Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 1(Flat slab design by using Equivalent Frame Method)

An office building is planned using a flat plate floor system with the column layout as shown
in figure below. No beams, dropped panels, or column capitals are permitted. Specified live
load is 5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 and dead load will include the weight of the slab plus an allowance of

1.129 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 for finish floor plus suspended loads. The columns will be 450𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450𝑚𝑚

and the floor to floor height of the structure will be 3.6𝑚. Design the panels A, B and C using
materials used are 𝐶25/30 strength class and 𝑆 − 400 steel grade. Straight bar reinforcement
will be used. For analysis of flat slabs use Equivalent Frame Method.

Solution
Step 1: Determine the flat slab thickness from deflection requirement [Refer ES EN 1992: 2015
section 7.4.2 (2)]
 Provided that reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings are dimensioned so that
they comply with the limits of span to depth ratio.
 The appearance and general utility of the structure could be impaired when the
calculated sag of a beam, slab or cantilever subjected to quasi-permanent loads
exceeds 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250. Therefore, their deflections may be considered as not exceeding the
limits 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250. For the deflection after construction, 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/500 is normally an
appropriate limit for quasi-permanent loads [Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 section 7.4.1
(4&5)].

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 1

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

 The limiting span-to-depth ratio may be estimated from expressions and multiplying
this by correction factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used, for the span length
and other variables.
 Pre-camber may be used to compensate for some or all of the deflection but any upward
deflection incorporated in the formwork should not generally exceed 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250. But in
this problem, no allowance has been made for any pre-camber.

3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( 𝜌 − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0 (7.16𝑎)
𝑑 𝜌

𝐿 0 𝜌 𝜌′
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌−𝜌′ + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √𝜌 ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0 (7.16𝑏)
𝑑 0

Where:
𝐿
𝑑
is the limit span-to-depth ratio

𝐾 is the factor to take into account the different structural systems from Table 7.4N

𝜌0 is the reference reinforcement ratio = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3

𝜌 is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers)

𝜌′ is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to
design loads (at support for cantilevers)

𝑓𝑐𝑘 is characteristics cylindrical compressive strength of concrete in 𝑀𝑃𝑎 units

Assumption: Slab is lightly reinforced (ρ = 0.5%) (From Table 7.4N)

 𝐾 = 1.2 for Slab supported on columns without beams (flat slab) based on longer span
(From Table 7.4N)
 𝜌0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3 = √25 ∗ 10−3 = 0.005 ≤ 𝜌 = 0.005
3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( 𝜌0 − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0 is used.
𝑑 𝜌

Substitute the value in the above equation:

𝐿 𝐿
= 22.2 ≤ (𝑑) = 24.0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 𝑂𝑘!
𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 2

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Table 7.4N: Basic ratios of 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ for reinforced concrete members without
axial compression (Source: ES EN 1992 Part 1.1:2015 section 7.4.2)

Correction factors for the type of reinforcement used

Expressions (7.16𝑎) and (7.16𝑏) have been derived on the assumption that the steel stress under
the appropriate design load at SLS at a cracked section at the mid-span of a beam or slab or at
the support of a cantilever is 310𝑀𝑃𝑎 (corresponding roughly to 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎). Where other
stress levels are used, the values obtained using Expression (7.16) should be multiplied
by 310⁄𝜎𝑠 . It will normally be conservative to assume that:

310 500
=
𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
(𝑓𝑦𝑘 ⁄𝐴 )
𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜

Initially, taking 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 ,

310 500
=
𝜎𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘

Where:

𝜎𝑠 is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevers) under the design load at SLS

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 is the area of steel provided at this section

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 3

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit state

310 500 500

∴ = = = 1.25
𝜎𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
Correction factors for the span length

For flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5𝑚, and which support partitions liable to be
damaged by excessive deflections, the values of 𝐿/𝑑 given by Expression (7.16) should be

multiplied by 8.5⁄𝐿 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠). But, in our case the longer span of flat slab 5.5𝑚
𝑒𝑓𝑓

which is not greater than 8.5𝑚. Therefore, correction for the span length is not needed.

𝐿
∴( ) = 22.2 ∗ 1.25 = 27.5
𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑

In case of flat slabs, the larger magnitude of loads are transferred in the longer direction and the
maximum deflection also occurred in this direction. Therefore, 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑦 = 5.5𝑚 = 5500𝑚𝑚.

𝐿𝑦 5500
𝑑= = = 198.2𝑚𝑚
27.5 27.5

Assume ϕ12𝑚𝑚 as longitudinal reinforcement and 15𝑚𝑚 concrete cover:

ϕ𝑙 12
𝑑′ = 𝑐𝑐 + = 15 + = 21𝑚𝑚
2 2
Overall thickness of flat slab D
D = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 198.2 + 21 = 219.2𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 220𝑚𝑚
Step 2: Determination of design load
 Self-weight of slab = 0.22𝑚 ∗ 25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 = 5.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

 Dead Load from floor finishing and others = 1.129 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Total characteristics dead load 𝐺𝑘 = 5.5 + 1.129 = 6.629 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

 Live load 𝑄𝑘 = 5.0 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Design load, 𝐹𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 6.629 + 1.5 ∗ 5 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Step 3: Choose the loading analysis method

3.1. Check whether the Equivalent Frame Method is applicable for this analysis problem
Limitations on the use of the Equivalent Frame Method as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 (Annex I)

1) Rectangular panels must have a long span-to-short span ratio not greater than 2.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 4

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

→ 𝐿𝑦 ⁄𝐿𝑥 = 5.5⁄5.5 = 1.0 ≤ 2.0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!

2) The width of slab used to define the effective stiffness of the slab will depend upon the
aspect ratio of the panels and the type of loading, but the following provisions may be
applied in the absence of more accurate methods:

 In the case of vertical loading, the full width of the panel and for lateral loading,
40% the width of the panel may be used to calculate the stiffness of the slab. In
this example, we have only considering the dead loads and live load which are
gravity loads. Thus, we will take the full width of the panels are used to define
the effective stiffness of the slab
3) The moment of inertia of any section of slab or column used in calculating the relative
stiffness of members may be assumed to be that of the cross section of the concrete
alone.
4) Moments and forces within a system of flat slab panels may be obtained from analysis
of the structure under the single load case of maximum design load on all spans or panels
simultaneously provided that the ratio of the characteristic imposed load to the
characteristic dead load does not exceed1.25 and the characteristic imposed load does
not exceed 5.0 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 excluding partitions. In this example, the characteristic imposed
𝑄𝑘
load is 5.0 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ≤ 5.0 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⁄𝐺 = 5⁄6.629 = 0.754 ≤ 1.25 … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝑘

5) Each frame may be analysed in its entirety by any elastic method. Alternatively, for
vertical loads only, each strip of floor and roof may be analysed as a separate frame with
the columns above and below fixed in position and direction at their extremities. In
either case, the analysis shall be carried out for the appropriate design ultimate loads on
each span calculated for a strip of slab of width equal to the distance between centre
lines of the panels on each side of the columns. In our case, there is only vertical load;
hence each strip of floor can be analysed as a separate frame with the columns above
and below fixed in position and direction at their extremities.

Uniformly distributed design load on each panels per meter width (𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚)

In the longer span direction of the panels (E-W):

Interior panels: 𝐹𝑑 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ∗ 5.5𝑚 = 90.475 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

End and edge panels: 𝐹𝑑 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ∗ 2.5𝑚 = 41.125 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

In the shorter span direction of the panels (N-S):

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 5

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Interior panels: 𝐹𝑑 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ∗ 5.5𝑚 = 90.475 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

End and edge panels: 𝐹𝑑 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ∗ 2.5𝑚 = 41.125 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

For determine moments in each member, let us used Hardy-Cross method of moment
distribution.
3.1. In the longer span direction
Determine stiffness 𝑘 for the slabs and the columns
4𝐸𝐼
𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
Note: 𝑘 = {3𝐸𝐼𝐿
𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝐿

5500∗2203
4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠,𝑦 4𝐸𝑐 ( ) 10648000
12
For interior panels: 𝑘𝑠 = = = 𝐸𝑐
𝐿𝑠,𝑦 5500 3

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 6

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

2500∗2203
4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠,𝑦 4𝐸𝑐 ( ) 5324000
12
For end and edge panels: 𝑘𝑠 = = = 𝐸𝑐
𝐿𝑠,𝑦 5500 3

450∗4503
4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 4𝐸𝑐 ( )
12
For columns: 𝑘𝑐 = = = 3796875𝐸𝑐
𝐿𝑐 3600

Using the advantage of symmetry, considering half of the frames

Determine distribution factors 𝐷𝐹 at each joints

0.0 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
Note: 𝐷𝐹 = {
1.0 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑘
𝐷𝐹 =
∑𝑘
𝐷𝐹𝐵𝐴 @𝐴 = 𝐷𝐹𝐶𝐴 @𝐶 = 𝐷𝐹𝐸𝐷 @𝐸 = 𝐷𝐹𝐹𝐷 @𝐹 = 0

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 7

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Joints Members 𝑘 𝑘
∑𝑘 𝐷𝐹 =
∑𝑘 Check ∑ 𝐷𝐹

