Journal of

Design Studio
v:6 n:2 December 2024

Contextualizing Co-Working Spaces:

User Participatory Approach in Architectural
Design Studio
Ekrem Bahadir Caliskan
Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Department of Architecture, Ankara, Turkey
Cigdem Koc Aytekin
Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Department of Architecture, Ankara, Turkey, (Corresponding author)

Research Article / Received: August 1th 2024, Accepted: August 19th 2024
Refer: Caliskan, E. B., Koc Aytekin, C., (2024). Contextualizing Co-Working Spaces: User Participatory Approach in Architectural Design
Studio, Journal of Design Studio, V.6, N.2, pp 191-204
E. B. Caliskan ORCID 0000-0002-5258-2976 (ebcaliskan@[Link]) , C. Koc Aytekin ORCID 0000-0002-5059-034X
(cigdemaytekin@[Link])
DOI: 10.46474/jds.1526242 [Link]
© JDS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract: The evolution in our understanding of the notion of 'working' has evolved into a spatially
diverse spectrum over the last decades. The era of increasing new definition of working enabling
collaboration, knowledge sharing and socializing among users is worth of attention in terms of
contextual use. Since the popularity of coworking spaces has increased over years, the variation of use
contexts is gradually increasing. Thus, it becomes clearly important for designers to take the
phenomenon of target users in specific co-working places into account throughout the design process.
This study explores the effects of user participation and limits of actor diversity, with an approach
focusing spesifically on the university campus area within the new emerging contextual diversity. User
participation design method has been tested in the bachelor degree architectural design studio in the
Department of Architecture in Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University. The purpose of this study is
providing the understanding of the relationship between design process and behavioral patterns with the
knowledge obtained through data collection based on user preferences and final versions of the projects.

Keywords: User participation, Co-working space, Design studio, Architecture, Campus design.

1. Introduction schedules. They feature diverse functions

In recent years, globalization, the pandemic within the same spatial context, fostering a
process, and technological advancements have distinctive blend of domestic and business
led to the emergence of new forms of ambiance (Kingma, 2016).
production/consumption, including novel forms
of collaborative organization. Collaborative The prevalence of co-working spaces has
working is emerging as one of the witnessed a notable escalation (Gandini, 2015).
manifestations of these evolving processes There is a trend for organizations to open their
within this current social and organizational workspace to the wider community and invite
scenario (Ivaldi et al., 2018). The tools and others to share the space. The new working
architectural environments are also being model is increasingly intriguing for
updated along with the working models. Co- practitioners, academics (Waters-Lynch et al.,
working spaces are distinguished by their 2016) and students. University campuses can
exceptional adaptability regarding access, also move away from libraries designated solely
which is contingent upon individual work as places for reflective study and into learning

