ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ داﺧﻠﻲ‬

Head of Department ‫رﺋﯿﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ‬

Dean ‫ﻋﻤﯿﺪ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ‬

Doyen ‫ﻋﻤﯿﺪ اﻟﺴﻠﻚ اﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ‬

Brigadier general (‫ﻋﻤﯿﺪ )رﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺮي‬

70

Professor ‫أﺳﺘﺎذ‬

Assistant Professor ‫اﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

Instructor ‫ﻣﺪرس‬

Assistant Instructor ‫ﻣﺪرس ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

School teacher ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ‬

School mistress ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ‬

Janitor (caretaker) ‫ﻓﺮاش‬

Guard, watchman ‫ﺣﺎرس‬

Doorkeeper ‫ﺑﻮاب‬
‫‪71‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ اﳌﺨﺘﺼﺮات‬
‫‪Translating‬‬
‫‪Abbreviations‬‬

‫‪ 1-9‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات‬
 ‫‪72‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات ھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات واﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺴﮭﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻔﻈﮭﺎ وﺗﺪاوﻟﮭﺎ دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻛﺮھﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ اﻻﻣﺮ أن اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎن واﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰ ﯾﻤﯿﻠﻮن‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺆون ﺣﯿﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﻷن ذﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺐء ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﺣﺼﺮ ﻟﮭﺎ وھﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺎس ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻻول‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف )‪(Abbreviations‬‬

‫وھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﺎ أو ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬

‫وﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻨﻄﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮوف أي ﺣﺮﻓﺎً ﺣﺮﻓﺎ‪ .‬واﻟﯿﻚ ھﺬه اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫)‪AD (Anno Domini‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬

‫)‪AH (After Hegira‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﮭﺠﺮة‬
‫)‪BC (Before Christ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬
‫)‪BH (Before Hegira‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﮭﺠﺮة‬
‫)‪GMT (Greenwich Mean Time‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﯿﺖ ﺟﺮﻧﯿﺘﺶ‬
‫)‪USA (United States of America‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪a.m (ante meridiem‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻈﮭﺮ‬
‫)‪p.m (post meridiem‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻈﮭﺮ‬
‫)‪UK (The United kingdom‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫)‪WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruetion‬‬ ‫اﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﺎر اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫)‪SL (Source Language‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬
‫)‪TL (Target Language‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪PHD (Doctor of Philosophy‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه‬
‫)‪MA (Master degree‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ‬
 73

IMF (International Monetary Fund) ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﻨﻘﺪ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬

WWW (Word Wide Web) ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬
MB (member of parliament) ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎن‬
NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬
NPO (Non-Profit Organization) ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬
CV (Curriculum Vitae) ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺮة اﻟﺬاﺗﯿﺔ‬
ISO (International Standards Organization) ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬
ITO (International Trade Organization) ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬

(Acronyms) ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات ھﻮ‬:‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫أو اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺎت اﻻواﺋﻠﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﺤﺮوف أوﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ وﻗﺪ ﺷﺎع ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬
-:‫اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬

UNESCO [ UN Educational, Scientific and ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ‬

Cultural Organization] ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and ‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬
Trade) ‫واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻤﺼﺪرة ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول‬
Exporting Countries)
AWACS (Advanced Warning and Control ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﻧﺬار واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬
system)
UNICEF (UN international children's ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻻﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬
Emergency Fund)
UNIDO (UN Industrial Development) ‫اﻻﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬
 74

NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrganization) ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻠﻒ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻻﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency ‫ﻣﺮض ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬
Syndrome)
SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﻠﻜﯿﺔ واﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬
Financial Telecommunication) ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف‬
VAT (Value-added Tax) ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
Laser (light amplification by stimulated ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺰر‬
emission of radiation)
SALT (Strategic arm limitwion treaty ‫ﻣﻌﺎھﺪة اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺢ‬
TOEFL Teaching of English as a Forayn ‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ اﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬
Language)
OAPEC (Organization of Arad Petroleum ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪول‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
Exporting) ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول‬
NASA(National Aeronautics & space ‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ‬
Administration)
MENA middle East News Agency ‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻧﺒﺎء اﻟﺸﺮق اﻻوﺳﻂ‬
FAO(Food & Agriculture organization) ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﻏﺬﯾﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬
SARS(Severe Atypical Respiratory ‫ﻣﺮض اﻻﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻮي اﻟﻼﻧﻤﻄﻲ‬
Syndrome)
‫‪75‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺣﺮوف اﳉﺮ‬
‫‪Translating‬‬
‫‪Prepositions‬‬

‫‪ 1-10‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ‬

‫ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﻼم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫إذ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ اﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺬف ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﮫ ﻣﻔﮭﻮﻣﺎً ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪76‬‬

‫‪My brother is in the other room‬‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ آﺧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى‬

‫إذ أن ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ )‪ (in‬ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (brother‬و )‪(room‬‬

‫?‪Whom are you speaking about‬‬ ‫اﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث؟‬

‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺟﺎء ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﺴﺆال )‪(whom‬‬

‫‪This is the man I spoke of‬‬ ‫ھﺬا ھﻮ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﻨﮫ‬

‫ھﻨﺎ ﺟﺎء ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺬف ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫)‪ (1‬اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ھﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬

‫‪Common Use Of prepositions‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪He arrived at 6 o'clock‬‬ ‫وﺻﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‬

‫‪I sat by the window‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة‬

‫)‪ (2‬اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وھﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺬﯾﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪The idiomatic use of prepositions‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪77‬‬

‫ﯾُﺴﻠﻢ ‪ /‬ﯾﻘﺪم‪hand in:‬‬

‫ﯾﻈﮭــــــﺮ‪show up :‬‬

‫ﯾﺘــــــﺮك‪give up :‬‬

‫ﯾﺪﺧــــــﻞ‪get in :‬‬

‫ﯾــــــﺰور‪call on :‬‬

‫ﯾﻠﻐـــــــﻲ‪call off :‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻘـــــــﺪم ‪get along :‬‬

‫ﯾﻤﺜــــــــﻞ‪stand for :‬‬

‫ﯾﻌــــــــﻮد‪com buck :‬‬

‫ﯾﺪﻋـــــــﻮ‪call for :‬‬

‫‪ 2-10‬أﻧﻮاع ﺣﺮوف الﺟﺮ ‪Types of prepositions‬‬

‫ﻗﺴﱠﻢ ﺳﺘﺎﻛﺒﯿﺮك )‪ (Norman C. Stageberg‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﮫ‬

‫]‪ [An Introductory English Grammar‬ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ اﻟﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬

‫)‪ (1‬اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ‪ :‬ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ واﺣﺪ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺮوف ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺸﺪدة وھﺬه اﻟﺤﺮوف ھﻲ‬

‫‪In, at, on, by, with, of, for, to‬‬

 ‫‪78‬‬

‫إذ أن ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺮوف ﻟﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ وﻇﯿﻔﺔ وﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪He ran for an hour‬‬ ‫رﻛﺾ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺔ )وﻗﺖ(‬

‫‪He failed for his laziness‬‬ ‫رﺳﺐَ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﻠﮫ)ﺳﺒﺐ(‬
‫‪The knife is used for cutting meat‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺴﻜﯿﻦ ﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﻠﺤﻢ )ﻏﺮض(‬

‫‪I spoke before him‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻤﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﮫ )وﻗﺖ(‬

‫‪I stood before him‬‬ ‫وﻗﻔﺖ اﻣﺎﻣﮫ )ﻣﻜﺎن(‬

‫‪I took the book from him‬‬ ‫آﺧﺬت ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب )ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻵﺧﺬ أو‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ(‬
‫‪His house is a mile from the station‬‬ ‫ﯾﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﯿﻨﮫ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ )ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ(‬
‫‪He worked from morning till night‬‬ ‫ﻋَﻤﻞَ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺒﺎح ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎء )وﻗﺖ(‬