Slab 𝐴𝐷 10648000 0.32

𝐸𝑐
A 3
Column 𝐴𝐵 3796875𝐸𝑐 33429250 0.34
1
𝐸𝑐
Column 𝐴𝐶 3796875𝐸𝑐 3 0.34
Slab 𝐷𝐴 10648000 0.24
𝐸𝑐
3
Column 𝐷𝐸 3796875𝐸𝑐 44077250 0.26
𝐸𝑐
D Column 𝐷𝐹 3796875𝐸𝑐 3 0.26 1
Slab 𝐷𝐺 10648000 0.24
𝐸𝑐
3
G Half slab 𝐺𝐷 1774666.67𝐸𝑐 1774666.67𝐸𝑐 1.0
1

Determine Fixed End Moments 𝐹𝐸𝑀 for each members

𝑤𝐿2 90.475∗5.52
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐷 = − =− = −228.07𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 90.475∗5.52
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐷𝐴 = + =+ = +228.07𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 90.475∗2.752
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐷𝐺 = − =− = −114.035𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 90.475∗2.752
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐺𝐷 = + =− = +114.035𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 8

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Support Moments for Interior Frames

Span moments
Determine reaction forces by using EQE
For member AB
90.475∗5.52
↻ + ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 5.5 − 158.07 + 255.11 − = 0 → 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵
2
90.475∗5.52
↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝑅𝐵𝐿 ∗ 5.5 + 158.07 − 255.11 − = 0 → 𝑹𝑩𝑳 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑵
2

For member BC
90.475∗5.52
↻ + ∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 → 𝑅𝐵𝑅 ∗ 5.5 − 233.18 + 233.18 − = 0 → 𝑹𝑩𝑹 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟏𝒌𝑵
2

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 9

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Interior panel C

90.475𝑥 2
↻ + ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀𝑥 = 248.81𝑥 − − 233.18
2
𝑑𝑀𝑥 248.81
= 248.81 − 90.475𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 90.475 = 2.75𝑚
𝑑𝑥
90.475(2.75)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 = 2.75𝑚 ) = 248.81 ∗ 2.75 − − 233.18
2

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝒎 ) = +𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎

Comparison of moments at support B show that left side support moment is larger. Hence take
moment at the left face of support B.
Exterior panels

90.475𝑥 2
↻ + ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀𝑥 = 231.25𝑥 − − 255.11
2
𝑑𝑀𝑥 231.25
= 231.25 − 90.475𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 90.475 = 2.556𝑚
𝑑𝑥
90.475(2.75)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 = 2.556𝑚 ) = 248.81 ∗ 2.75 − − 233.18
2

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝒎 ) = 𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎

ℎ𝑐⁄
The negative moments greater than those at a distance 2 from the center-line of the column
may be ignored provided the moment 𝑀0 obtained as the sum of the maximum positive design
moment and the average of the negative design moments in anyone span of the slab for the
whole panel width is such that:
2
(𝐺𝑑 + 𝑄𝑑 )𝐿2 2
𝑀0 ≥ (𝐿1 − ℎ𝑐 )
2 3
Where
𝐿1 is the panel length parallel to span measured from centers of columns.
Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 10
Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝐿2 is the panel width measured from centers of columns

ℎ𝑐 is the effective diameter of a column or column head
When the above condition is not satisfied, the negative design moments shall be increased by
providing the drop panels or column heads.

1
𝑀0 = 136.94 + 2 (158.57 + 255.11) = 343.81𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝐺𝑑 = 1.35 ∗ 𝑔𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 6.629 = 8.95 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

𝑄𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑞𝑘 = 1.5 ∗ 5.0 = 7.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

𝑃𝑑 = 𝐺𝑑 + 𝑄𝑑 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

The effective diameter of the capital should be taken as the diameter of the circle at the point at
which a 45° line form the base of the capital intersects the bottom of the slab or dropped panel.

The effective diameter of a column or column head 𝒉𝒄 is the diameter of a circle whose area
equals the cross-sectional area of the column or if column heads are used, the area of the column
head based on the effective dimensions. In no case shall 𝒉𝒄 be taken as greater than one-
quarter of the shortest span framing in to the column.
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 450𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450𝑚𝑚 = 202500𝑚𝑚2
𝜋ℎ𝑐2 𝟒𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝟒∗𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙 → 𝒉𝒄 = √ =√ = 𝟓𝟎𝟖𝒎𝒎
4 𝝅 𝝅

𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 5.5𝑚
(𝐺𝑑 +𝑄𝑑 )𝐿2 2 2 16.45∗5.5 2 2
(𝐿1 − 3 ℎ𝑐 ) = (5.5 − 3 ∗ 0.508)
2 2

= 301.27𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≤ 𝑀0 = 343.81𝑘𝑁𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

𝒉𝒄⁄
Hence reduce the moment at center of support to a moment at 2

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 11

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

ℎ𝑐⁄ 90.475𝑥 2
𝑀 (@𝑥 = 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠) = 266.36𝑥 − − 255.11
2

90.475 ∗ 0.2542
= 266.36 ∗ 0.254 − − 255.11 = −190.37𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Step 4: Compute positive and negative moments in the slab
The moment obtained from the analysis of the equivalent frame are the total moments on the
slab strip. However, the distribution of moment across the width of the strip is quite obviously
not uniform, since the slab is only supported in the center of the strip.
To ensure that the distribution of reinforcement corresponds approximately to the distribution
of moments arising from a rigorous analysis of the slab system, the slab strip is divided into a
column strip and middle strip, thus apportionment of bending moment to them.
4.1. Apportioning moments in to column strips and middle strip
Simplified apportionment of bending moment for a flat slab as per ES EN 1992: 2015 Annex I
Table I.1.
Table I.1: Simplified apportionment of bending moment for a flat slab (Source: Adopted from
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015Annex I)
Strips Negative moments Positive moments
Column Strip 60 − 80% 50 − 70%
Middle Strip 40 − 20% 50 − 30%
Note: Total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and middle
strips together should always add up to100%.
Where the width of the column strip is different from 0.5𝐿𝑥 and made equal to width of drop,
the width of middle strip should be adjusted accordingly.

Direction of span Total BM BM on Column strip BM on Middle strip

(𝑘𝑁𝑚) (𝑘𝑁𝑚) (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

Long 𝑀𝑠 = − 190.37 0.75𝑀𝑠 = −142.78 0.25𝑀𝑠 = −47.59

direction
Interior panel C

𝑀𝑓 = 108.94 0.55𝑀𝑓 = 59.92 0.45𝑀𝑓 = 49.02

Short 𝑀𝑠 = − 190.37 0.75𝑀𝑠 = −142.78 0.25𝑀𝑠 = −47.59

direction
𝑀𝑓 = 108.94 0.55𝑀𝑓 = 59.92 0.45𝑀𝑓 = 49.02

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 12

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Step 5: Check thickness of the slab for both shear and flexure
5.1. Check thickness of the slab for flexural design
 The largest moment, 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = − 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 (for a column strip)
 Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given
by:
𝑀𝑑
< 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑀𝑑 142.78
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛. ≥ √ =√ = 118.95𝑚𝑚
0.295𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.295 ∗ 2750 ∗ 14.167

Assuming 15𝑚𝑚 concrete cover, 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 diameter bars:

The overall depth of the slab 𝐷:
𝐷 = 118.95 + 15 + 6 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝒎𝒎 < 𝑫𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎 … 𝑶𝒌!
5.2. Check thickness of the slab for punching shear (refer ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015 section 6.4)
Punching shear can result from a concentrated load or reaction acting on a relatively small
area, called the loaded area 𝑨𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 of a slab or a foundation.
An appropriate verification model for checking punching failure at the ultimate limit state is
shown in Figure 6.12.

a) Section

b) Plan

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 13

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Figure 6.12: Verification model for punching shear at the ultimate limit state (Source: Adopted
from ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 6.4)
The shear resistance should be checked at the face of the column and at the basic control
perimeter 𝒖𝟏 . If shear reinforcement is required a further perimeter 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑒𝑓 should be found
where shear reinforcement is no longer required.
The basic control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 may normally be taken to be at a distance 2.0𝑑 from the loaded
area and should be constructed so as to minimize its length.
𝑑𝑦 = 220 − 15 − 6 = 199𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑥 = 220 − 15 − 12 − 6 = 187𝑚𝑚
𝒅𝒚 +𝒅𝒙 𝟏𝟗𝟗+𝟏𝟖𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝟐 𝟐

Where 𝑑𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥 are the effective depths of the reinforcement in two orthogonal directions.
Perimeter of critical section adjacent to face of the interior column
𝑢0 = 2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) = 2(450 + 450) = 1800𝑚𝑚

Basic control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 at 2𝑑 from the face of the interior column

𝑢1 = 2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) + 2𝜋(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) = 2 ∗ 900 + 2𝜋(2 ∗ 193) = 4225.31𝑚𝑚
Punching shear calculation
The following checks should be carried out:
(a) At the column perimeter, or the perimeter of the loaded area, the maximum punching shear
stress should not be exceeded:
𝑽𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙
Where:
𝑽𝑬𝒅 is the design punching shear force due to applied load along the control section considered.
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 is the design value of the maximum punching shear resistance along the control section
considered limited by crushing of the compression struts.
(b) Punching shear reinforcement is not necessary if:
𝑽𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 14