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commons of informal and ad hoc collaboration. campus, in what ways, and what typological
For Matthews, in the context of academic diversities are created. Furthermore, it seeks to
facilities, it is crucial that spaces are designed to explore how these diversities can be interpreted
facilitate and enhance the learning experience in terms of spatial identity through various
(Matthews et al., 2011). Co-working spaces on stakeholders. In other words, it aims to discuss
campus can provide a community workspace the effects of involving actors in the design
with shared services that allow individuals and process on co-working spaces specialized for
small groups to share ideas and mutually the campus environment through student
support each other's work. Thus, this paper projects produced in an architectural design
seeks to answer the research question: How studio as a basis for analysis.
might this space be characterized within
university campuses as a specific context? This paper reports testing a user-participatory
design approach in a co-working space in a
These spaces represent dynamic and bachelor's degree architectural design studio.
invigorating workplaces, fostering interactions Two parts will conduct this twofold approached
among individuals from diverse professional research. The first part will deal with the
domains facilitating knowledge exchange and literature survey, and then the findings section
collaborative creation (Fuzi, 2015). In addition will present the students’ data collection, the
to attracting individuals with different profiles final results of the projects, and their feedback.
and fostering social interactions, these spaces Finally, the paper concludes with the final
also enhance productivity and promote words providing the inferences for future
knowledge sharing among colleagues. studies.
University campuses can also move away from
libraries designated solely as places for 2. Theoretical Background
reflective study and into learning commons of 2.1. Participatory Design Studio
informal and ad hoc collaboration. Co-working Architectural design education follows a
spaces on campus can provide a community trajectory centered on studio courses,
workspace with shared services that allow necessitating an environment conducive to
individuals and small groups to share ideas and creativity and experiential learning. Within the
mutually support each other's work (Bouncken, design studio, students acquire the essential
2018). Thus, the design characteristics of these skills for creative problem-solving and cultivate
environments can be customized and adapted a capacity for critical thinking (Yurtkuran et al.,
based on the profiles of the individuals 2013). In conjunction with evolving needs and
involved. However, not all end-users have the perspectives, conventional design philosophies'
same motivations for choosing these spaces. novel and alternative methodologies have
The motivation criteria are user-based needed commenced their integration within the
for types of work in the university environment, doctrines of numerous architectural design
when transferred to the design process, can be studios. Recognizing the significance of context
beneficial for contextualizing co-working and the conviction that design should not be
spaces into the campus environment. In this perceived as a singular process necessitate the
way, it might create the opportunity to question proposition of innovative approaches that will
the multi-possible nature of architectural enrich students' comprehension of design from
production through user preferences. In other the standpoint of users and stakeholders
words, user preferences can serve as a (Shanthi Priya et al., 2020).
foundation for the value propositions of co-
working models. However, there is still very In design studios, the most challenging phase
scarce research on user preferences regarding for students is often the preliminary phase of the
collaborative workspaces. This study aims to design. In this phase, they must determine the
reveal how the identified requirements, within main idea and concept. Participatory and
the context of the user-participatory method, collaborative models can be a beneficial
affect the architectural environment on the situation for students to transform the data they

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access from library and internet resources into collaboration and social interaction among
ideas. Introducing participatory design within coworkers (Isac, 2019).
the context of an architectural design studio
aims to empower students by enhancing their With universities closed over the pandemic,
comprehension of both the physical and social students turned to co-working spaces to
aspects of the environment. This approach maintain safe in-person collaboration and grab
encourages students to appreciate these time away from the distractions of shared
elements and equips them to make informed living. These spaces offer many advantages for
decisions (Salama, 1995). As a research tool, self-starters, including networking
this method enables students to discern and opportunities, daily structure, increased
obtain the information necessary for the design productivity, and an alternative to pending the
process by developing a sensitivity to listening nine-to-five in a dull desk cubicle. It is theorized
to customers and users. that freelancers with flexible work hours work
better if surrounded by others. Moreover, in a
Various stages of user participation are time of backward-looking concern for the future
mentioned, from passive to active: 1- in the of libraries, understanding the function of these
early decision-making, 2- during the design public spaces needs to be re-defined to expand
process, and 3- post-occupancy the horizons of the vision for university libraries
addition/modification works. The least active in this century. As a sign of a public facility and
mode of engagement is realized through the a learning space, a university library has a future
architect's deliberate attentiveness to the as a place to meet, read, share, and explore ideas
preferences and individual requisites of the in what might be called a ‘living room on the
client or user. This embodies the favorable campuses.
aspect of the architect's function as an
intermediary, decoding both overt and covert 3. Studio Case Studies
articulated wishes, aspirations, and visions of 3.1. Studio Set-up
the intimately acquainted client. The impact of This studio was spread over a fifteen-week
the client on the architectural progression and bachelor degree architectural design studio
its outcome is facilitated by the architect's during the Spring semester of the 2022-2023
adeptness in empathetically assuming the academic year at Ankara Yildirim Beyazit
client's perspective (Wulz, 1986). University. In this studio, focusing on our
university campus, students are expected to deal
2.2. Re-thinking Co-working Spaces with “Co(l)lab Scapes”, which is a term offered
The organizational and spatial arrangements of by the studio that includes the semiotic meaning
workspaces are undergoing alteration. The of the co-working and library spaces together;
extraordinary shifts in our daily routines, the students were expected to offer communal
rapid advancement of digitalization, and the facilities where students of various fields and
widespread adoption of remote work as a departments can work alongside each other,
response to the global pandemic have given rise collaborate and share sources, thus creating a
to significant inquiries concerning commuting, symbiotic relationship linked to a common
the utilization and function of office premises, workplace. These environments should foster
the evaluation of space efficiency, the productivity and collaboration, leading to
magnitude of office space demand, and the introverts and extroverts. All of the students in
necessity for a more adaptable work structure. the studio focused on a co-working facility
Consequently, organizations spanning diverse design for the selected users by the studio teams
sectors must envision a transformed paradigm from various university departments and
for future office work. This novel office publicity. Besides the co- working spaces, third-
paradigm facilitates the effective functioning of year students considered what library spaces are
individuals with diverse profiles within a for and what that means for the university
communal workspace, promoting shared students' decisions today. Regarding truly
innovative design, “Co(l)lab Scapes” should