‫‪I laid the book on the table‬‬ ‫وﺿﻌﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻀﺪة )ﻣﻮﻗﻊ(‬
‫‪I travelled on Monday‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻓﺮت ﯾﻮم اﻷﺛﻨﯿﻦ )وﻗﺖ(‬

‫)‪ (2‬اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﯿﻦ وﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪About‬‬ ‫‪Within‬‬ ‫‪Against‬‬

‫‪Among‬‬ ‫‪Without‬‬ ‫‪Under‬‬
‫‪Between‬‬ ‫‪After‬‬ ‫‪Below‬‬
‫‪Before‬‬ ‫‪Across‬‬

‫‪He arrived about two o'clock‬‬ ‫وﺻﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫‪He spoke about you‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﻚ )ﺑﺨﺼﻮص(‬
79

The school lies between two important streets

(‫ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﺎرﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﮭﻤﯿﻦ )ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬

I found my book among his ‫وﺟﺪت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﮫ‬

I came out without my handkerchief ‫ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ دون ﻣﻨﺪﯾﻠﻲ‬
He lives within his income ‫ﯾﻌﯿﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق دﺧﻠﮫ‬
The temperature is ten degrees below zero

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺸﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬

The dead see is below sea level

‫ﯾﻘﻊ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬

The river is a mile a cross the city

‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﻨﮭﺮ ﻣﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ‬

(-ing) ‫( اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑـ‬3)
-:‫وﻟﮭﺎ ﺟﺬور أﻓﻌﺎل وﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

assuming ‫ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎ‬ considering‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص‬ including ً‫ﺷﺎﻣﻼ‬

beginning‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ regarding ‫ﺑﺸﺄن‬ following ً ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎ‬
concerning‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص‬ involving ً‫ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ‬ during ‫ ﺧﻼل‬،‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬

‫أذا آﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻻﻓﻀﻞ أن ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻵن‬

Considering the time, we had better stop now

‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﺸﻮش ﺑﺨﺼﻮص اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ‬

He was vague concerning the details

80

I went shopping during my break time

‫ذھﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮق ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺘﻲ‬

‫( اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬4)

-:‫[ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻲ‬compound prepositions]

Together with ً‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ Contrary to ‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎً ﻟـ‬

According to ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟـ‬ Due to ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
On account of ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ‬ Instead of ‫ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ‬
Along with ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎً ﻣﻊ‬ With regard to ‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص‬
On behalf of ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﯿﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ In addition to ‫ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ‬
In spite of ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬

The game was called off on account of rain

‫ﺗﺄﺟﻠﺖ اﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬

I want to thank you on behalf of the manager

‫أرﯾﺪ آن أﺷﻜﺮك ﺑﺎﻟﻨﯿﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ‬

He is actually nice, contrary to what people say about him

‫ھﻮ راﺋﻊ ﺣﻘﺎً ﺧﻼﻓﺎً ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻨﮫ‬

She speaks English in addition to French

‫ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﯿﺔ‬

‫‪81‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳊﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪Translating‬‬
‫‪Conjunctions‬‬

‫‪ 1-11‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬

‫‪82‬‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ أدوات ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻨﺤﻮﯾﺔ أو اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻞ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ )‪ (compound‬أو ﻣﻌﻘﺪة )‪(complex‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﻦ اﻵﺗﯿﯿﻦ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Jack gets up at 7 o'clock and has his breakfast at seven thirty‬‬

‫ﯾﻨﮭﺾ ﺟﺎك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ وﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻓﻄﺎره ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬

‫‪James does not have a car but his sister has‬‬

‫ﻻ ﯾﻤﻠﻚ ﺟﯿﻤﺲ ﺳﯿﺎرة اﻻ أن أﺧﺘﮫ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﺳﯿﺎرة‬

‫‪Do not drive so fast or you will have an accident‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪ ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﻚ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎً ﺟﺪاً واﻻ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ‬