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 is the design value of the punching shear resistance of a slab without punching shear
reinforcement along the control section considered.
(c) Where 𝑽𝑬𝒅 exceeds the value 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 for the control section considered, punching shear
reinforcement should be provided according to 6.4.5.
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄𝒔 is the design value of the punching shear resistance of a slab with punching shear
reinforcement along the control section considered.
Design punching shear force due to applied load 𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝑭𝒅 ∗ 𝑨𝒕 where At is the tributary areas or influence areas for the column

Punched area, 𝑨𝒑
𝜋
𝐴𝑝 = (𝐶1 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 )(𝐶2 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) − 4 [(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 − 4 (2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 ]
𝜋
= (450 + 4 ∗ 193)(450 + 4 ∗ 193) − 4 [(2 ∗ 193)2 − 4 (2 ∗ 193)2 ] = 1365384.74𝑚𝑚2

Tributary area, 𝑨𝒕 for balancing the critical shear

𝐴𝑡 = 𝐿𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝑦 − 𝐴𝑝 = 5500 ∗ 5500 − 1365384.74 = 28884615.26𝑚𝑚2 = 28.885𝑚2

𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝑭𝒅 ∗ 𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵⁄𝑚2 ∗ 28.885𝑚2 = 475.152𝑘𝑁

Effective shear force (Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to columns) [ES EN 1992-1-
1:2015 section 6.4.2]

Generally, moment is transferred to the columns so the shear distribution is not uniform and a
factor, 𝛽 is used to obtain effective of shear stress by taking into account of local concentrations.
For a slab-column connection the design is based on the total shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 at the column
face.
𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝒗𝑬𝒅 = 𝜷
𝒖𝟎 𝒅

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 15

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Figure 6.19: Shear distribution due to an unbalanced moment at a slab internal column
connection (Source: Adopted ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 6.4.3)
For structures where the lateral stability does not depend on frame action between the slabs and
columns, and where the adjacent spans do not differ in length by more than 25%, simplified
values of 𝛽 may be used. In this example, this criteria fulfilled.

Figure 6.21N: Recommended values for β (Source: Adopted ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section

6.4.3)
5.2.1. Check critical shear stress at perimeter of column
Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to interior columns (𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)
𝑉 475.152∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ = 1.573𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
0 1800∗193
𝑓
𝑐𝑘 25
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 (1 − 250 ) 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.5 (1 − 250) ∗ 14.1667 = 6.375𝑀𝑝𝑎

5.2.2. Check shear stress at control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 (𝟐𝒅 from face of column)

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 16

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑉 475.152∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ 4225.31∗193 = 0.67𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐
1

Punching shear resistance of slabs and column bases without shear reinforcement, 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 may
be calculated as follows:
1⁄
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 3 1 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝
0.035𝑘 ⁄2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⁄2 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝
200 200
Where: 𝑘 = 1 + √ = √193 = 1.018 ≤ 2.0 … . . 𝑂𝑘! 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑑

𝜌 = √𝜌𝑥 ∗ 𝜌𝑦 ≤ 0.02

𝜌𝑥 , 𝜌𝑦 relate to the bonded tension steel in x- and y- directions respectively.

𝐴𝑠𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑦
𝜌𝑥 = & 𝜌𝑦 =
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑

 Both are unknown since flexural reinforcement has not been determined and assume
concrete lightly stressed 𝜌 = 0.5%. 0.005 ≤ 0.02 … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝜎𝑐𝑦 + 𝜎𝑐𝑥
𝜎𝑐𝑝 =
2
𝝈𝒄𝒚 , 𝝈𝒄𝒙 are the normal concrete stresses in the critical section in 𝑦 − and 𝑥 −directions (𝑀𝑃𝑎,
positive if compression):
𝑁𝐸𝑑,𝑦 𝑁𝐸𝑑,𝑥
𝜎𝑐𝑦 = & 𝜎𝑐𝑥 =
𝐴𝑐𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝑥
𝑁𝐸𝑑,𝑦 , 𝑁𝐸𝑑,𝑥 are the design axial compression load in y- and x-directions. In our case, it is not
specified. 𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0

The recommended value for 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18⁄𝛾𝑐 = 0.18⁄1.5 = 0.12 and 𝑘1 = 1.0.
1⁄
0.12 ∗ 2(100 ∗ 0.005 ∗ 25) 3 = 0.56𝑀𝑝𝑎
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 3 1
0.035(2) ⁄2 (25) ⁄2 = 0.495𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.56𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 0.67𝑀𝑝𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒!
If 𝒗𝑬𝒅 > 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 several design options are available to increase the shear resistance of the slab,
such as:
Solution 1: Providing the drop Panel or column head/capital
Solution 2: Design Punching shear reinforcement
Solution 3: By increase the concrete strength
Solution 4: By increase the column dimension

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 17

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Solution 1: Providing the drop Panel

The smaller actual dimension of the drop panel is at least one third of the smaller dimension of
𝐿𝑥⁄
the surrounding panels, 3 and the drop may be 25 to 50 percent thicker than the rest of the
slab.
 Thickness of slab around drop panel = 1.25𝑡𝑠 = 1.25 ∗ 220 = 275𝑚𝑚.
 Thickness of drop panel = Thickness of slab around drop panel minus thickness of slab
outside of drop panel.
∴Thickness of drop panel = 275𝑚𝑚 − 220𝑚𝑚 = 𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎. Let us take 𝒅𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐿𝑥⁄ 5.5⁄ = 1.833𝑚.
 Actual dimension 𝐿ℎ0 = 3= 3
𝐿ℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑳𝒉,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑳𝒄 + 𝟐𝒅𝒉 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 + 𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎) = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐿ℎ0 = 1833.333𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝐿ℎ = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. { Take 𝑳𝒉 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐿ℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 570𝑚𝑚
∴Provide a square drop panel of side length 𝑳𝒉 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 and depth additional to that of the
slab of 100𝑚𝑚. Effective depth within the drop panel 𝑑 = 193 + 𝑑ℎ = 193 + 100 =
293𝑚𝑚. Critical perimeter for punching from face of column = 2𝑑 = 2 ∗ 293 = 586𝑚𝑚.
Side of critical perimeter = 𝑐 + 2𝑑 = 450 + 586 = 1036𝑚𝑚 > 𝑳𝒉 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎. Since it is
out of the head neglect this critical perimeter. Consider critical perimeter from the face of the
drop.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 18

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Perimeter of critical section adjacent to face of drop panel

𝑢0 = 2(𝐿ℎ1 + 𝐿ℎ2 ) = 2(650 + 650) = 2600𝑚𝑚
Basic control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 (𝟐𝒅 from face of drop panel)
𝑢1 = 2(𝐿ℎ1 + 𝐿ℎ2 ) + 2𝜋(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) = 2600 + 2𝜋(2 ∗ 193) = 5025.31𝑚𝑚
Punched area, 𝑨𝒑
𝜋
𝐴𝑝 = (𝐿ℎ1 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 )(𝐿ℎ2 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) − 4 [(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 − 4 (2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 ]
𝜋
= (650 + 4 ∗ 193)(650 + 4 ∗ 193) − 4 [(2 ∗ 193)2 − 4 (2 ∗ 193)2 ] = 1894184.74𝑚𝑚2

Tributary area, 𝑨𝒕 for balancing the critical shear

𝐴𝑡 = 𝐿𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝑦 − 𝐴𝑝
𝐴𝑡 = 5500 ∗ 5500 − 1894184.74 = 28355815.26𝑚𝑚2 = 28.356𝑚2
Design punching shear force due to applied load 𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝑷𝒅 ∗ 𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵⁄𝑚2 ∗ 28.356𝑚2 = 466.45𝑘𝑁

Check critical shear stress at perimeter of drop panel

Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to interior columns (𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)
𝑉 466.45∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ = 1.07𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.375𝑀𝑝𝑎 … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
0 2600∗193

Check shear stress at control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 (2d from face of drop panel)
𝑉 466.45∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ 5025.31∗193 = 0.553𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.56𝑀𝑝𝑎 … … … . 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒!
1

𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 650𝑚𝑚 ∗ 650𝑚𝑚 = 422500𝑚𝑚2

𝜋ℎ𝑐2 𝟒𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝟒∗𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎

= 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 → 𝒉𝒄 = √ =√ = 733.45𝑚𝑚
4 𝝅 𝝅

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 19

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Negative moment to be considered is:

0.73345𝑚
= 0.367𝑚
2

ℎ 90.475𝑥 2 90.475∗0.3672
𝑀 (@𝑥 = 𝑐⁄2) = 266.36𝑥 − − 255.11 = 266.36 ∗ 0.367 − −
2 2
255.11 = −163.45𝑘𝑁𝑚
Direction of span Total BM BM on Column strip BM on Middle strip
(𝑘𝑁𝑚) (𝑘𝑁𝑚) (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

