ARTICLE NF-3000

NF-3100 General Design Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

NF-3110 Loading Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3111 Loading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3112 Design Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3112.1 Design Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3112.2 Design Mechanical Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3112.3 Design Stress Intensity and Allowable Stress Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3113 Service Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3114 Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3120 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3121 Terms Relating to Design by Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3121.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NF-3121.2 Primary Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.3 Secondary Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.4 Peak Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.5 Normal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.6 Shear Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.7 Membrane Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.8 Bending Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.9 Total Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.10 Critical Buckling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.11 Thermal Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.12 Free End Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.13 Anchor Point Motion Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.14 Gross Structural Discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NF-3121.15 Limit Analysis — Collapse Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3121.16 Collapse Load — Lower Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3122 Piping or Component Deformation Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3123 Functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3l24 Rolling and Sliding Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3125 Sway Braces and Vibration Dampeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3127 Provisions for Movement of Supported Piping or Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3128 Snubbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3130 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3131 Requirements for Acceptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NF-3132 Dimensional Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NF-3133 Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NF-3140 General Design Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NF-3141 Types of Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NF-3142 Plate- and Shell-Type Supports — Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NF-3143 Linear-Type Supports — Analysis Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NF-3144 Standard Supports — Analysis Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

37
NF-3200 Design Rules for Plate- and Shell-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3210 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3211 Basis for Determining Stresses in Design by Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3212 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3212.1 Stress Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3220 Design by Analysis for Class 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3221 Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3221.1 Design Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3221.2 Service Level A Through D Service Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3221.3 Test Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3221.4 Limit Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NF-3222 Derivation of Stress Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
NF-3223 Special Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
NF-3223.1 Bearing Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
NF-3223.2 Pure Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
NF-3223.3 Triaxial Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3223.4 Applications of Elastic Analysis for Stresses Beyond the Yield Strength . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3224 Design Stress Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3225 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3225.1 Design Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3225.2 Service Limits, Level A Through D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3225.3 Test Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3225.4 Friction-Type Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3226 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3226.1 Permissible Types of Welded Joints in Plate- and Shell-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NF-3226.2 Stress Intensities and Stress Limits for Welded Joints in Plate- and
Shell-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NF-3250 Design by Analysis for Class 2 and MC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NF-3251 Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NF-3251.1 Design Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NF-3251.2 Service Loadings — Service Level A Through D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
NF-3251.3 Test Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
NF-3251.4 Limit Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
NF-3252 Special Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
NF-3252.1 Bearing Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
NF-3252.2 Pure Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NF-3255 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NF-3256 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NF-3256.1 Permissible Types of Welded Joints in Plate- and Shell-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NF-3256.2 Allowable Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NF-3256.3 Effective Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3260 Design by Analysis for Class 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3261 Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3265 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3266 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3270 Experimental Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3280 Design by Load Rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3281 Procedure for Load Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3282 Load Ratings in Relation to Design Service and Test Loadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3282.1 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NF-3282.2 Plate- and Shell-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NF-3282.3 Supports Loaded in Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NF-3282.4 Alternate Load Rating Method Using TLy or TLu Test Results Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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 NF-3300 Design Rules for Linear-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NF-3310 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NF-3311 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3311.1 Linear Elastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3311.2 High Cycle Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3311.3 Limit Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3311.4 Basis for Determining Stress in Design by Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3311.5 Terms Relating to Design by Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3312 Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3312.1 Elastic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3313 Nomenclature and Numbering of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3313.1 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NF-3313.2 Numbering of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NF-3320 Design by Linear Elastic Analysis for Class 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NF-3321 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NF-3321.1 Design and Service Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NF-3321.2 Design for High Cycle Fatigue Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NF-3322 Design Requirements for Structural Steel Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NF-3322.1 Allowable Stresses — Design and Level A Service Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NF-3322.2 Stability and Slenderness and Width–Thickness Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
NF-3322.3 Plate Girders, Rolled Beams, and Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
NF-3322.4 Compression Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
NF-3322.5 Built-Up Tension Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
NF-3322.6 Webs, Flanges, and Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
NF-3322.7 Simple and Continuous Spans, and Provision for Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
NF-3322.8 Gross and Net Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
NF-3323 Design Requirements for Steel Castings and Forgings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NF-3323.1 Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NF-3324 Design Requirements for Connections and Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NF-3324.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NF-3324.2 Connection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
NF-3324.3 Design of Lap Joints and Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
NF-3324.4 Joint Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
NF-3324.5 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
NF-3324.6 Design Requirements for Bolted Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
NF-3324.7 Design Requirements for Column Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3330 High Cycle Fatigue Design for Class 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3331 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3331.1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3331.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3332 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3332.1 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3332.2 Classification of Loading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3332.3 Stress Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3332.4 Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3332.5 Provisions for Mechanical Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3340 Limit Analysis Design for Class 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
NF-3341 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
NF-3341.1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
NF-3342 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
NF-3342.1 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
NF-3342.2 Specific Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
NF-3350 Design by Analysis for Class 2 and MC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

