Received: 5 August 2021 Revised: 16 March 2022 Accepted: 21 March 2022

DOI: 10.1002/mma.8372

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Some new results of nonlinear model arising in

incompressible visco-elastic Kelvin–Voigt fluid

Md. Nur Alam1 Shariful Islam2 Onur Alp İlhan3 Hasan Bulut4

1
Department of Mathematics, Pabna
University of Science and Technology, The Oskolkov equation, which is a nonlinear model that describes the dynamics
Pabna, 6600, Bangladesh of an incompressible visco-elastic Kelvin–Voigt fluid, is examined in the present
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic
( )
study. It has been obtained by applying the modified G′ ∕G -expansion method,
Engineering, Pundra University of Science
and Technology, Bogura, 5800, Bangladesh especially using calculation results such as kink wave, cusp wave, periodic respi-
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of ratory waves, and periodic wave solutions. This research has employed this pro-
Education, Erciyes University, Kayseri, cess to seek novel computational results of the Oskolkov equation. The dynamics
38039, Turkey
of obtained wave solutions are analyzed and illustrated in figures by selecting
4
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of
Science, Firat University, Elazig, 23119,
appropriate parameters. With three dimensional, two dimensional, and contour
Turkey graphical illustration, mathematical results explicitly exhibit the proposed algo-
rithm's complete honesty and high performance in physics, mathematics, and
Correspondence
Onur Alp İlhan, Department of engineering.
Mathematics, Faculty of Education,
Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, K E Y WO R D S
Kayseri, Turkey. incompressible visco-elastic Kelvin–Voigt fluid, modified (G′ ∕G)-expansion method, Oskolkov
Email: [email protected]
equation, wave solutions

Communicated by: Y. Qin

M S C C L A S S I F I C AT I O N
35E05, 35C08, 35Q51, 37L50, 37J25, 33F05

1 I NT RO DU CT ION

In the present time, the nonlinear dynamics have been continuously developed for numerous innovative reinforce-
ments, and exceptional improvement has been produced in the contribution of the computational results for nonlinear
partial differential equations (NPDEs), which have been essential attention for both researchers and scientists. There-
fore, the investigations of the soliton results for NPDEs have great significance in exploring nonlinear natural effects.
The NPDEs have significant importance in numerous areas, such as fluid mechanics, system identification, nonlin-
ear optics, plasma physics, water wave mechanics, mathematical physics, signal processing, optical fiber, and so many.
Due to the reconstructed features in numerous applications, the computational solutions to NLPDEs have fascinated
numerous studies' attention and perform an essential function in analyzing nonlinear physical events. Researchers and
scientists have produced several ways in their multiple investigations. As simple equation method,1( the power
) index
method,2 Legendre–Galerkin
( )spectral method, 3 sine-Gordon expansion method,4 the variation of G′ ∕G -expansion

method,5 the modified G′ ∕G -expansion method,6–9 Fokas method,10 the Hirota's method,11 generalized Exp-function
method,12 residual power series method,13 extended Jacobian elliptic function expansion method,14 the Jacobi elliptic
ansatz method,15 natural transform method,16 Kudryashov method,17 Jacobi elliptic function method,18 Exp-function
method,19 transformed rational function method,20 Cole–Hopf transformation,21 the Hirota bilinear method,22–24 and
so many.

Math Meth Appl Sci. 2022;1–16. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mma © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1
2 ALAM ET AL.

( )
The goal of this study is to give the modified G′ ∕G -expansion method to find computational solutions for the Oskolkov
equation.25,26 We are considering the Oskolkov equation:

ℏt − 𝜎ℏxxt − p2 ℏxx + ℏℏx = 0, (1)

where ℏ is a function of x and t and 𝜎, p2 are constants. Equation (1) presented the dynamics of an incompressible
visco-elastic Kelvin–Voigt fluid and fluid dynamics. Various kinds of Oskolkov equation are determined through numer-
ous techniques27–29 to build a closed-form wave solution. The(modified
) simple equation approach
27
is executed to discover
′ 25
the closed-form wave answer from Oskolkov equation. The G ∕G -expansion approach is implemented to determine
the exact wave answer from Oskolkov equation. N-soliton solutions to integrable equations are systematically stud-
ied by the Hirota bilinear met-hod for both (1 + 1)-dimensional integrable equations,30 (2 + 1)-dimensional integrable
equations,31 and also for some novel model equations in (2 + 1)-dimensions.32–34

2 M ET H O D O LO GY

We are considering

P (ℏ, ℏx , ℏxx , ℏt , ℏtt , ℏxt , .....) = 0, (2)

where P is a polynomial in ℏ and its derivatives.