Long 𝑀𝑠 = −163.45 0.75𝑀𝑠 = −122.6 0.25𝑀𝑠 = −40.85

direction
Interior panel C

𝑀𝑓 = 108.94 0.55𝑀𝑓 = 59.92 0.45𝑀𝑓 = 49.02

Short 𝑀𝑠 = −137.778 0.75𝑀𝑠 = −122.6 0.25𝑀𝑠 = −40.85

direction
𝑀𝑓 = 108.94 0.55𝑀𝑓 = 59.92 0.45𝑀𝑓 = 49.02

Step 6: Calculate flexural reinforcement

Slab is design as a singly reinforced beam
𝑴
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒛𝒇
𝒚𝒅

𝑑
𝑧 = 2 (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) ≤ 0.95𝑑

𝑑𝑦 = 220 − 15 − 6 = 199𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑥 = 220 − 15 − 12 − 6 = 187𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑥 199+187
𝑑= = = 193𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑀
𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓 𝑏 is the width of column strip or middle strip
𝑐𝑑

𝑏𝑎𝑠
Spacing of reinforcement 𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 section 9.2)

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 20

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑘
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐
Check minimum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 section 8.2)
𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. {𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚
Check maximum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.3)
In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment those provisions become
respectively:
2ℎ
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
250𝑚𝑚
3ℎ
 For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
400𝑚𝑚
Where h is the depth of the slab
Sample calculation for 𝑀 = 103.334𝑘𝑁𝑚 → from column strip in the longer direction, 𝑑 =
199𝑚𝑚, 𝑏 = 2750𝑚𝑚 for panel C.
𝑀 103.334 ∗ 106
𝐾= 2 =
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2750 ∗ 1992 ∗ 14.167
= 0.067 ≤ 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295 ∴Singly reinforced section
𝑑 199
𝑧 = 2 (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) = (1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.067) = 192.096𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 0.95 ∗ 199 =
2

189.05 … … . . 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝑘! Take 𝑧 = 0.95𝑑 = 189.05𝑚𝑚

𝜋(12)2
𝑀 103.334∗106 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠 2750∗
4
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓 = 189.05∗347.83 = 1571.4462𝑚𝑚 𝑠= = = 197.92𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 1571.4462

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas

0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 0.26 ∗ 2.6 ∗ 2750 ∗ 199
= = 924.852𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 2750 ∗ 199 = 711.425𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 924.852𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 1571.4462𝑚𝑚2 ≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 924.852𝑚𝑚2 … … 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 2750 ∗ 220 = 24200𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 1571.4462𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24200𝑚𝑚2 … … … 𝑂𝑘!

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 21

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Check minimum spacing of reinforcement

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚
𝑠 = 197.92𝑚𝑚 > 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑚𝑚 … … . 𝑂𝑘!
Check maximum spacing of reinforcement
For the principal reinforcement:
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 220 = 440𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
250𝑚𝑚
𝑠 = 197.92𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250𝑚𝑚 … . . 𝑂𝑘! ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠 = 190𝑚𝑚
∴Prodive 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 with 190mm center-to-center @ the top in the longer and shorter direction
column strip.

≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑀𝑑 (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

𝑑 (𝑚𝑚)

𝑏 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑧 (𝑚𝑚)

Remark
Strips
Span
Panels

s 122.6 199 189.05 2750 𝐴𝑠

1864.43 166.8 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @160𝑐/𝑐 1
CS

f 59.92 199 189.05 2750 924.85 336.29 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @250𝑐/𝑐 2

Long span

s 40.85 199 189.05 2750 924.85 336.29 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @250𝑐/𝑐 3

Interior panel C

MS

f 49.02 199 189.05 2750 924.85 336.29 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @250𝑐/𝑐 4

s 122.6 187 177.65 2750 1984.08 156.76 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @150𝑐/𝑐 5
CS

f 59.92 187 177.65 2750 969.7 320.75 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @250𝑐/𝑐 6

Shot span

s 40.85 187 177.65 2750 924.85 336.29 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @250𝑐/𝑐 7

MS

f 49.02 187 177.65 2750 924.85 336.29 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @250𝑐/𝑐 8

Solution 2: Design Punching shear reinforcement

𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 0.67𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.56𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∴Therefore punching shear reinforcement required.
Check 𝑣𝐸𝑑 ≤ 2𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 at basic control perimeter
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 0.67𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 2𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 1.12𝑀𝑃𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
Perimeter at which punching shear no longer required
𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑 1.15∗475.152∗103
𝑈𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉 = = 5055.744𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑑 0.56∗193

Rearrange: 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) + 2𝜋𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 −2(𝐶1 +𝐶2 ) 5055.744−2(450+450)

𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = = 518.168𝑚𝑚
2𝜋 2𝜋

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 22

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Position of outer perimeter of reinforcement from column face:

𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑘𝑑 = 518.168 − 1.5 ∗ 193 = 228.67𝑚𝑚
Maximum radial spacing of reinforcement 𝑆𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
𝑆𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 ∗ 193 = 144.75𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 125𝑚𝑚
Area of reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑤 2𝑢1 (𝑣𝐸𝑑 − 0.75𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 )
≥
𝑆𝑟 3𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓 = 250 + 0.25𝑑 = 250 + 0.25 ∗ 193 = 298.25𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎 … … 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠𝑤 2∗4225.31(0.67−0.75∗0.56)
= = 2.345
𝑆𝑟 3∗289.25
2
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2.345𝑆𝑟 = 2.345 ∗ 125 = 304.33 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚
𝜋(10)2
Use 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 as punching shear reinforcement, 𝑎𝑠𝑤 = = 78.54𝑚𝑚2
4

Number of 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 punching shear reinforcement per meter

𝐴𝑠𝑤 304.33 2
= = = 3.88 ≅ 4𝜙10𝑚𝑚 = 314.16 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑎𝑠𝑤 78.54
Minimum area of a link leg:
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 √𝑓𝑐𝑘
≥ 0.053
𝑆𝑟 ∗ 𝑆𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑘
Maximum tangential spacing of reinforcement 𝑆𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
𝑆𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 193 = 289.5𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 275𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) 0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘
≥
𝑆𝑟 ∗𝑆𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑘

0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑆𝑟 ∗𝑆𝑡 0.08√25∗125∗275

𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 22.9167𝑚𝑚2
1.5𝑓𝑦𝑘 1.5∗400

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 23

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Punching shear reinforcement detailing

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 24

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Solution 3: By increase the concrete strength

Let increase the strength class to 𝐶50/60
𝑐𝑘 𝑓
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 3.4𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑣 = 0.6 (1 − 250 ) = 0.48

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.4𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 0.67𝑀𝑝𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒

1⁄
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 3⁄ 1⁄ + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝
0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝

The recommended value for 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18⁄𝛾𝑐 = 0.18⁄1.5 = 0.12 and 𝑘1 = 1.0.
1⁄
0.12 ∗ 2(100 ∗ 0.005 ∗ 50) 3 = 0.71𝑀𝑝𝑎
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 3 1
0.035(2) ⁄2 (50) ⁄2 = 0.7𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.71𝑀𝑝𝑎 > 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 0.67𝑀𝑝𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒
Solution 4: By increase the column dimension
Let us increase the column dimensions to 700𝑚𝑚 ∗ 700𝑚𝑚
Punched area, 𝑨𝒑
𝜋
𝐴𝑝 = (𝐶1 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 )(𝐶2 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) − 4 [(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 − 4 (2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 ]
𝜋
= (700 + 4 ∗ 193)(700 + 4 ∗ 193) − 4 [(2 ∗ 193)2 − 4 (2 ∗ 193)2 ] = 2038884.739𝑚𝑚2

Tributary area, 𝑨𝒕 for balancing the critical shear

𝐴𝑡 = 𝐿𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝑦 − 𝐴𝑝 = 5500 ∗ 5500 − 2038884.739 = 28211115.26𝑚𝑚2 = 28.21𝑚2

𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝑭𝒅 ∗ 𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵⁄𝑚2 ∗ 28.21𝑚2 = 464.073𝑘𝑁

𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝒗𝑬𝒅 = 𝜷
𝒖𝟎 𝒅
Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to interior columns (𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)
𝑢0 = 2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) = 2(700 + 700) = 2800𝑚𝑚
𝑉 464.073∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ = 0.9875𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
0 2800∗193
𝑓
𝑐𝑘 25
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 (1 − 250 ) 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.5 (1 − 250) ∗ 14.1667 = 6.375𝑀𝑝𝑎

Check shear stress at control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 (𝟐𝒅 from face of column)

𝑢1 = 2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) + 2𝜋(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) = 2 ∗ 1400 + 2𝜋(2 ∗ 193) = 5225.31𝑚𝑚
𝑉 464.073∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ 5225.31∗193 = 0.53𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.56𝑀𝑃𝑎 … … … … … … … … 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒
1

Step 7: Check serviceability limit states (deflection) [ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 7.4]
The deflection of the slab is checked by using basic span-effective depth ratio:

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 25

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 114563
𝜌= = ∗ 100 = 0.216% < 0.5%
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2750 ∗ 1193
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓 ′ 𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝜌𝑜 = 10−3 ∗ √25 = 0.005 = 0.5% > 𝜌

𝐾 = 1.2 for Flat slab (Table 7.4N)

No compression steel, 𝜌′ = 0 (the slab section is singly reinforced section).