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Figure 1: The present situation of the campus area (on the left), the planned site plan for the future (on the
right) (Source: Author)

appeal to some balancing parameters: (Appel-Meulenbroek et al., 2021). With this

socialization, mix of used spaces, change of understanding, the studio students collected
scenery, and context. Re-imagining these four data from different sources, such as literature
and how education is delivered and the role of reviews, observations, and interviews. They
the campus, the students dealt with the existing were free to choose to work either individually
assets of the university, the own scape, and the or in groups. They visited different co- working
environmental acts. spaces in the living city to understand the work
environment and social practices. They
3.2. Data Surveys observed and understood users’ practices in the
Understanding user preferences in studying workspaces. Besides, they interviewed
coworking spaces necessitates the identification students, dormitory users, professors and
of key attributes that have the potential to either assistants from various university departments,
fulfill or disappoint specific user inclinations and independent users such as freelancers,

Table 1: Data surveys and leading questions for user participation (Source: Author)

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Table 1: Data surveys and leading questions for user participation (Source: Author)

coaches, or entrepreneurs to collect more This project, which put ‘student clubs’ as the
profound insights. Data were obtained by focus of the conceptual idea, tries to create more
asking participants questions such as gender, comfortable, natural, and flexible environments
age, level of education, academic field, and for university students specifically with small
criteria determining their motivation for teams. Student clubs are creating groups and
collaborative work. "With this understanding, collaborative activities for their working aims
the studio students collected data from different and have unique assembly types. Combining
sources, such as literature reviews, different spaces and intersecting the main areas
observations, and interviews (Table 1). with main effects creates different options for
working in wanted areas. Besides, unique areas
3.3. Final Projects

Case 1.

b ( h )

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such as ‘capsules’ help with isolation or silence multi-purpose and flexible use, where people
for individual and group workings. can be together even if they work with different
training methods. The buildings as a whole
This project aims to enable people from formed a courtyard in the center. The junction
different fields to interact and work efficiently formed in this region is the heart of the region.
with the workspace. Meditation is accepted as Studying, sociability, movement, and a healthy
the main idea since it is thought to affect working environment come together here. It is
motivation positively. The spaces are designed also an environment where workshops, group
to communicate with natural elements, such as work, seminars, and conversations are held. In
in a direction toward a river. The spaces are addition, by dividing the courtyard it creates
arranged by establishing an organic connection into different zones, the idea of intersection is
with topography. Besides, individual tried to be strengthened.
workspaces aim to establish a direct
relationship with the landscape, taking into As workspaces have become a part of people’s
account environmental distractions. The court lives, these places can vary according to
created below, and the zones allocated to the people’s preferences. Here, the concept offers
river provide sociality, work, and meditation. users ‘journeys’. Different users may come to
this place for different purposes. The ‘routes’
Since the land on which the designs are is an will have different scenarios and journeys, but
area that brings people from different fields, some spaces may be the common point of these
ages, departments, and faculties together and scenarios: ' research’, ‘collaboration’,
enables them to work together, this project aims ‘seminar’, ‘working’, ‘interactive art’, and
to maintain people’s own working experiences ‘library’ routes.
and participation activities at junction points.
Thus, the concept is to produce spaces offering
Case 2:

Figure 3: ‘Productive Mind Hub’ (Source: Author)

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Case 3:

Figure 4: ‘Research Junction’ (Source: Author)

Case 4:

Figure 5: ‘Journeys’ (Source: Author)

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Case 5:

Figure 6: ‘Mutualist Space’ (Source: Author)

the general biology library. This place is fed

This design approach includes spaces for the from the medical simulation room, the nutrition
needs of students from different departments. library, and the dentistry room. The fourth
The project has spaces for joint study areas and mutualist space is the kitchen workshop. This
skills of students. As a concept idea, these place is located in the food analysis laboratory
spaces are called Mutualist spaces. Because and interacts with the human health library.
these places are thought to be places where Finally, the social mutualist space serves as a
people from different departments will come bridge between the individual study and group
together and benefit from each other. The first study areas, and students work here in a way
of the mutualist spaces is an interactive space that they interact with each other. Apart from
with a model studio, drawing workshop, dental these are library units, exhibition space, and
preclinical laboratory, and anatomy model conference hall.
workshop. The second mutualist space is a This design proposes ‘social working spaces’ to
technology workshop, which interacts with the users from similar fields. The term is defined as
engineering library, the food analysis belonging to a community, accessibility, and
laboratory, the drawing studio, and the medical sustainability. As a new way to work and share,
simulation room. The third mutualist space is these spaces aim to provide a productive and

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Caliskan, E. B., Koc Aytekin, C., (2024), Contextualizing Co-Working Spaces: User Participatory Approach 198
in Architectural Design Studio
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Case 6:

Figure 7: ‘Social Working Space’ (Source: Author)

collaborative environment. At the same time, where people support each other. The spatial
the presence of people interested in similar organization was shaped through social,
subjects in the same environment allows them collective, and social zones.
to gain unique experiences. Social working
space is not working individually in a social This project approaches working with students,
environment but in a working environment academics, and professionals together. Since

Case 7:

Figure 8: ‘Development Beyond Schools’ (Source: Author)

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Case 8:

Figure 9: ‘Informaction’ (Source: Author)

the students cannot interact the professional Thus, the user knowledge implementation's
people except for short period internships, this contribution to the studio projects could be
design concept may help to share the knowledge opened to discussion. The users of multi-tenant
and move the professional practice to the office designs come from different
undergraduate education. backgrounds. They include users from different
fields, departments, self-employed people and
Here, it is aimed that users share what they have others. The spaces mostly associated with
learned and experiences and share knowledge multi-users are related to access to social
while learning, thus contributing to their contacts. This is mostly achieved by
development both socially and academically. ' introducing spatial organizations that enhance
Informaction' is accepted as a context denoting user interactions, including formal/informal
knowledge and interaction. Open and semi- encounters such as café, seminar rooms or
open areas are created for this knowledge group working spaces. The sense of belonging
transfer within the project's scope. In addition, a place is tried to be achieved by offering
the group, individual, silent working areas, and different experiences for target users, such as
mixed usage areas for workshops and using more visible and accessible units.
conferences are designed to create interaction. Besides, some offices offer flexibility due to
being on-demand office spaces that are
4. Evaluations economically affordable.
Table 2 shows the pattern of design processes.
The presented cases are discussed and The acquired data can be evaluated and
evaluated; then, the projects are outlined in four compared under several main headings. Firstly,
parts: conceptual idea, target users, space one of these is whether design processes are
requirements, and characteristics. Following the conducted through specific target groups. Based
order and inquiries of the table, all project cases on the data collected through the user
are figured out in terms of the relationship of the participation method, the majority of designers
spaces with conceptual ideas and target users.

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directed their concepts towards users who could Some designers focused on creating designs for
be grouped based on specific characteristics. current undergraduate and graduate university

Table2: Design stakeholders of the case projects (Source: Author)