Step 1: Use the traveling variable:

ℏ = ℏ (x, t) = ℏ (Γ) , Γ = p3 (x − Vt) , (3)

where p3 and V are a constant to be determined later. Using (3) into (2), we get the following ordinary
differential equation:

( )
R ℏ, p3 ℏ′ , p23 ℏ′′ , −p3 Vℏ′ , p23 V 2 ℏ′′ , −p23 V 2 ℏ′′ , ...... = 0. (4)

Step 2: Considering the solving form:

∑
M
ℏ (Γ) = Φi Ψi , (5)
i=−M
( )
G′ 𝜎
where Ψ = G
+ 2
, |Φ−M | + |ΦM | ≠ 0, and G = G (Γ) satisfy the equation

G′′ + 𝜎G′ + 𝛾G = 0, (6)

where Φi (±1, ±2, ... … , ±M), 𝜎, and 𝛾 are coefficient constants later. Implementing homogeneous balance
principle in Equation (4), the positive integer M can be determined. From Equation (6), we find that

Ψ′ = r − Ψ2 , (7)

𝜎 2 −4𝜐
where r = 4
and r is calculated by 𝜎 and 𝜐. So, Ψ satisfies (7), which produces:
– If r > 0, then we get:
√ (√ )
Ψ= r tanh rΓ .
ALAM ET AL. 3

√ (√ )
Ψ= r coth rΓ .
– If r = 0, then we get:
1
Ψ= .
Γ
– If r < 0, then we get:
√ (√ )
Ψ = − −r tan −rΓ .
√ (√ )
Ψ = −r cot −rΓ .

Step 3: By implementing (5) and (4) and (7) and collecting all terms with the same order of Ψ together, the left-hand
side of (4) is converted into polynomial in Ψ. Equating each coefficient of the polynomial to zero, we can get
a set of algebraic equations which can be solved to find the values of the studied method.

3 MATHEMATICAL A NA LYSIS

We are considering the (1 + 1)-dimensional Oskolkov equation:

ℏt − p1 ℏxxt − p2 ℏxx + ℏℏx = 0. (8)

Using ℏ (x, t) = ℏ (Γ) and Γ = p3 x − p4 t, then (8) becomes:

2p23 p4 p1 ℏ′′ − 2p2 p23 ℏ′ − 2p4 ℏ + p3 ℏ2 = 0. (9)

Now implementing the method of homogeneous balance between ℏ′′ and ℏ2 in (9), then we find:

∑
2
ℏ (Γ) = Φi Ψi
i=−2

= Φ−2 Ψ−2 + Φ−1 Ψ−1 + Φ0 Ψ0 + Φ1 Ψ1 + Φ2 Ψ2 . (10)

Collecting the coefficient of Ψ and solving the resultant system, then we find:
Cluster 01: ( √ )
−1
( √ ) ±
100𝜐−25𝜎 2
p2
−1
p3 = ± , p4 = ,
24p1 𝜐 − 6p1 𝜎 2 p1
3 p4 1 p2 1 p2
Φ0 = − , Φ1 = 0, Φ2 = 0, Φ−1 = , Φ−2 = ( √ ).
2 p3 10 p1 p3 200 −1
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

Putting these values in (10), then we achieve:

{√ (√ 2 )}−2 {√ 2 (√ 2 )}−1
𝜎 2 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐
p2 tanh Γ p2 tanh Γ
1 2 2 1 2 2 3 p4
ℏ11 (Γ) = ( √ ) + − .
200 −1 10 p1 p3 2 p3
p1 p3 ±
100𝜐−25𝜎 2
{√ (√ 2 )}−2 {√ 2 (√ 2 )}−1
𝜎 2 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐
p2 coth Γ p2 coth Γ
1 2 2 1 2 2 3 p4
ℏ12 (Γ) = ( √ ) + − .
200 −1 10 p p
1 3 2 p3
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

1 p2 Γ2 1 p2 Γ 3 p4
ℏ13 (Γ) = ( √ )+ − .
200 −1 10 p p
1 3 2 p3
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2
4 ALAM ET AL.