‫‪ 2-11‬أﻧﻮاع أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬

‫ﻗﺴ‪‬ﻢ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺤﺎة )‪ (grammarians‬أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ )‪ (conjunctions‬اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﯿﯿﻦ‪ .‬اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻷول ھﻮ )‪ (coordinations‬أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺄدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪورھﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﯿﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﯿﻦ )‪ (coordinating conjunctions‬أدوات‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ و )‪ (coorelatives‬أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ رﺑﻂ ذات‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﯿﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Coordinating conjunction‬‬
‫‪83‬‬

‫أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ‬

‫‪And‬‬ ‫‪But‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬ ‫‪Yet‬‬ ‫‪For‬‬ ‫‪Nor‬‬ ‫‪So‬‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ‪،‬اﻻ أن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺪ أن‪ /‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟـ‪ /‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫‪Both… and‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫او‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎً وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻮاء‬ ‫‪Whether.. or‬‬
‫‪Not only… but also‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ...‬ﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫‪As….as‬‬
‫‪Eithar … or‬‬ ‫‪No sooner.. than‬‬
‫او ‪ ....‬اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ أن ‪ ...‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫‪Ncitler … ner‬‬
‫وﻻ ‪ .....‬ﻻ‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﮭﻮ أدوات رﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ]‪ [subordinations‬وھﻲ اﻷدوات‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ أو اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻞ أﺧﺮى وﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Common subordinating conjunctions‬‬

‫ادوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪After‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اذا ‪if‬‬ ‫‪until‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪Although‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ أن ‪sinee‬‬ ‫‪before‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ اﻻن ‪As‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ‪unless‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ‪even if‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪when‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء ‪whetler‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ‪while‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺜﻤﺎ ‪where‬‬ ‫اﻻ اﻧﮫ ‪yet‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ‪unless‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ‪Becaus‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‪sothat‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ھﺬه اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪If he studies hard, he will succeed‬‬

84

‫ ﺳﯿﻨﺠﺢ‬،‫أن ﯾﺪرس ﺑﺠﺪ‬

After we had finished our dinner, we went home

‫ ذھﺒﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺖ‬،‫ أﻛﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻏﺪاءﻧﺎ‬/ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن أﻧﺘﮭﯿﻨﺎ‬

Although she was tired, she stayed up to watch TV.

‫ إﻻ اﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﻘﯿﺖ ﺗﺸﺎھﺪ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮن‬.... ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺒﺔ‬

I will go shopping unless I have something else to do

‫ﺳﺄذھﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮق ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪي ﺷﻲء أﺧﺮ أﻗﻮم ﺑﮫ‬

We will not leave until police get here

‫ﻟﻦ ﻧﺒﺮح ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‬

When I see him, I’ll tell him the truth

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أراه ﺳﺄﺧﺒﺮهُ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬

While I was walking down the street, I found a coin

‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﺎً وﺟﺪت ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ‬

She wore dark glasses ,so that nobody would recognize her

‫ارﺗﺪت ﻧﻈﺎرات ﺳﻮداء داﻛﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﮭﺎ‬

You can either write or phone him

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﯿﮫ أو ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﮫ‬

Neither John nor Jane were at the meeting

‫‪85‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺟﻮن وﻻ ﺟﯿﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﺣﺎﺿﺮﯾﻦ اﻵﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬

‫‪She earns twice as much as her husband‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﺴﺒﮫ زوﺟﮭﺎ‬

‫‪Whether you like it or not, you must take examinations‬‬

‫ﺳﻮاء أﺗﺮﻏﺐ او ﻻ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬

‫‪No sooner had I shut door then I realized I’d left my keys inside‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ان ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺈﻏﻼق اﻟﺒﺎب ﺣﺘﻰ أدرﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬
‫‪86‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬