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 1244
= = 1.086 ≤ 1.5 … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1145.63

3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
∴ = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌

3⁄
𝐿 0.5 0.5 2
= 1.2 [11 + 1.5√25 + 3.2√25 ( − 1) ] = 62.98
𝑑 0.216 0.216

Modification should be needed if:

 Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using Expression (7.16) should
be multiplied by 310⁄𝜎𝑠 . It will normally be conservative to assume that:

310 500 500

= = = 1.357
𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 400 ∗ 0.92
𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴 )
𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜

𝐿 𝐿 5500
Modified = 62.98 ∗ 1.26 = 85.485 Actual 𝑑 = = 28.5
𝑑 193

𝐿 𝐿
Actual 𝑑 = 28.5 < allowable = 85.485 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝑑

∴ Deflection will not exceed the permitted 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250.

Step 8: Detailing of reinforcements

Flat slab at internal columns (ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015 section 9.4)
At internal columns top reinforcement of area 0.5𝐴𝑡 should be placed in a width equal to the
sum of 0.125𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 the panel width on either side of the column. 𝑨𝒕 represents the area of
reinforcement required to resist the full negative moment from the sum of the two half panels
each side of the column.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 26

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Bottom reinforcement (≥ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠) in each orthogonal direction should be provided at internal

columns and this reinforcement should pass through the column.
Flat slab at edge and corner columns
Reinforcement perpendicular to a free edge required to transmit bending moments from the slab
to an edge or corner column should be placed within the effective width 𝒃𝒆 .

Minimum bend point locations and Extensions for reinforcement in Flat Slabs
Long direction and short direction are the same since the panel is square.
 Span length, 𝑙 = 5500𝑚𝑚
 Clear span, 𝑙𝑛 = 5500 − 450 = 5050𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 0.20𝑙𝑛 = 0.20 ∗ 5050 = 1010𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 0.22𝑙𝑛 = 0.22 ∗ 5050 = 1111𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 0.30𝑙𝑛 = 0.3 ∗ 5050 = 1515𝑚𝑚
𝑒 = 0.33𝑙𝑛 = 0.33 ∗ 5050 = 16667𝑚𝑚

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 27

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 2 (Flat slab design by using Direct Design Method)

An office building is planned using a flat plate floor system with the column layout as shown
in figure below. No beams, dropped panels, or column capitals are permitted. Specified live
load is 5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 and dead load will include the weight of the slab plus an allowance of

1.129 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 for finish floor plus suspended loads. The columns used will

be 450𝑚𝑚𝑥450𝑚𝑚. Design the interior panel C, using materials 𝑆 − 400 and 𝐶25/30.
Straight bar reinforcement will be used.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 28

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Solution
Step 1: Determine flat slab thickness from deflection requirement (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015
Clause 7.4.2 (2))
 Provided that reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings are dimensioned so that
they comply with the limits of span to depth ratio.
 Their deflections may be considered as not exceeding the limits 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250 (Referring
ES EN 1992: 2015 Clause 7.4.1 (4&5) Pg.135).
 The limiting span/depth ratio may be estimated from expressions and multiplying this
by correction factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used and other variables.
 No allowance has been made for any pre-camber in the derivation of these expressions.
3⁄
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌

𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌′
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌 − 𝜌′ 𝜌0

Where:
𝑙
 is the limit span/depth
𝑑

 𝐾 is the factor to take into account the different structural systems from Table
7.4N
 𝜌0 is the reference reinforcement ratio = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3
 𝜌 is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 𝜌′ is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the
moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 is cylindrical compressive strength of concrete in MPa units
Table 7.4N: Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial
compression

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 29

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Assumption: Slab is lightly reinforced (ρ = 0.5%) (Table 7.4N)

 K = 1.2 for Slab supported on columns without beams (flat slab) (based on longer span)
(Table 7.4N)
 𝜌0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3 = √25 ∗ 10−3 = 0.005 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎
3⁄
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
∴ = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌
Substitute the value in the above equation:
𝑙
= 22.2 ≤ 24.0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
𝑑
Modification should be needed if:
i. Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using expression (7.16) in section
310
7.4.1 should be multiplied by .
𝜎𝑠

 It will normally be conservative to assume that:

310 500 500
= = = 1.25
𝜎𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
ii. For flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5𝑚, and which support partitions liable
𝑙
to be damaged by excessive deflections, the values of given by expression (7.16)
𝑑
8.5
should be multiplied by 𝑙 (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑚). But, in our case the span of flat slab 5.5𝑚
𝑒𝑓𝑓

which is not greater than 8.5𝑚.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 30

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

 So, the modification needed only for (𝑖).

𝑙
= 22.2 ∗ 1.25 = 27.5
𝑑
5500
∴𝑑= = 198.2𝑚𝑚
27.5
Assume ϕ12𝑚𝑚 as longitudinal reinforcement and 15mm concrete cover:
ϕ𝑙 12
𝑑′ = 𝑐𝑐 + = 15 + = 21𝑚𝑚
2 2
Overall thickness of flat slab D
D = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 198.2 + 21 = 219.2𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 220𝑚𝑚
Step2: Determination of design load, 𝑃𝑑
 Self-weight of slab = 0.22𝑚 ∗ 25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 = 5.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

 DL from finishing and others = 1.129 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Total DL = 5.5 + 1.129 = 6.629 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

 Live load = 5.0 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Design load, 𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐷𝐿 + 1.5𝐿𝐿 = 1.35 ∗ 6.629 + 1.5 ∗ 5 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Step3: Determine effective span length of each panel

2
Longer span, 𝐿𝑒1 = 𝐿𝑦 − 3 ℎ𝑐
2
Shorter span, 𝐿𝑒2 = 𝐿𝑥 − 3 ℎ𝑐 Where ℎ𝑐 is effective diameter of a column or column head

The effective diameter of a column or column head ℎ𝑐 is the diameter of a circle whose area
equals the cross-sectional area of the column or, if column heads are used, the area of the
column head based on the effective dimensions. In no case shall ℎ𝑐 be taken as greater than
one-quarter of the shortest span framing in to the column.
𝜋ℎ𝑐2
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450𝑚𝑚 = 202500𝑚𝑚2 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
4

4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 4 ∗ 202500
ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 508𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.25 ∗ 5500𝑚𝑚 = 1375𝑚𝑚 … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
Longer span, 𝐿𝑒1 = 𝐿𝑦 − 3 ℎ𝑐 = 5500𝑚𝑚 − 3 ∗ 508𝑚𝑚 = 5161.333𝑚𝑚 = 5.1613𝑚
2 2
Shorter span, 𝐿𝑒2 = 𝐿𝑥 − 3 ℎ𝑐 = 5500𝑚𝑚 − 3 ∗ 508𝑚𝑚 = 5161.333𝑚𝑚 = 5.1613𝑚

Step4: Determine width column strip and middle strip of each panel
For purpose of design of flat slab, panels of slab are divided in to column and middle strip.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 31

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Figure I.1: Division of panels in flat slabs

Width of column strip
For end panels: 0.25𝐿𝑥 = 0.25 ∗ 5.5𝑚 = 1.375𝑚
For interior panels: 0.5𝐿𝑥 = 0.5 ∗ 5.5𝑚 = 2.75𝑚
Width of middle strip
In the longer direction: 𝐿𝑦 − 0.5𝐿𝑥 = 5.5𝑚 − 0.5 ∗ 5.5𝑚 = 2.75𝑚
In the shorter direction: 𝐿𝑥 − 0.5𝐿𝑥 = 5.5𝑚 − 0.5 ∗ 5.5𝑚 = 2.75𝑚
Step5: Check the criteria for Direct Design Method
The direct design method also could have been called “the direct-analysis method”, because
this method essentially prescribes values for moments in various parts of the slab panel without
the need for a structural analysis. For continuous slab panels with relatively uniform lengths
and subjected to distributed loading, a series of moment coefficients were developed that would
lead to safe flexural designs of two-way floor systems.
Limitations on the use of the Direct Design Method as per ACI Code (Section 13.6.1)
1. 3 span in each direction…………. Ok!
If there are fewer than three panels, the interior negative moments from the direct-design
method tend to be too small.
𝐿𝑦 5.5
2. = 5.5 = 1.0 ≤ 2.0 … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝐿𝑥

3. Successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more than 1/3 of longer span.
This limit is imposed so that certain standard reinforcement cutoff details can be used.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 32

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

1 1
5.5 − 5.5 = 0 ≤ 𝐿𝑦 = ∗ 5.5 = 1.833𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … . . 𝑂𝑘!
3 3
4. Maximum offset of column from either axis between center-line of successive columns
shall not exceed 10% of the span in direction of offset …. Ok!
5. All loads must be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
(By assuming there are no lateral loads on our slab)………Ok!
The direct-design method cannot be used for unbraced, laterally loaded frames, mats
foundation, or pre-stressed slabs.
6. Factored live load must be less than twice of the factored dead load
1.5𝐿𝐿 1.5 ∗ 5
= = 0.838 < 2.0 … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
1.35𝐷𝐿 1.35 ∗ 6.629
Strip or checkerboard loadings with large ratios of live load to dead load may lead to moments
larger than those assumed in this method of analysis.
∴The direct design method (DDM) can be used to determine design moments of slab.
Step6: Determine design moments of slab by Direct Design Method
Table: Bending Moment and Shear Force coefficients for flat slabs of three or more spans
(Direct design method)

