4) 2πr = nλ

1 Intro 5) In jumping ∆E = Ef – Ei = hν
Thomson discovered electron 2 2
n h ε0
2 2 2
n h n
6) r n = = =0.53 Å
2 Models of atom 2 2
4 π kZm e πmZ e
2
Z
I] thomson’s model n
2
⇒ rn ∝ ……… graph
II] Rutherford exp --- Z
a) observations, conclusions & thomson’s 7)
failure
( )
2 2
2 π kZ e Ze c Z 6 Z
v n= = = . =2.2 ×1 0 m / sec
i. 0.14% scatter more than 10. nh 2 ε 0 nh 137 n n
ii. 1 in 8000 more than 900. 2
n
⇒ vn∝ ……….. graph
iii. Rutherford’s model [nuclear, Z
planetary ]
8) Other quantities
b) number ofparticles scattered at angle θ
1 Quantity Formula Dependency
¿ 4 ; N vs θ graph
sin ( θ/2 ) on n and Z
c) Distance of closest approach (r0) (1) Angular vn π m z2 e4 2
Z
2 ω n= = ωn ∝
1 Ze speed r n 2 ε 20 n3 h3 n
3
r0 ¿ . ……. Problem
4 π ε0 E
(2) Frequency ωn mz e
2 4
Z
2

d) impact parameter (b) ∝ cot(¿ θ /2)¿ ν n= = 2 3 3 νn∝ 3

2 π 4 ε0 n h n
N 1 t1 (3) Time 2 3 3 3
e) N ∝ t [thickness of foil] ⇒ = . 1 4 ε0 n h n
T n∝ 2
N 2 t2 T n= =
period νn m z2 e4 Z
–15
f) Size of the nucleus = 1 Fermi = 10

( 2hπ ) Ln ∝n
(4) Angular
m; Ln=m v n r n=n
momentum
Size of the atom 1 Å = 10–10 m.
(5) mz e
2 5
Z
2
g) Drawbacks of Rutherford [radiation, i n=e ν n= 2 3 3
in ∝ 3
Corresponding 4 ε0 n h n
line spectra, EC]
current
III) Bohr’s model
(6) Magnetic M n=i n A=i n ( π r 2n ) M n∝ n
1) Important constants and
moment
conversions (where

a) me = m = 9.11 x 10-31 kg eh
μ0 = =¿Bo
4π m
b) c = 3 x 108 m/s
hr magneton)
c) h = 6.6 × 10-34 Js
(7) Magnetic 2 3 7
μ0 in π m z e μ 0 Z 3
d) ε 0 = 8.85 × 10-12 C2/Nm2 B= = B∝ 5
field 3 5 5
2r n 8 ε0 n h n
e) Å=10

2) No emmission in orbits, where - problems

9) Energy
3) L=n ( )
h
2π
=mvr
i. Important constants and conversions
 a) h = 6.6 × 10-34 m2 kg / s 2
p h
2
g) Erecoil = =
b) 1 ev = 1 x 10-19 J 2 m 2 m λ2
4
me - problems
c) R= 2
7
3 = 1.09  10 m
-1

8 ε0 c h 12) Drawbacks of Bohr’s model

-18
d) Rch = 2.2 x 10 J = 13.6 ev
a) Only for monoatomic
(Ze)(−e) −kZ e 2
ii. PE=U =k . = b) Elliptical orbits by Somerfield
rn rn
c) spectral lines, doublets
2
kZ e
iii. KE = K= d) Rotating nucleus
2 rn
2
e) Zeeman and Stark effect
−kZ e
iv. TE = E=K +U= =¿ 3 Hydrogen Spectrum and Spectral
2 rn
2 Series
Z
−Rch 2 J
n
2 2
Z Z
J ¿−13.6 2 eV
[ ]
= 2.2 x 10-18 2 1 1 1
n n ν̄= =R 2 − 2
λ ni n f
[ 1ev = 1 x 10-19 J ]

U
v. T E=−K=
2
2
+13.6 Z
vi. Eionisation = 2
eV
n
vii. BE=−TE
- Problems
11) Transition of electron

a) ΔE=E f −Ei=13.6 Z
2
( 1 1
2
− 2 ev
ni n f )
b) ν=
Δ E Ef −Ei
h
=
h
2 1 1
=Rc Z 2 − 2
ni nf ( )
1
c) ν̄= = = =R Z
λ
ν
c
1
λ
2
( 1 1
2
− 2
ni nf )
1) -ve ⇒ jump down ⇒ E release
2) +ve ⇒ jump up ⇒ E absorbed
(n2−n1 +1)(n2−n1)
d) N E=
2
n(n−1) For jumping down
e) N E=
2 nf ni region λ max λ min

f)
recoil h 2 1 1
Patom =P p h oton= =hR Z 2 − 2
λ n1 n2 ( ) Layman 1 2,3…… UV
[first] [last]

Balmer 2 3,4…… Visible

Paschen 3 4,5….. IR
Brackett 4 5,6…… IR
Pfund 5 6,7…… IR

- problems