39 A99

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 NF-3360 Design by Analysis for Class 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
NF-3370 Experimental Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
NF-3380 Design by Load Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
NF-3381 Procedure for Load Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
NF-3382 Load Ratings in Relation to Design Service and Test Loadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
NF-3382.l Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
NF-3382.2 Linear-Type Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
NF-3382.3 Supports Loaded in Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
NF-3382.4 Alternate Load Rating Method Using TLy or TLu Test Results Only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

NF-3400 Design Rules for Standard Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

NF-3410 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3411 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3411.1 Standard Supports Used as Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3411.2 Standard Supports Used as Piping Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3411.3 Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3412 Standard Support Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3412.1 Constant Support Spring Hangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3412.2 Variable Support Spring Hangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3412.3 Hanger Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NF-3412.4 Snubbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3420 Design by Analysis for Class l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3421 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3422 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type Standard Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3423 Design of Linear-Type Standard Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3425 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3426 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3426.1 Permissible Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
NF-3426.2 Design Stress Intensity and Allowable Stress Limits for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . 96
NF-3450 Design by Analysis for Class 2 and MC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
NF-3451 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
NF-3452 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type Standard Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3453 Design of Linear-Type Standard Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3455 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3456 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3460 Design by Analysis for Class 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3470 Design by Experimental Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3480 Procedure for Load Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

NF-3500 Design Rules for Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

NF-3510 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3520 Design by Analysis for Class 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3521 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3522 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3523 Design of Linear-Type Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3524 Design of Standard Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
NF-3525 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
NF-3526 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
NF-3550 Design by Analysis for Class 2, 3, and MC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
NF-3552 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
NF-3553 Design of Linear-Type Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

40

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 NF-3554 Design of Standard Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
NF-3555 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
NF-3556 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
NF-3570 Experimental Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
NF-3580 Design by Load Rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

NF-3600 Design Rules for Piping Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

NF-3610 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
NF-3611 Spacing of Piping Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
NF-3612 Vibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
NF-3613 Anchors, Guides, Pivots, and Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
NF-3614 Support Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
NF-3615 Piping Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3616 Hanger Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3620 Design by Analysis for Class l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3622 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type Piping Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3623 Design of Linear-Type Piping Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3624 Design of Standard Piping Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3625 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3626 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3650 Design by Analysis for Class 2, 3, and MC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
NF-3652 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type Piping Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
NF-3653 Design of Linear-Type Piping Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
NF-3654 Design of Standard Piping Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
NF-3655 Design of Bolting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
NF-3656 Design of Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
NF-3670 Experimental Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
NF-3680 Design by Load Rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Figures
NF-3226.1-1 Permissible Welded Joints for Class 1 Plate- and Shell-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . 52
NF-3226.1(a)-1 Typical Weld Details Referenced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
NF-3226.1(a)-2 Butt Welding of Plates of Unequal Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
NF-3256.1-1 Permissible Welded Joints for Class 2, 3, and MC Plate- and
Shell-Type Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
NF-3324.1(a)(1) Typical Friction-Type Connections Using High Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
NF-3332.3-1 Illustrative Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
NF-3426.1-1 Additional Permissible Welded Joints for Class 1 Standard Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
NF-3626(a)-1 Additional Permissible Welded Joints for Class 1 Piping Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Tables
NF-3131(a)-1 Reference Paragraphs for Procedures for Design of Component Supports,
Piping Supports, and Standard Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NF-3132-1 Dimensional Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NF-3225.2-1 Stress Limit Factors for Class 1, 2, 3, and MC Bolt Design by Analysis. . . . . . . . . 51
NF-3322.2(e)(2)-1 Limiting Proportions for Channels and Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
NF-3324.5(a)-1 Allowable Stress Limits for Class 1 Linear-Type Support Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
NF-3324.6(a)(4)-1 Effective Slip Coefficient vs Surface Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
NF-3324.6(b)(1)-1 Minimum Edge Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
NF-3332.2-1 Classification of Loading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
NF-3332.3-1 Stress Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