Design moments in both longer span and shorter direction (𝐿𝑒1 = 𝐿𝑒2 = 5.1613𝑚 = 𝐿𝑒 )

Where 𝐹 is the total concentrated factored design load for each panel.
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑑 ∗ 𝐿𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝑦 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ∗ 5.5𝑚 ∗ 5.5𝑚 = 497.6125𝑘𝑁

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 33

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Design shear force

Generally, for both methods of analysis, the negative moments greater than those at a distance
ℎ𝑐⁄
2 from the center-line of the column may be ignored provided the moment 𝑀0 obtained as
the sum of the maximum positive design moment and the average of the negative design
moments in anyone span of the slab for the whole panel width is such that:
2
(𝑔𝑑 + 𝑞𝑑 )𝐿2 2
𝑀0 ≥ (𝐿1 − ℎ𝑐 )
2 3
Where
𝐿1 is the panel length parallel to span, measured from centers of columns.
𝐿2 is the panel width, measured from centers of columns
ℎ𝑐 is the effective diameter of a column or column head
When the above condition is not satisfied, the negative design moments shall be increased.

1
𝑀0 = 213.171 + (102.733 + 161.8) = 345.4375𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
𝑔𝑑 = 1.35 ∗ 𝑔𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 6.629 = 8.95 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 𝑞𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑞𝑘 = 1.5 ∗ 5.0 = 7.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 34

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑃𝑑 = 𝑔𝑑 + 𝑞𝑑 = 16.45 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
2 2
(𝑔𝑑 + 𝑞𝑑 )𝐿2 2 16.45 ∗ 5.5 2
(𝐿1 − ℎ𝑐 ) = (5.5 − ∗ 0.508) = 301.27𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≤ 𝑀0
2 3 2 3
= 343.81𝑘𝑁𝑚 … 𝑂𝑘!
Step 7: Apportioning moments in to column strips and middle strip
Simplified apportionment of bending moment for a flat slab as per ES EN 1992: 2015 Annex I
Table I.1
Strips Negative moments Positive moments
Column Strip 60 − 80% 50 − 70%
Middle Strip 40 − 20% 50 − 30%
Note: Total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and middle
strips together should always add up to100%.

Direction of span Total BM BM on column BM on middle

(𝑘𝑁𝑚) strip (𝑘𝑁𝑚) strip (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

Long direction 𝑀𝑠 = − 161.8 0.75𝑀𝑠 = −121.35 0.25𝑀𝑠 = −40.45

𝑀𝑓 = 182.351 0.55𝑀𝑓 = 100.293 0.45𝑀𝑓 = 82.058

Short direction 𝑀𝑠 = − 161.8 0.75𝑀𝑠 = −121.35 0.25𝑀𝑠 = −40.45

𝑀𝑓 = 182.351 0.55𝑀𝑓 = 100.293 0.45𝑀𝑓 = 82.058

Step 8: Determine design constants

Concrete: C-25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

Steel: S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 343.87𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑠

Step 9: Check depth for flexural design

 The largest moment, 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = − 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎
 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 (for a column strip)
 Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given
by:
Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 35
Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑀𝑑
< 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑀𝑑 121.35 ∗ 106
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛. ≥ √ =√ = 102.755𝑚𝑚
0.295𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.295 ∗ 2750 ∗ 14.167

Assuming 15 mm concrete cover, 12 mm diameter bars:

The overall depth of the slab 𝐷:
𝐷 = 102.755 + 15 + 6 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 < 𝑫𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎 … 𝑶𝒌!
Step 9: Check effective depth d for punching shear (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 6.4, Pg.
101)
 Punching shear can result from a concentrated load or reaction acting on a relatively
small area, called the loaded area 𝑨𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 of a slab or a foundation.
 An appropriate verification model for checking punching failure at the ultimate limit
state is shown in Figure 6.12.

 The shear resistance should be checked at the face of the column and at the basic
control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 .
 If shear reinforcement is required a further perimeter 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑒𝑓 should be found where
shear reinforcement is no longer required.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 36

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Figure 6:14: Basic control perimeter

Load distribution and basic control perimeter

The basic control perimeter 𝑢1 may normally be taken to be at a distance 2.0𝑑 from the loaded
area and should be constructed so as to minimize its length.
𝑑𝑦 = 220 − 15 − 6 = 199𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑥 = 220 − 15 − 12 − 6 = 187𝑚𝑚
𝒅𝒚 +𝒅𝒙 𝟏𝟗𝟗+𝟏𝟖𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝟐 𝟐

Where 𝑑𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥 are the effective depths of the reinforcement in two orthogonal directions.

Perimeter of critical section adjacent to face of column

𝑢0 = 2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) = 2(450 + 450) = 1800𝑚𝑚
Basic control perimeter 𝒖𝟏
𝑢1 = 2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) + 2𝜋(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) = 2 ∗ 900 + 2𝜋(2 ∗ 193) = 4225.31𝑚𝑚

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 37

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Punched area, 𝑨𝒑
𝜋
𝐴𝑝 = (𝐶1 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 )(𝐶2 + 4𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) − 4 [(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 − 4 (2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 ] = (450 + 4 ∗ 193)(450 + 4 ∗
𝜋
193) − 4 [(2 ∗ 193)2 − 4 (2 ∗ 193)2 ] = 1365384.74𝑚𝑚2

Tributary area, 𝑨𝒕 for balancing the critical shear

𝐴𝑡 = 𝐿𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝑦 − 𝐴𝑝
𝐴𝑡 = 5500 ∗ 5500 − 1365384.74 = 28884615.26𝑚𝑚2 = 28.885𝑚2
Punching Shear Calculation
The following checks should be carried out:
(a) At the column perimeter, or the perimeter of the loaded area, the maximum punching shear
stress should not be exceeded:
𝑽𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙
Where:
𝑽𝑬𝒅 is the design punching shear force due to applied load along the control section considered.
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 is the design value of the maximum punching shear resistance along the control
section considered.
(b) Punching shear reinforcement is not necessary if:
𝑽𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 is the design value of the punching shear resistance of a slab without punching shear
reinforcement along the control section considered.
(c) Where 𝑽𝑬𝒅 exceeds the value 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 for the control section considered, punching shear
reinforcement should be provided according to ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 6.4.5.
Design punching shear force due to applied load 𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝑷𝒅 ∗ 𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵⁄𝑚2 ∗ 28.885𝑚2 = 475.152𝑘𝑁

 Where the support reaction is eccentric with regard to the control perimeter, the
maximum shear stress should be taken as:

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 38

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Figure 6.19: Shear distribution due to an unbalanced moment at a slab internal column
connection
𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝑽𝒆𝒒 = 𝜷
𝒖𝒊 𝒅
Recommended values for 𝜷 are given in Figure 6.21N.

Figure 6.21N: Recommended values for 𝜷

Check critical shear stress at perimeter of column
Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to interior columns (𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)
𝑉 475.152
𝑉𝑒𝑞 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ 1800∗193 = 1.573𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 … . 𝑂𝑘!
0

𝑓
𝑐𝑘 25
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.2 (1 − 250 ) 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.2 (1 − 250) ∗ 25 = 4.5𝑀𝑝𝑎

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 39

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Check shear stress at control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 (2d from face of column)

𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑞 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐
1

475.152∗103
𝑉𝑒𝑞 = 1.15 ∗ 4225.31∗193 = 0.67𝑀𝑝𝑎

 Punching shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement, 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 may be calculated
as follows:
1⁄
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 3⁄ 1⁄ + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝
0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝
Where:

200 200
𝑘 =1+√ =√ = 1.018 ≤ 2.0 … . . 𝑂𝑘! 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 193

𝜌 = √𝜌𝑥 ∗ 𝜌𝑦 ≤ 0.02

𝝆𝒙 , 𝝆𝒚 relate to the bonded tension steel in x- and y- directions respectively.

