Physical Science – by REX textbook

CHAPTERS 1-3
Week 1-3
Prepared by: April Mae Y. Icamen

Academics. And beyond.

1)List and define three phases 4)Describe two kinds of research
of matter 5)Give examples of how
2)Tell how energy can make technology improves our lives
change in matter 6)Describe some problems of
3)Name the branches of technology
physical science
 Initial Phase PROCESS Final Phase
Melting
1) SOLID 1) LIQUID
2) LIQUID Evaporation 2) GAS
3) GAS Deposition 3) SOLID
4) SOLID Sublimation 4) GAS
5) LIQUID Solidification 5) SOLID
6) GAS Condensation 6) LIQUID
Lesson 1.1: The Focus of Science

studies the materials that make up

the world and explores the changes that
occur in these materials.
 amount of materials an object
contains

How do you measure mass of object?

Using balance and digital weighing scale.

 amount of space an object
takes up

How do you measure volume of an object?

Using graduated cylinder having graduations, or

lines, to show volume.
anything that has both mass and volume
can be identified by their shape and volume

Has both definite shape and volume.

Has no definite shape but has definite volume.

Has both no definite shape and definite volume.

Sort the following substances under the three states of matter.

SOLID LIQUID GAS

ability to cause changes in matter

What are examples of energy?

Heat energy, light energy, sound energy.

Think about what happens when you heat an ice cube.

As you heat ice, it melts. The ice changes phase and

become liquid water. Continuing to heat liquid water, it
soon begins to boil. It changes from liquid water to water
vapor, a gas. The change from liquid to gas is called
evaporation. When water vapor cools, it changes back
into liquid. The change from gas to liquid is called
condensation.
 2 main branches of Physical Science: Chemistry
and Physics

Study of what substances are made of and the changes that

occur in their makeup.
Chemist – scientist who study chemistry.

Study of matter and energy and how they are related.

Physicist - scientist who studies physics.
Complete the sentence. (1-3).

Define the terms (4-8)

Lesson 1.2: Why Study Science

1) Describe two kinds of research

2) Give 2 examples of how
technology improves our lives
3) Describe some problems of
technology
 careful study in some fields of
knowledge. Its purpose is to ADD new
knowledge based from our current
knowledge of nature.
Example:
In 1950s, physicists investigated
ways of producing powerful beams of
light. This research led to the production of
the first laser. They were simply learning
more about light.
 finding ways to put
results of basic research to
work.
Example:
One may know some of the
uses of lasers.
 use of scientific knowledge to serve human
needs. It is simply the application of scientific
discoveries to the world
Example of technology:
Lasers
 Automobile and
aircraft helped us
reach far-off places
Technology has quickly.
improved the way
we live.

One of the fastest-

Radio, tv, and movies have growing areas in
made us familiar with tech is the
different places and events development of
in the world. computers
 Fill in the blanks. (1-3).

Answer the following in essays (4-10)

 Lesson 2.1-2.5

Academics. And beyond.

1) describe how to solve 4) express the mass, volume, and
problems as a scientist length of objects in metric units
2) tell why scientific theories 5) change one metric unit into
are sometimes changed. another
3) explain the advantage of
suing measurement
standards
Lesson 2.1: Thinking like a Scientist

1st step in research. You have to have an

idea of what issue you want to observe or study.
To decide on the approach you will be applying to
reach an objective, experiments may need to be
done.
Experiment – scientific test designed to give
information under carefully controlled conditions.
educated guess to a problem or question.
 when doing experiment, it is important
to take note of the data you have acquired.
Careful observation is needed to get the best
data possible from an experiment.

Data – measurements and information that

scientists get from experiment. These can be
presented through tables and graphs.
 to ensure that data is accurate, the test has to be
made fair. The researcher needs to consider all the variables
in the study.

Variables examples: mass, temperature, conditions.

A variable is changed to test hypothesis. To

observe change in variable, control set up has
to be placed.
 a judgment based on the
data gathered from an
experiment. It should an answer
to the questions.
 If the results of experiment are the same, the
conclusion must be stated as a law.

Scientific law – statement that describes how

something behaves. It does not explain why
something happens. It only describes what happens.
 If your explanation passes many tests, you
might state a theory.

Theory – explanation for the way something

behaves.
Define the terms and give example for each. (1-6).