{ √ (√ 2 )}−2 { √ 2 (√ 2 )}−1
− −𝜎 2 +4𝜐 −𝜎 +4𝜐 − −𝜎 +4𝜐 −𝜎 +4𝜐
p2 tan Γ p2 tan Γ
1 2 2 1 2 2 3 p4
ℏ14 (Γ) = ( √ ) + − .
200 −1 10 p1 p3 2 p3
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2
{√ (√ 2 )}−2 {√ 2 (√ 2 )}−1
−𝜎 2 +4𝜐 −𝜎 +4𝜐 −𝜎 +4𝜐 −𝜎 +4𝜐
p2 cot Γ p2 cot Γ
1 2 2 1 2 2 3 p4
ℏ15 (Γ) = ( √ ) + − .
200 −1 10 p1 p3 2 p3
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

Cluster 02:
( √ )
−1
( √ ) ±
100𝜐−25𝜎 2
p2
1
p3 = ± , p4 = ,
24p1 𝜐 − 6p1 𝜎 2 p1
1 p4 1 p2 1 p2
Φ0 = − , Φ1 = 0, Φ2 = 0, Φ−1 = − , Φ−2 = − ( √ ).
2 p3 10 p1 p3 200 −1
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

Similarly, we get:
{√ (√ 2 )}−2
𝜎 2 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐
p2 tanh Γ
1 2 2
ℏ21 (Γ) = − ( √ )
200 −1
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

{√ (√ )}−1
𝜎 2 −4𝜐 𝜎 2 −4𝜐
p2 tanh Γ
1 2 2 1 p4
− − .
10 p1 p3 2 p3
{√ (√ 2 )}−2
𝜎 2 −4𝜐 𝜎 −4𝜐
p2 coth Γ
1 2 2
ℏ22 (Γ) = − ( √ )
200 −1
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2
{√ (√ )}−1
𝜎 2 −4𝜐 𝜎 2 −4𝜐
p2 coth Γ
1 2 2 1 p4
− . −
10 p1 p3 2 p3
1 p2 Γ2 1 p2 Γ 1 p4
ℏ23 (Γ) = − ( √ )− − .
200 −1 10 p1 p3 2 p3
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

{ √ (√ 2 )}−2
− −𝜎 2 +4𝜐 −𝜎 +4𝜐
p2 tan Γ
1 2 2
ℏ24 (Γ) = − ( √ )
200 −1
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2
{ √ (√ )}−1
− −𝜎 2 +4𝜐 −𝜎 2 +4𝜐
p2 tan Γ
1 2 2 1 p4
− − .
10 p1 p3 2 p3
{√ (√ 2 )}−2
−𝜎 2 +4𝜐 −𝜎 +4𝜐
p2 cot Γ
1 2 2
ℏ25 (Γ) = − ( √ )
200 −1
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

{√ (√ )}−1
−𝜎 2 +4𝜐 −𝜎 2 +4𝜐
p2 cot Γ
1 2 2 1 p4
− − .
10 p1 p3 2 p3
ALAM ET AL. 5

Cluster 03:
( √ )
−1
( √ ) ± p2
100𝜐−25𝜎 2
−1
p3 = ± , p4 = ,
24p1 𝜐 − 6p1 𝜎 2 p1
3 p2 12
Φ0 = ( √ ) , Φ1 = p2 p3 ,
50 −1 5
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2
( √ )
−1
Φ2 = 12p2 p3 ± , Φ−1 = 0, Φ−2 = 0.
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2