𝐴𝑠𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑦
𝜌𝑥 = & 𝜌𝑦 =
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑

 The values 𝝆𝒙 and 𝝆𝒚 should be calculated as mean values taking into account a slab
width 𝒃 equal to the column width plus 3d each side.
 Both are unknown since flexural reinforcement has not been determined and assume
concrete lightly stressed ρ = 0.5%.
0.005 ≤ 0.02 … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝜎𝑐𝑦 + 𝜎𝑐𝑥
𝜎𝑐𝑝 =
2
𝝈𝒄𝒚 , 𝝈𝒄𝒙 are the normal concrete stresses in the critical section in y- and x-directions (MPa,
positive if compression):
𝑁𝐸𝑑,𝑦 𝑁𝐸𝑑,𝑥
𝜎𝑐𝑦 = & 𝜎𝑐𝑥 =
𝐴𝑐𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝑥
𝑵𝑬𝒅,𝒚, 𝑵𝑬𝒅,𝒙 are the design axial compression load in y- and x-directions
 In our case, it is not specified. 𝝈𝒄𝒑 = 𝟎

 The recommended value for 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18⁄𝛾𝑐 = 0.18⁄1.5 = 0.12 and 𝑘1 = 0.1.
1⁄
0.12 ∗ 2(100 ∗ 0.005 ∗ 25) 3 = 0.2835𝑀𝑝𝑎
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 2 1
0.035(2) ⁄3 (25) ⁄2 = 0.177𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂 < 𝑽𝒆𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝑴𝒑𝒂 … … … . 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆!
Recommendation of the way how to prevent the punching shear failure:

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 40

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

i. Provide drop panels

ii. Provide column capitals
iii. Provide punching shear reinforcement
From the above recommendations, let us provide drop panels.
The effective dimensions of a column head for use in calculation of ℎ𝑐 are limited according
to the depth of the head. In any direction, the effective dimension of a head 𝐿ℎ shall be taken
as:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿ℎ0
𝐿ℎ = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
𝐿ℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥

The smaller actual dimension of the drop panel is at least one third of the smaller dimension of
𝐿𝑥⁄
the surrounding panels, 3 and the drop may be 25 to 50 percent thicker than the rest of the
slab.
 Thickness of slab around drop panel = 1.25𝑡𝑠 = 1.25 ∗ 220 = 275𝑚𝑚.
 Thickness of drop panel = Thickness of slab around drop panel minus thickness of slab
outside of drop panel.
∴Thickness of drop panel = 275mm - 220mm = 55mm. Let us take 𝒅𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐿𝑥⁄ 5.5⁄ = 1.833𝑚.
 Actual dimension 𝐿ℎ0 = 3= 3
𝐿ℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿𝑐 + 2𝒅𝒉 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐿ℎ0 = 1833.333𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝐿ℎ = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. { Take 𝑳𝒉 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐿ℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 650𝑚𝑚
∴Provide a square drop panel of side length 𝑳𝒉 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 and depth additional to that of the
slab of 100mm.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 41

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Critical section from the face of drop panel

Perimeter of critical section adjacent to face of drop panel
𝑢0 = 2(𝐿ℎ1 + 𝐿ℎ2 ) = 2(650 + 650) = 2600𝑚𝑚
Basic control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 (2d from face of drop panel)
𝑢1 = 2(𝐿ℎ1 + 𝐿ℎ2 ) + 2𝜋(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) = 2600 + 2𝜋(2 ∗ 193) = 5025.31𝑚𝑚
Punched area, 𝑨𝒑
𝜋
𝐴𝑝 = (𝐿ℎ1 + 2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )(𝐿ℎ2 + 2𝑑𝑎𝑣 ) − 4 [(2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 − 2 (2𝑑𝑎𝑣 )2 ]
𝜋
= (850 + 2 ∗ 193)(850 + 2 ∗ 193) − 4 [(2 ∗ 193)2 − 4 (2 ∗ 193)2 ] =

2151921.2𝑚𝑚2
Tributary area, 𝑨𝒕 for balancing the critical shear
𝐴𝑡 = 𝐿𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝑦 − 𝐴𝑝
𝐴𝑡 = 5500 ∗ 5500 − 2151921.2 = 28098078.8𝑚𝑚2 = 28.098𝑚2
Design punching shear force due to applied load 𝑽𝑬𝒅

𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝑷𝒅 ∗ 𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵⁄𝑚2 ∗ 28.098𝑚2 = 462.21𝑘𝑁

Check critical shear stress at perimeter of drop panel

Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to interior columns (𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)
𝑉 462.21∗103
𝑽𝒆𝒒 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝑴𝒑𝒂 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂 … . 𝑶𝒌!
0 3400∗193

Check shear stress at control perimeter 𝒖𝟏 (2d from face of drop panel)
𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝑽𝒆𝒒 = 𝜷 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄
𝒖𝟏 𝒅

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 42

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

462.21∗103
𝑽𝒆𝒒 = 1.15 ∗ 5025.31∗193 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟖𝑴𝒑𝒂 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂 … … … . 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆!

Step 10: Calculate flexural reinforcement

Slab is design as a singly reinforced beam.
𝑴 𝑑 𝑀 𝒃𝒂𝒔
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒛𝒇 𝑧 = 2 (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) ≤ 0.95𝑑 𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓 𝒔=
𝒚𝒅 𝑐𝑑 𝑨𝒔

𝑑1 is effective depth in the longer direction and 𝑑2 is effective depth in the shorter direction
𝑑1 = 199 − 15 − 6 = 199𝑚𝑚 and 𝑑2 = 199 − 15 − 12 − 6 = 187mm
Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.2.1.1,
Pg. 162)
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑘
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐
Check minimum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 section 8.2, Pg. 140)
𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. {𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚
Check maximum spacing of reinforcement (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.3.1, Pg. 169)
 For slabs less than 200mm thick the following maximum spacing rules apply:
3ℎ
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
400𝑚𝑚
3.5ℎ
For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
450𝑚𝑚
 In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment those provisions
become respectively:
2ℎ
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
250𝑚𝑚
3ℎ
 For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. { Where h is the depth of the
400𝑚𝑚
slab
Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 43
Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

 Sample calculation for 𝑀 = 121.35𝑘𝑁𝑚 → from column strip in the longer direction,
𝑑 = 199𝑚𝑚, 𝑏 = 2750𝑚𝑚 for panel C.
𝑀 121.35 ∗ 106
𝐾= = = 0.0786 ≤ 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2750 ∗ 1992 ∗ 14.167
∴Singly reinforced section
𝑑 199
𝑧= (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) = (1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.078) = 190.84𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 0.95 ∗ 1
2 2
= 189.05𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑧 = 0.95𝑑 = 189.05𝑚𝑚
𝑀 121.35∗106
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓 = 189.05∗347.83 = 1845.42𝑚𝑚2
𝑦𝑑

𝜋(12)2
𝑏𝑎𝑠 2750∗
4
𝑠= = = 168.53𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 1845.42

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas

0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 0.26∗2.6∗2750∗199
= = 924.852𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 2750 ∗ 199 = 711.425𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 924.852𝑚𝑚2
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐 ≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 924.852𝑚𝑚2 … … 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 2750 ∗ 220 = 24200𝑚𝑚2
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24200𝑚𝑚2 … … … 𝑂𝑘!
Check minimum spacing of reinforcement
𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚
𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟑𝒎𝒎 > 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑚𝑚 … … . 𝑂𝑘!
Check maximum spacing of reinforcement
For the principal reinforcement:
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 220 = 440𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
250𝑚𝑚
𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟑𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250𝑚𝑚 … . . 𝑂𝑘!
∴ 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 44

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑀(𝑘𝑁𝑚)

≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑(𝑚𝑚)

𝑏(𝑚𝑚)
𝑧(𝑚𝑚)

(𝑚𝑚2 )

Remark
Strips

𝐴𝑠
CS L(-) -121.35 199 189.050 2750 1845.42 168.53 12c/c160 1
CS L(+) 100.293 199 169.155 2750 1704.58 182.46 12c/c180 2
CS s(-) -121.35 187 177.650 2750 1963.85 158.37 12c/c150 3
CS s(+) 100.293 187 177.650 2750 1623.074 191.62 12 c/c190 4
MS L(-) -121.35 199 189.050 2750 1845.42 168.53 12c/c160 5
MS L(+) 100.293 199 189.050 2750 1704.58 182.46 12c/c180 6
MS s(-) -121.35 187 177.650 2750 1963.85 158.37 12c/c150 7
MS s(+) 100.293 187 177.650 2750 1623.074 191.62 12 c/c190 8
Step 11: Reinforcement bar length calculation
 Long direction and short direction are the same since the panel is square.
 Span length, 𝑙 = 5500𝑚𝑚
 Clear span, 𝑙𝑛 = 5500 − 450 = 5050𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 0.20𝑙𝑛 = 0.20 ∗ 5050 = 1010𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 0.22𝑙𝑛 = 0.22 ∗ 5050 = 1111𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 0.30𝑙𝑛 = 0.3 ∗ 5050 = 1515𝑚𝑚
𝑒 = 0.33𝑙𝑛 = 0.33 ∗ 5050 = 1666.5𝑚𝑚

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 45

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Minimum Bend Point Locations and Extensions for reinforcement in Flat Slabs

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 46

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Step 12: Reinforcement layout/detailing

Flat slab at internal columns (ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015 clause 9.4)
(1) The arrangement of reinforcement in flat slab construction should reflect the behavior under
working conditions. In general this will result in a concentration of reinforcement over the
columns.
(2) At internal columns, unless rigorous serviceability calculations are carried out, top
reinforcement of area 0.5𝐴𝑡 should be placed in a width equal to the sum of 0.125𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 the
panel width on either side of the column. 𝑨𝒕 represents the area of reinforcement required to
resist the full negative moment from the sum of the two half panels each side of the column.
(3) Bottom reinforcement (≥ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠) in each orthogonal direction should be provided at internal
columns and this reinforcement should pass through the column.
Slab at edge and corner columns (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 Clause 9.4.2)
(1) Reinforcement perpendicular to a free edge required to transmit bending moments from
the slab to an edge or corner column should be placed within the effective width be
shown in Figure 9.9