Answer the following in essays (7-9)

Lesson 2.2: The Metric System

fixed quantity to which all

measurements are compared. Called UNITS.
Physical Quantity Unit

1 1 5
length meter second
2 (m)
5 time 2 liter (s)
volume
(l)

3 mass 3 gram
4 (g) 4 degree
temperature celcius (‘C)
 – use to denote quantity of some
measurements.
Prefix Symbol Equivalence

kilo k 1 km=1x10^3m=1000 km

centi c 1 cm=1x10^-2m=0.01 m

milli m 1 mm=1x10^-3m=0.001 m
 – set of standards in measurement.
(International System or SI from
the French words Systeme International.
Complete the table. (1-6).
Lesson 2.3: Properties of Matter

1)Tell the difference between physical

and chemical properties.
2)Give examples of physical and
chemical change.
3)Tell how to find density of an object
Physical Property Chemical Property
Can be observed without Describes the behavior of a
changing the identity of a substance when its identity is
substance. changed. It is the ability of a
Example: mass, volume, substance to be changes into new
shape, color substances.
 - change of material’s physical appearance.
Example: glass breaks, water freezes

The broken glass is still glass. Ice is still water.

 change of material’s makeup due to some
reactions. Often harder to reverse than physical change.
 mass of an object over some volume. It explains why oil floats
on the surface of water. Substance with lower density floats on the
surface of substance with higher density.
Define the following terms and give 2
examples (1-4).

Answer the following questions (5-8).

Lesson 2.4: Structure of Matter

1)Name 3 elements and 3 compounds

2)Explain the meaning of a chemical
formula
3)List the ways in which compounds
and mixtures are alike and different
 ATOM ELEMENT MOLECULE

Substance that Smallest particle of a

Smallest particle of cannot be broken substance that can exist
an element. Smallest down into other independently and has
unit of matter. substances (all all the properties of that
elements in the substance. Group of 2 or
Example:
periodic table) more atoms.
Examples:
Examples:
H20 and CO2
hydrogen and carbon
All compounds are made up of molecules, but not all molecules are
compounds.

Compound Mixture
• Made up of 2 or more
elements that are • Any combination of 2 or
chemically combined. more substances in
• When they combine, their which the substances
atoms join together. keep their own
• A compound therefore has properties .
different properties from the
elements that make up the
compound.
All compounds are made up of molecules, but not all molecules are
compounds.
 Fill in the blanks (1-6).
Answer the questions (7-8).
Determine: mixture/compound (9-12)
Lesson 2.5: Inside the Atom

1)Describe the interactions between

charged particles.
2)Draw a model of an atom that has
5 electrons, 5 protons, and 6
neutrons.
3)Describe how atoms of the same
element are alike
The ATOM

a description that uses familiar ideas to

explain unfamiliar ones. It can be shown in 2-
dimensional or 3-dimensional images to show a
scheme of the idea.

composed of small particles: PROTON

(positive charge), ELECTRON (negative charge),
and NEUTRON (neutral/no charge).
 3 particles of an ATOM
o NUCLEUS- dense central part of an atom (contains the protons and
neutrons which makes up the mass of the atom).
o PROTONS- positive charge (+)
o NEUTRONS- neutral charge / no charge
o Protons and neutrons have EQUAL MASSES.
o ELECTRON- located outside of the nucleus. Negative charge atomic
particle (-). Has very little mass. Each e- has only 1/2000 the mass of
proton or neutron.

Most of the mass of an atom is packed into its center.

o Atoms can be identified by their number of protons.
Example:
Oxygen (O) has 8 protons.
o # of Protons = # of Electrons
Oxygen (O) has 8 electrons.
o With same number of positive and negative charge particles, any
atom has no overall charge.
o An atom is neutrally charged.
o In some cases, electros may be greater than the proton or the other
way around.
o Isotopes – same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Define the ff terms (1-6)

Fill in the blanks (7-10)

Answer the questions (11-12)

 Lesson 3.1 – The Atom through history

Lesson 3.2 – Atomic structure and Atomic

Mass

Academics. And beyond.