Conceptual idea Target users Space requirements Space characteristics

Case 1 Student clubs provide the small teams of • Open spaces • Privacy
feeling of being part of a university • Mentor offices • Sociability
community, creating students, • Meeting areas • Isolation
ideological boundaries and • Small-sized • Interaction
students’ comfort zones. private areas
Case 2 Meditation reduces stress, university • Green areas • Privacy
increasing focus, creativity, and students, • Pastoral views • Relaxation
inspiration academics, • Natural elements • Isolation
researchers
Case 3 Co-working spaces as an open for • Workshops • Sociability
intersection point that brings everyone • Courtyards • Linearity
people from different fields, • Interaction areas • Flexibility
ages, and departments together • Movement
Case 4 Journeys are offered to people open for • Exhibition space • Collaboration
from different fields for everyone • Group and • Interaction
different purposes. individual • Accessibility
working spaces • Sociability
• Café • Flexibility
• Conference hall
• Research area
Case 5 Mutualist space design for University • Technolo • Interaction
students from different students from gy • Flexibility
departments benefiting from different workshop • Openness
each other (activity-based departments • Biology Library • Sustainability
specialized) • Kitchen workshop • Adaptation
• Model studio
Case 6 Social working space provides People from • Common areas • Interaction
an environment where people similar fields • Collective • Linearity
from similar fields contribute working areas
to each other. • Social
working
areas
Case 7 An approach proposes an Professionals, • Studios • Collaboration
environment that embraces academics, • Offices • Isolation
professionals from the private and university • Quiet study areas • Togetherness
sector and university students. students • Group study areas
• Classes
• Conference rooms
• Event areas
Case 8 A complex design embraces University • Mix usage areas • Centrality
knowledge and interaction for students and • Social areas • Accessibility
transferring information while academics • Open-semi • Collaboration
learning socially and open spaces • Openness
academically.

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students studying in various departments, while spaces. In the other project (Case 5), university
others preferred targeting students from similar students were classified based on the spaces
fields. Essentially, this effort enabled required by their education, and the individual
architecture students to realize the existence of requirements and potential needs of these
diverse student groups and researchers within spaces were identified. This allowed the
the university with very different needs, combination of seemingly unrelated
prompting them to step outside the confines of departments. For example, a model studio
their own environments. However, some envisioned for architecture students is
designers attempted to create hypothetical user simultaneously intended as a model workshop
groups by associating user groups outside the for dentistry students. On the other hand, when
university (mentors, industry professionals, looking at designs that do not aim to serve a
etc.) with their established concepts. This was specific user group but rather create spaces for
valuable in terms of not only considering the everyone (Case 3 and Case 4), it can be
current state but also anticipating potential observed that the spaces are characterized
future changes. In any case, it is possible to through 'flexibility' and 'sociality.' In fact, in
observe that students' efforts in user grouping these projects, the designers have claimed the
resulted in an attempt to understand the following after conducting user research: if
behaviors and activities of users. In doing so, students need private spaces at a university,
they endeavored to create scenarios for spatial they should find them within their own
organizations and align them with their departments. When users come to co-working
conceptual ideas. As an example, in a project spaces for work, socialization, and
(Case 7), there are professional employees who collaborative activities, they should find areas
will join the user groups from outside. The that provide flexibility and communication. In
spatial features aim for specialization that concepts oriented towards specialization for
facilitates collaboration while ensuring the individuals and small groups (Case 2, Case 1,
separation of activities. The concept created in and Case 7), it is evident that emphasis is placed
this scenario is compatible with the goal of on individual spaces, and this effect is conveyed
providing external experience and knowledge through a spatial character like 'isolation.' The
transfer to the university. In another example most crucial research finding underlying these
(Case 8), the user group is defined broadly as studies is that users have identified the need for
existing university students and academics. spaces where they can work individually or in
However, in a project where knowledge transfer small groups.
is the focus, a spatial feature heavily influenced
by user groups has not been clearly articulated 5. Conclusion
among them. Throughout the semester, students produced
various building typologies in line with the
The direct relationships established between needs of various user groups and different
activity definitions and target groups are concepts. Through this method, within the
discernible through the resulting products. For scope of the studio, user data is considered as a
instance, in a project aiming to bring together form of information at the outset and is
students working in similar areas with social integrated into the process. It is acknowledged
work offices (Case 6) and another project (Case as a tool for directly or indirectly transforming
5) intending to design mutual spaces for new information into the final architectural
students studying in similar departments, both product within the process. In professional
projects aim for interpersonal knowledge practice, the utilization of information, requests,
transfer, resulting in the creation of spatial and problems from actual users to determine the
characters such as 'interaction.' In the project designer's project objectives, ideas, and spatial
focusing on the coexistence of similar areas, needs holds a significant place in both practical
flexible common areas serving a general application and literature. The endeavor of
purpose were attempted to be defined, gathering students to define projects and manage the
users engaged in similar research fields in these process based on the desires of real users is a

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crucial experience. It can be said that the Financial Disclosure: The authors declare that this study had
received no financial support.
participatory design method is more efficient Note: N/A
than the traditional method because users' input
provides greater clarity in design decisions and
approaches design from multiple perspectives.
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