Similarly, we get:
{√ (√ )}
3 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
ℏ31 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 tanh Γ
50 −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tanh Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2
{√ (√ )}
3 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
ℏ32 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 coth Γ
50 −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± coth Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2
( √ )
3 p2 12 p2 p3 p2 p3 −1
ℏ33 (Γ) = ( √ )+ + 12 2 ± .
50 −1 5 Γ Γ 100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

{ √ (√ )}
3 p2 12 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
ℏ34 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 tan Γ
50 −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2
( √ ){ √ (√ )}2
−1 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tan Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2
{√ (√ )}
3 p2 12 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
ℏ35 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 cot Γ
50 −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± cot Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2

Cluster 04:
( √ )
−1
( √ ) ±
100𝜐−25𝜎 2
p2
1
p3 = ± , p4 = ,
24p1 𝜐 − 6p1 𝜎 2 p1
1 p2 12
Φ0 = ( √ ) , Φ1 = p2 p3 ,
50 ( ) −1 5
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

( √ )
−1
Φ2 = 12p2 p3 ± , Φ−1 = 0, Φ−2 = 0.
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2
6 ALAM ET AL.

Similarly, we get:

{√ (√ )}
1 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
ℏ41 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 tanh Γ
50 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tanh Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2
{√ (√ )}
1 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
ℏ42 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 coth Γ
50 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± coth Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2
( √ )
1 p2 12 p2 p3 p2 p3 −1
ℏ43 (Γ) = ( √ )+ + 12 2 ± .
50 ( ) −1 5 Γ Γ 100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2
{ √ (√ )}
1 p2 12 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
ℏ44 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 tan Γ
50 ( ) −1 5 2 2
2
p1 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 ± 2
100𝜐−25𝜎
( √ ){ √ (√ )}2
−1 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tan Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2
{√ (√ )}
1 p2 12 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
ℏ45 (Γ) = ( √ ) + p2 p3 cot Γ
50 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 100𝜐−25𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± cot Γ .
100𝜐 − 25𝜎 2 2 2

Cluster 05:

( √ )
−1
( √ ) ±
400𝜐−100𝜎 2
p2
−1
p3 = ± , p4 = ,
96p1 𝜐 − 24p1 𝜎 2 p1
1 p2
Φ0 = ( √ ),
50 ( ) −1
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2

( √ )
12 −1
Φ1 = p2 p3 , Φ2 = 12p2 p3 ± ,
5 400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2
( 2 )
3 3 p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐
Φ−1 = − p2 p3 , Φ−2 = − ( √ ).
5 400 −1
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎

Similarly, we get:
ALAM ET AL. 7

( ) { √𝜎 2 −4𝜐 (√ 2
𝜎 −4𝜐
)}−2
{√ (√ )}−1
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 tanh Γ 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
3 2 2 3
ℏ51 (Γ) = − ( √ ) − p2 p3 tanh Γ
400 −1 5 2 2
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
{√ (√ )}
1 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ ( √ ) + p2 p3 tanh Γ
80 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tanh Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2
( ) { √𝜎 2 −4𝜐 (√ 2
𝜎 −4𝜐
)}−2
{√ (√ )}−1
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 coth Γ 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
3 2 2 3
ℏ52 (Γ) = − ( √ ) − p2 p3 coth Γ
400 −1 5 2 2
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
{√ (√ )}
1 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ ( √ ) + p2 p3 coth Γ
80 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2

( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± coth Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2

( 2 ) 2
3 p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 Γ 3
ℏ53 (Γ) = − ( √ ) − p2 p3 Γ
400 −1 5
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
( √ )
1 p2 12 p2 p3 p2 p3 −1
+ ( √ )+ + 12 2 ± .
80 ( ) −1 5 Γ Γ 400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2

( ){ √ 2 (√ 2 )}−2
{ √ (√ )}−1
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 − −𝜎2 +4𝜐 tan −𝜎 +4𝜐
Γ − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
3 2 3
ℏ54 (Γ) = − ( √ ) − p2 p3 tan Γ
400 −1 5 2 2
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
{ √ (√ )}
1 p2 12 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ ( √ ) + p2 p3 tan Γ
80 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2