1)Describe the Thomson’s Model 4)State the difference between
of the atom the atomic number and the
2)Explain how Rutherford mass number of an atom
discovered that an atom has a 5)Determine the atomic masses of
positive nucleus and a lot of elements and isotopes
empty space
6)Describe the properties of each
3)Describe how the model of
the atom changed over time
particle in an atom
Ancient Greeks believed that matter could
be broken down into particles too small to
be seen called ATOMS. Those who
believed in atoms were called ATOMISTS.
 In 1880, John Dalton proved the Greeks theory to be
true. Through experimentation with air, he discovered that air
was a mixture of different gases and its was possible to
compress or squeeze gases into a smaller volume. Thus, gases
were made of particles that can stay mixed.
• Matter is made up of atoms.
• Atoms of an element are similar to each other. (Ex: Carbon is composed of carbon atoms
only, no hydrogen atom or any other elements’ atom)
• Atoms of different elements are different from each other.
• Atoms combine and form new kinds of compound (Ex: 2 Hydrogen + 1 oxygen = water
molecule (H20).
• 1787- John Dalton began to study weather and began to think of the composition of air. His
work led him to investigate the general properties of gases. He supposed that gases were
composed of tiny particles. He then concluded that ALL MATTER WERE MADE OF THESE
PARTICLES CALLED ATOMS.
 1880 – JJ Thomson analyzed nature of
electricity as it flowed through a glass
vacuum tube (region from which all matter
has been removed). Inside the tube, metal
strips (electrodes)were placed at each end.
By this, he discovered that rays produced
negatively charged particles later called
ELECTRONS showed in his atomic model –
PLUM PUDDING MODEL.
• 1986 – uranium was discovered to give off
particles with a positive charge with over 7000
times more mass than electrons.
• Ernest Rutherford called the particles ALPHA
PARTICLES. He fired alpha particles at a very thin
sheet of foil. He coated a screen with a substance
that glowed whenever an alpha particle hit it. He
then used a telescope to detect flashes of light
made by alpha particles. The result caused
Rutherford to question Thomson model.
 In this model, it is impossible to predict
exactly where an electron is. You cannot give
an exact orbit for an electron. This model
forms the basis of a branch of physics called
QUANTUM MECHANICS.
 Fill in the blanks (1-5).

Answer the questions (6-8).

Lesson 3.2: Atomic Structure and Atomic Mass

ATOM is composed of 2 basic parts:

1. Nucleus – center of the atom
2. Cloud – area outside of the nucleus where the electrons

NUCLEUS – investigation of the nucleus began with a glass

tube used by Thomson. The current knocked an electron
away from the atom. When an electron is taken away from
neutral hydrogen atoms, remaining particles are positive.
o Positive charge
o Mass: about 2000 times the mass of an electron
o Identified as the Hydrogen nucleus (H+)
o All atoms of same element have the same number of
protons.
o ATOMIC NUMBER – number of protons in the
nucleus of each atom. Elements are identified by this
number
o While studying neon, scientists
found that NOT ALL ATOMS
HAVE SAME MASS.
o Isotopes – an element with same
number of protons but different
number of neutrons
o Neutron – found by James
Chadwick (1932) inside the The mass of the neutron is about the same as that
of a proton, but has no charge – neutral.
nucleus with the proton
o Is the mass of the atom expressed in terms of
the mass of the standard atom. Scientists used The Atomic Particle Masses
an isotope of Carbon atom as the standard Masses in amu of particles making up atoms

atom.
o Carbon-12 – standard atom used to find
masses of other atoms. Has a mass of 12
atomic mass unit (amu).
o Atomic mass unit- (amu) is the standard unit
for measuring mass of an atom
o Also called mass number of
an atom
o It is the sum of protons and
neutrons
o It is the Carbon isotope has
few carbon-13 atoms and
fewer carbon-14 atoms.
 Atoms are neutral. Protons (positive
charge) and electrons (negative charge)
have the same amount in an atom.

 Electrons orbit around the nucleus of an

atom.
• Electrons can orbit nucleus only at certain
distances.
• The more energy an electron has, the farther
from the nucleus it orbits.
• Energy levels – the orbits in an atom where
electrons are located
• Closer energy level to the nucleus = lower
energy of electron
• Farther energy level from nucleus = higher
energy of electron
o Electrons occupy energy levels in order.
o They tend to occupy the lowest available energy level in an atom.
o If an atom has all its electrons in the lowest possible energy level,
that atom has a stable electron arrangement.
o The maximum number of electrons in the first energy level is 2.
o In higher energy levels, the maximum number of electrons in the
outermost level is 8.
 During chemical reactions, atoms usually with
each other when their outer energy levels are unfilled.
These can become filled by exchanging or sharing
electrons. As a result, atoms become stable.
 According to Bohr theory, as electron
gains energy, it moves from one energy
level to another higher level.

 Excited electrons- electrons that

absorbed energy and moved farther from
the nucleus
 Electrons also lose energy. But electrons
can fall only to the lowest level that has
room for them. If there’s no room, they will
not fall to lower energy levels.
 Electrons can give off only certain
amounts of energy.
 They move to lower levels only if those
levels are not filled. This explains why
atoms do not collapse.
Thank you for listening!