‫ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫اﻻﻟﻜﱰوﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Electronic‬‬
‫‪Messaging‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺤﺎدي واﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻟﻐﺔ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ اﻵﻣﺮ ان اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ وﻻﺳﯿﻤﺎ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ )‪ (American English‬ﺗُﻌﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪87‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ إذ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات وھﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات ﺑﺪورھﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ واﻷﺳﻤﺎء وﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ وادوات‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻢ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄن ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﺤﺮوف اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك‬
‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ واﻟﺰﻣﻦ وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺒﺎت ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪئ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻔﮭﻤﮭﺎ وﯾﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ واﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻲ ﯾﺒﯿﻦ‬
‫أھﻢ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Electronic Messages‬‬ ‫‪Meaning in English‬‬ ‫‪Meaning in Arabic‬‬

‫‪CUL8r‬‬ ‫‪See you later‬‬ ‫أراك ﻻﺣﻘﺎً‬
‫‪2day‬‬ ‫‪Today‬‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬
‫‪2moro‬‬ ‫‪Tomorrow‬‬ ‫ﻏﺪاً‬
‫‪2nite‬‬ ‫‪Tonight‬‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬
‫‪ASAP‬‬ ‫‪As soon as possible‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻤﺎ آﻣﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ATB‬‬ ‫‪All the best‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﺗﻤﻨﻰ ﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﻖ‬
‫‪B4‬‬ ‫‪Before‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫‪B4N‬‬ ‫‪Bye for now‬‬ ‫وداﻋﺎً اﻷن‬
‫‪BBL‬‬ ‫‪Be back later‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﻮد ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫‪BTW‬‬ ‫‪By the way‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫‪F2F‬‬ ‫‪Face to face‬‬ ‫وﺟﮫ ﻟﻮﺟﮫ‬
‫‪FWIW‬‬ ‫‪For what it’s worth‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﯾﺴﺘﺤﻖ‬
‫‪FYI‬‬ ‫‪For your informtion‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻚ‬
‫‪GR8‬‬ ‫‪Great‬‬ ‫ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‬
‫‪HAND‬‬ ‫‪Have anice day‬‬ ‫اﺗﻤﻨﻰ ﻟﻚ ﯾﻮم ﺳﻌﯿﺪ‬
‫‪ILU‬‬ ‫‪I love you‬‬ ‫أﺣﺒُﻚ‬
88

Electronic Messages Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic

IMHO In my humble opinion ‫ﻓﻲ رأﯾﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺿﻊ‬
KIT Keep in touch ‫أﺑﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
LOL Lots of love ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺐ‬
MSG Message ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
MYOB Mind your own ‫ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺑﺸﺆوﻧﻚ‬،‫ﻻﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬
business
R U Cumin 2day Are you coming today ‫ھﻞ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﯿﻮم‬
Tx 4 gr8 party Thanks for agreat ‫ﺷﻜﺮاً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﻠﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ‬
party
Need moinfimn Need more ‫اﺣﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
information
If UV tym /send pix o If you have time send ‫أذا ﻋﻨﺪك وﻗﺖ ارﺳﻞ ﺻﻮر‬
kids pictures of kids ‫اﻻﻃﻔﺎل‬
2 bsyatm, tlk l8r Too busy at the ‫ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﺟﺪاً ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
moment, talk later
Will be@ bbq@9 Will be at barbecue ‫ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻮاء‬
at9 ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬
Got urmsg Got your message ‫اﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﺎﻟﺘﻚ‬
No1 No one ‫ﻻ أﺣﺪ‬
PCM Please call me ً‫رﺟﺎءً أﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻲ‬
PLS Please ٍ‫رﺟﺎء‬
SOM1 Some one ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ‬
SPK Speak ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ‬
89

Electronic Messages Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic

THX Thanks ً‫ﺷﻜﺮا‬
WAN2 Want to ‫ﯾﺮﯾﺪ‬
WKND Weekend ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺒﻮع‬
X Kiss ‫ﻗﺒﻠﺔ‬
XLNT Excellent ‫ﻣﻤﺘﺎز‬
XOXO Hugs and kisses ‫ﻋﻨﺎق وﻗـُﺒﻞ‬
YR Your / you’re ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻚ‬
RUOK? Are you ok? ‫ھﻞ آﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺮام؟‬
Wil u b hrthu eve? Will you be here ‫ﻣﺴﺎء‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ھﻞ‬
Thursday evening ? ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺲ ؟‬
Just 2 let uno Just to let you know ‫ ﻷﺟﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﻄﻠﻊ‬/‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻷﻃﻠﻌﻚ‬
‫او ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫‪90‬‬