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 47

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

1
2750 2
5 7 8
2750
6

2750 4
3

2750 2750 2750

Step 13: Bar schedules for straight bars
Bar # Location Bar shape Spacing & total length (mm) Remark

12c/c160 L = 3831.5 50% 𝐴𝑠

1 Column L(-)
12c/c160 L = 2670 Remainder
≥ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
should pass
2 Column L(+) 12c/c180 L = 2750
through the
column

12c/c150 L = 3831.5 50% 𝐴𝑠

3 Column S(-)
12c/c150 L = 2670 Remainder
≥ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
should pass
4 Column S(+) 12c/c180 L = 2750
through the
column
12c/c160 L = 3831.5 50% 𝐴𝑠
5 Middle L(-)
12c/c160 L = 2670 Remainder
≥ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
should pass
6 Middle L(+) 12c/c180 L = 2750
through the
column
12c/c150 L = 3831.5 50% 𝐴𝑠
7 Middle S(-)
12c/c150 L = 2670 Remainder
≥ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 should
8 Middle S(+) 12c/c180 L = 2750 pass through the
column

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 48

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 3
Check the punching shear for the slab-column below and determine the maximum load that can
be carried on the internal square column area 350𝑚𝑚 ∗ 350𝑚𝑚 without exceeding the ultimate
shear stress in the concrete.

Frame is braced with 7.2𝑚 column centers.

Internal columns 350𝑚𝑚 square
Slab thickness ℎ = 250𝑚𝑚; cover= 25𝑚𝑚
Materials used 𝐶30/37, 𝑆 – 500
All reinforcement 𝜙20𝑚𝑚 @175𝑚𝑚 𝑐/c
Reaction at column 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 765𝑘𝑁
Solution
Step 1: Summarize the given parameters
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 37𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
Concrete: 𝐶30/37 {
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 16.77𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 33𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 434.78𝑀𝑃𝑎
Steel reinforcement: 𝑆 − 500 𝑦𝑑
𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
{ 𝑦𝑑 = 2.174‰
𝜀
Step 2: Calculate the shear stress 𝑣𝐸𝑑
2.1. At the face of the loaded area (column)
𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽
𝑢0 𝑑

20
𝑑𝑦 = 250 − 25 − 2
= 215𝑚𝑚

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 49

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

20
𝑑𝑥 = 250 − 25 − 20 − = 195𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑥 215+195
𝑑= = = 205𝑚𝑚
2 2

Using simplified value of 𝛽 = 1.15 for internal column.

Length of perimeter of column face 𝑢0 = 2(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 ) = 2(350 + 350) = 1400𝑚𝑚
𝑉 765∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ 1400∗205 = 3.07𝑀𝑃𝑎
0

2.2. At 2𝑑 from the face of the column

𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽
𝑢1 𝑑
𝑢1 = 2(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 ) + 2𝜋(2𝑑) = 2 ∗ 700 + 2𝜋(2 ∗ 205) = 3976𝑚𝑚

𝑉 765∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ 3976∗205 = 1.08𝑀𝑃𝑎
1

Step 3: Calculate the maximum allowable punching shear stress, 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑐𝑘 𝑓 30
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑣 = 0.6 (1 − 250 ) = 0.6 (1 − 250) = 0.53

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 ∗ 0.53 ∗ 16.77 = 4.49𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 3.07𝑀𝑃𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

Step 4: Calculate the punching shear stress resistance, 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 of the slab at the basic control
perimeter.

⁄3 1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. {𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 𝑁𝑜 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛

200 200
Where: 𝑘 = 1 + √ = √205 = 1.988 ≤ 2.0 … . . 𝑂𝑘! 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑑

𝜌 = √𝜌𝑥 ∗ 𝜌𝑦 ≤ 0.02

𝜌𝑥 , 𝜌𝑦 relate to the bonded tension steel in x- and y- directions respectively.

𝐴 𝐴𝑠𝑦
𝜌𝑥 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠𝑥 & 𝜌𝑦 = 𝑏𝑑
𝑥 𝑦

Area reinforcement per meter length of slab

𝜋(20)2 𝜋(20)2
𝑎𝑠 2 𝑎𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = = 4
= 314𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 𝑠 = 4
= 314𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑥 175 𝑦 175

𝐴𝑠𝑥 314 𝐴𝑠𝑦 314

𝜌𝑥 = = 195 = 0.0092 & 𝜌𝑦 = 𝑏𝑑 = 215 = 0.0083
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝜌 = √𝜌𝑥 ∗ 𝜌𝑦 = √0.0092 ∗ 0.0083 = 0.0088 ≤ 0.02 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 50

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

The recommended value for 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18⁄𝛾𝑐 = 0.18⁄1.5 = 0.12

3⁄ 1⁄
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2

1
0.12 ∗ 1.988(100 ∗ 0.0088 ∗ 30) ⁄3 = 0.71𝑀𝑝𝑎
∴ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 3 1
0.035(1.988) ⁄2 (30) ⁄2 = 0.537𝑀𝑝𝑎
Therefore, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.71𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 1.08𝑀𝑃𝑎 at cross section 𝑢1 . 𝑣𝐸𝑑 > 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 Therefore
shear reinforcement is required.
Step 5: Compute the control perimeter at which shear reinforcement is not required
𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑 1.15 ∗ 765 ∗ 103
𝑈𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = = 6050𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑑 0.71 ∗ 205
This perimeter is at 𝒏𝒅 from the column face, where
𝑈𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑈𝑜 6050 − 1400
𝑛= = = 3.61
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋 ∗ 205
The outmost perimeter of shear reinforcement need not be placed as a distance greater than
1.5𝑑 inside 𝑈𝑜𝑢𝑡 . The innermost at 0.3 − 0.5𝑑, and there should be at least two perimeter shear
reinforcement.
Therefore, number of perimeter required = 4 and spacing of perimeters 𝑠 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 ∗
205 = 153.75𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 120𝑚𝑚
Step 6: Compute the shear resistance provided while punching shear reinforcements are
provided
1.5𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐𝑠 = 0.75𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 + ∗
𝑆𝑟 𝑢1 𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑣𝐸𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
(𝑣𝐸𝑑 − 0.75𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 )𝑢1 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑤 ≥
1.5𝑑
𝑆𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓 = 250 + 0.25𝑑 = 250 + 0.25 ∗ 205 = 310𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 = 434.78𝑀𝑃𝑎 … … 𝑂𝑘!
(1.08−0.75∗0.71)3976∗205
𝐴𝑠𝑤 ≥ 1.5∗205
∗310
120

𝐴𝑠𝑤 ≥ 578𝑚𝑚2
Check for minimum area of punching reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) 0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘
≥
𝑆𝑟 ∗ 𝑆𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑘
Maximum allowable 𝑆𝑡 = 2𝑑 = 2 ∗ 205 = 410𝑚𝑚 and links are vertical so 𝛼 = 90°

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 51

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑆𝑟 ∗𝑆𝑡 0.08√30∗120∗410

𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 36.8𝑚𝑚2
1.5𝑓𝑦𝑘 1.5∗500

𝜙8𝑚𝑚 provides 50.3𝑚𝑚2

Choice of link size to satisfy maximum tangential spacing:
Minimum 8 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠 at inner perimeter (0.45𝑑 = 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛(0.3 − 0.5𝑑) = 90𝑚𝑚 from the face
of the column) and 11 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠 at outer perimeter (460𝑚𝑚 = 4𝑥120𝑚𝑚) and provide
578𝑚𝑚2 per perimeter. Propose 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 (8𝜙10𝑚𝑚 = 628𝑚𝑚2 > 578𝑚𝑚2 )
Determine the maximum load that can be carried on the internal square column (𝑣𝐸𝑑 ≤
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 )
𝑉
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.7𝑀𝑃𝑎
0

𝑣𝐸𝑑 ∗𝑢0 𝑑 0.71∗1400∗205

𝑉𝐸𝑑 = = ∗ 10−3 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵
𝛽 1.15

Check the shear stress at 2𝑑 from the face of the loaded area (column)
𝑉 181.94∗103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑢𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1.15 ∗ = 0.257𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.7𝑀𝑃𝑎 … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
1 3976∗205

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 52

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Exercise (Flat slab design by using Equivalent Frame Method)

Design section of flat-slab of a typical floor slab system of braced building frame as shown
below subjected to floor live load of 4𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 in addition to its own weight. Assume weight of
floor finish about 1𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2. No beams, dropped panels, or column capitals are provided
initially. Span lengths of each panels of flat-slab are 𝐿𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝑦 = 5𝑚 ∗ 6𝑚. Square columns of
400𝑚𝑚 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 are assumed and the floor to floor height of the structure will be 3𝑚.
Materials used are 𝐶25/30 strength class and 𝑆 − 400 steel grade. Straight bar reinforcement
will be used. For analysis of flat slabs use Equivalent Frame Method.

Flat slab design by Equivalent Frame Analysis Method Page 53