( √ ){ √ (√ )}2
−1 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tan Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2
( ) { √−𝜎 2 +4𝜐 (√ 2
−𝜎 +4𝜐
)}−2
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 cot Γ
3 2 2
ℏ55 (Γ) = − ( √ )
400 −1
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
{√ (√ )}−1
3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 1 p2
− p2 p3 cot Γ + ( √ )
5 2 2 80 ( ) −1
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2
{√ (√ )}
12 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ p2 p3 cot Γ
5 2 2
( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± cot Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2
8 ALAM ET AL.

Cluster 06:
( √ )
−1
( √ ) ±
400𝜐−100𝜎 2
p2
1
p3 = ± , p4 = ,
96p1 𝜐 − 24p1 𝜎 2 p1
( √ )
3 p2 12 −1
Φ0 = ( √ ) , Φ1 = p2 p3 , Φ2 = 12p2 p3 ± ,
400 ( ) −1 5 400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2
2
p1 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2
( 2 )
3 ( 2 ) 3 p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐
Φ−1 = − p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 , Φ−2 = − ( √ ).
5 400 −1
± 2 400𝜐−100𝜎

Similarly, we get:

( ) { √𝜎 2 −4𝜐 (√ 2
𝜎 −4𝜐
)}−2
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 tanh Γ
3 2 2
ℏ61 (Γ) = − ( √ )
400 −1
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
{√ (√ )}−1
3 ( 2 ) 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
− p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 tanh Γ
5 2 2
{√ (√ )}
3 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ ( √ ) + p2 p3 tanh Γ
400 ( ) −1 5 2 2
2
p1 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 ± 2 400𝜐−100𝜎
( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tanh Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2
( ) { √𝜎 2 −4𝜐 (√ 2
𝜎 −4𝜐
)}−2
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 coth Γ
3 2 2
ℏ62 (Γ) = − ( √ )
400 −1
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
{√ (√ )}−1
3 ( 2 ) 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
− p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 coth Γ
5 2 2
{√ (√ )}
3 p2 12 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ ( √ ) + p2 p3 coth Γ
400 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 2400𝜐−100𝜎
( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐 𝜎 2 − 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± coth Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2
( 2 ) 2
3 p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 Γ 3 ( )
ℏ63 (Γ) = − ( √ ) − p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 Γ
400 −1 5
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
( √ )
3 p2 12 p2 p3 p2 p3 −1
+ ( √ )+ + 12 2 ± .
400 ( ) −1 5 Γ Γ 400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2

( ){ √ 2 (√ 2
𝜎 −4𝜐
)}−2
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 − −𝜎2 +4𝜐 tan Γ
3 2
ℏ64 (Γ) = − ( √ )
400 −1
± 2 400𝜐−100𝜎
ALAM ET AL. 9

{ √ (√ )}−1
3 ( ) − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
− p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 tan Γ
5 2 2
{ √ (√ )}
3 p2 12 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ ( √ ) + p2 p3 tan Γ
400 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 400𝜐−100𝜎 2

( √ ){ √ (√ )}2
−1 − −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± tan Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2

( ) { √−𝜎 2 +4𝜐 (√ 2
𝜎 −4𝜐
)}−2
p2 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 cot Γ
3 2 2
ℏ65 (Γ) = − ( √ )
400 −1
± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
{√ (√ )}−1
3 ( 2 ) −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
− p2 p3 −𝜎 + 4𝜐 cot Γ
5 2 2
{√ (√ )}
3 p2 12 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ ( √ ) + p2 p3 cot Γ
400 ( ) −1 5 2 2
p1 p3 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 ± 2
400𝜐−100𝜎
( √ ) {√ (√ )}2
−1 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐 −𝜎 2 + 4𝜐
+ 12p2 p3 ± cot Γ .
400𝜐 − 100𝜎 2 2 2

FIGURE 1 The graphical

representation of the solution: (A) real
three dimensional shape, (B) contour
plot, and (C) contour plot [Colour figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
10 ALAM ET AL.