‫اﻫﻢ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫‪Bibliography‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺟﻢ وﻗﻮاﻣﯿﺲ وﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬د‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﻖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻵﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ھﻼ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ واﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‪ 2007 ،‬م‬
‫‪ -2‬أﻛﺮم ﻣﺆﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب واﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﺑﻦ ﺳﯿﻨﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‪ 2003 ،‬م‬
‫‪ -3‬أﻛﺮم ﻣﺆﻣﻦ‪ ،‬آﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﯿﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﺪار اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‪ 2006 ،‬م‬
‫‪ -4‬د‪ .‬ﻋﺰ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﺠﯿﺐ‪ ،‬أﺳﺲ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‪ ،... ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺳﯿﻨﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‪ 2001 ،‬م‬
‫‪91‬‬

‫‪ -5‬د‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ آﺻﻮﻟﮭﺎ وﻣﺒﺎدﺋﮭﺎ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎض‪1988 ،‬م‬
‫‪ -6‬د‪ .‬ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن اﻟﻮاﺳﻄﻲ وﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻮھﺎب اﻟﻮﻛﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ود‪ .‬ﯾﻮﺋﯿﻞ ﯾﻮﺳﻒ ﻋﺰﯾﺰ وﻛﺮم ﺣﺒﯿﺐ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺪاد‪1979 ،‬م‬
‫‪ -7‬د‪ .‬ﺳﻤﯿﺮ ﻋﻮض‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‪ ،‬دار اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﯿﺮوت‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎن‪ 1985 ،‬م‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻣﻨﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﻌﻠﺒﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﻮي اﻟﻤﻮرد اﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰي ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻼﯾﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺮوت‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎن‪2003 ،‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻣﻨﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﻌﻠﺒﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﻮس اﻟﻤﻮرد ﻋﺮﺑﻲ أﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰي‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﯾﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺮوت‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎن‪،‬‬
‫‪ 2002‬م‬
‫‪ -10‬اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ وھﻮرﻧﺒﯿﻮﺑﺎرﻧﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﻮس اﻟﻘﺎرئ إﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰي‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬دار ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻛﺴﻔﻮرد‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰي‪1980 ،‬‬
‫‪ -11‬د‪ .‬ﺧﻠﯿﻞ أﺣﻤﺪ آﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻔﻜﺮاﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺮوت‪995 ،‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪ -12‬د‪ .‬ﺧﻠﯿﻞ إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ ﺧﻤﺎش‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ واﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻐﺪاد‪ 1982 ،‬م‬

‫‪English Dictionaries and Books‬‬

‫‪1- The oxford Advanced learners Dictionary, oxford, oxford‬‬

‫‪university press,2007‬‬
‫‪2- The oxford powerDictionary, oxford,oxforduniversity press,1999‬‬
92

3- Adam Gadsby, Longman Active study Dictionary,Longman,

London, 2002
4- Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in use, Cambridge,
Cambridge university press, 1994
5- Jean Praninskas, Rapid Review of English Grammar, prentice
Hall, new jersey, 1957
6- J-S. Sneeddon … C.S.Spense, , A practical English Course, Dar
AL Maaref, Cairo, 1969
7- B.S.Azar… S.A.HagenUnderstandings and Using English
Grammar, pearscn Education press, New York, 1981
8- John Ayto, Dictionary of English idioms, oxford: oxford
university press 2009
9- JenniferSeidi, English Idioms, oxford: oxford university press,
1988
10- Norman, C.Stageberge, AnIntroductory English Grammar, Holt,
Rinehart…. Winston, Inc., 1980