FIGURE 2 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ15 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
contour plot, and (C) contour plot
[Colour figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 3 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ21 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
ALAM ET AL. 11

FIGURE 4 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ22 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 5 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ24 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
12 ALAM ET AL.

FIGURE 6 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ41 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 7 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ42 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
ALAM ET AL. 13

FIGURE 8 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ61 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 9 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ65 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

4 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

In this part, we establish

( some
) new computational solutions such as hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational solutions
through the modified G′ ∕G -expansion method. After applying the proposed way, we got 35 computational solutions
14 ALAM ET AL.

FIGURE 10 The graphical

representation of the solution ℏ44 (Γ):
(A) real three dimensional shape, (B)
complex three dimensional shape, (C)
real contour plot, and (D) imaginary
contour plot [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

which are representation kink-type shape, lump shape, lump with rough wave shape, and other type of soliton shapes. To
the skilled of our knowledge, applying the modified expansion method to the Oskolkov equation has not been published
earlier.
We will provide a few graphical depictions of the above-defined new computational answers of the nonlinear model
arising in incompressible visco-elastic Kelvin–Voigt fluid received utilizing the proposed method. Few chosen computa-
tional results will be sketched as three dimensional shapes in which the employed finite domain is −10 ≤ t ≤ 10 when we
received the hyperbolic and rational function results and −1 ≤ t ≤ 1 when we got the trigonometric function results. Their
corresponding contours are represented as well. Moreover, their mechanical descriptions of the results are incorporated.
Figures 1–10 illustrate the graphical depictions of some selected computational results of the problem received utilizing
the studied method. They are pictured below.
In Figure 1, we show the kink-type wave shape of the solution ℏ12 (Γ) using the following parameter values 𝜆 = 3,
𝜇 = 1, P1 = 0.5, and P2 = 1. In particular, Figure 1 shows the three-dimensional shape and contour shape of the solution
ℏ12 (Γ). Using the same parameter values shown above, three-dimensional shape and the contour shape of the solutions
ℏ21 (Γ), ℏ22 (Γ), ℏ41 (Γ), ℏ42 (Γ), and ℏ61 (Γ) represented by the lump and double lump wave shape, two lump with rough
wave shape, three lump with rough wave shape, double lump wave shape, and multiple lump wave shapes are plotted in
Figures 3,4,6, 7, and 8.
In Figure 2, we show the periodic wave shape of the solution ℏ15 (Γ) using the following parameter values 𝜆 = 2, 𝜇 = 2,
P1 = 0.5, and P2 = 1. In particular, Figure 2 shows the three-dimensional shape and contour shape of the solution ℏ15 (Γ).
Using the same parameter values as shown, three-dimensional shape and the contour shape of the solution ℏ24 (Γ), which
is represented the bright and dark lump wave shape, are plotted in Figure 5. We show the lump shape of the solution
ℏ65 (Γ) and singular kinky wave lump shape of the solution ℏ44 (Γ) using the same parameter values which are plotted in
Figures 9 and 10.

5 CO N C LU S I O N

This article successfully implemented the modified expansion method on the Oskolkov equation, which describes the
dynamics of an incompressible visco-elastic Kelvin–Voigt fluid. Using the proposed method, we get many new computa-
ALAM ET AL. 15

tional solutions such as complex, rational, hyperbolic, and trigonometric function solutions which represent as kink-type
shape, lump shape, lump with rough shape, and other types of solitons' profile. From data reached in this paper, it may
be observed that the method considered in this paper is one of the most powerful tools arising applied mathematics,
engineering, and nonlinear sciences.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work does not have any conflicts of interest.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no funders to report for this paper.

ORCID
Md. Nur Alam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-678X
Shariful Islam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8236-7505
Onur Alp İlhan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1618-6439
Hasan Bulut https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-1517

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How to cite this article: Alam MN, Islam S, Alp İlhan O, Bulut H. Some new results of nonlinear model
arising in incompressible visco-elastic Kelvin–Voigt fluid. Math Meth Appl Sci. 2022;1-16. doi:10.1002/mma.8372