41
NF-3332.4-1 Allowable Stress Ranges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
NF-3522(b)-1 Elastic Analysis Stress Categories and Stress Limit Factors for Class 1
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports Designed by Analysis —
Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
NF-3523(b)-1 Elastic Analysis Stress Categories and Stress Limit Factors for Class 1,
2, 3, and MC Linear-Type Supports Designed by Analysis —
Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
NF-3552(b)-1 Elastic Analysis Stress Categories and Stress Limit Factors for Class 2, 3, and
MC Plate- and Shell-Type Supports Designed by Analysis —
Component Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
NF-3611-1 Suggested Piping Support Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NF-3622(b)-1 Elastic Analysis Stress Categories and Stress Limit Factors for Class 1
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports Designed by Analysis —
Piping Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
NF-3623(b)-1 Elastic Analysis Stress Categories and Stress Limit Factors for Class 1,
2, 3, and MC Linear-Type Supports Designed by Analysis —
Piping Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
NF-3652(b)-1 Elastic Analysis Stress Categories and Stress Limit Factors for Class 2, 3, and
MC Plate- and Shell-Type Supports Designed by Analysis —
Piping Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

42
 ARTICLE NF-3000
DESIGN

NF-3100 GENERAL DESIGN of the metal exceed the maximum temperature listed
REQUIREMENTS in Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, and Y-1 of Section II,
Part D, Subpart 1, or exceed the maximum temperature
NF-3110 LOADING CRITERIA limitations specified elsewhere in this Subsection.
NF-3111 Loading Conditions NF-3112.2 Design Mechanical Loads. The specified
The loadings that shall be taken into account in Design Mechanical Loads shall be established in accord-
designing a support include, but are not limited to, ance with NCA-2142.1(c), and shall include all loads
those in (a) through (h) below: from the component or piping acting on the support.
(a) weight of the piping or component and normal NF-3112.3 Design Stress Intensity and Allowable
contents under plant and system operating and test Stress Values. When the procedures of design by
conditions, including loads due to static and dynamic analysis (NF-3220) are employed, the applicable design
head and fluid flow effects; stress intensity values Sm listed in Tables 2A, 2B, and
(b) weight of the support; 4 of Section II, Part D, Subpart 1 shall be used. When
(c) superimposed static and thermal loads and reac- the procedures of linear elastic analysis (NF-3320) are
tions induced by the supported system components; employed, the allowable stress values shall be the
(d) dynamic loads, including loads caused by earth- applicable yield strength values Sy listed in Table Y-
quake and vibration; 1, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1 as modified by the
(e) effects from piping thermal expansion; design factors given in NF-3322.
(f) anchor and support movement effects;
(g) environmental loads such as wind and snow loads;
(h) expansion or contraction of a component pro- NF-3113 Service Conditions
duced by internal or external pressure. Each Service Condition to which the piping or compo-
Guidelines for classification of these loadings into pri- nent may be subjected shall be categorized in accordance
mary, secondary, or peak are listed in NF-3120 and with NCA-2142.2, and Service Limits [NCA-2142.4(b)]
NF-3220. shall be designated in the Design Specification in such
detail as will provide a complete basis for design in
accordance with this Article.
NF-3112 Design Loadings
The Design Loadings shall be established in accord- NF-3114 Test Conditions
ance with NCA-2142.1 and the following subparagraphs.
The component and piping suppport loadings resulting
98 NF-3112.1 Design Temperature. The specified De- from test conditions shall be identified (NCA-2142).
sign Temperature shall be established in accordance
with NCA-2142.1(b). The metal temperature shall be
determined by computation using accepted heat transfer NF-3120 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
procedures or by measurement from equipment in ser-
NF-3121 Terms Relating to Design by Analysis
vice under plant and system equivalent operating condi-
tions. In lieu of heat transfer analysis or measurements, NF-3121.1 General Considerations
the component or piping Design Temperature may be (a) Terms that are common to the design by stress
used. In no case shall the temperature at the surface analysis of Plate- and Shell-Type, Linear-Type, and

43
NF-3121.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3121.14

Standard Supports are defined in NF-3121.2 through distributed and equal to the average value of stress
NF-3121.16 below. across the thickness under consideration, and the other
(b) Terms unique to the design by stress analysis of varying from this average value with the location across
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports are defined in NF-3212. the thickness.
(c) Terms unique to the design by stress analysis
of Linear-Type Supports are defined in NF-3313. NF-3121.6 Shear Stress. Shear stress is the compo-
nent of stress tangent to the plane of reference.
NF-3121.2 Primary Stress. Primary stress is any
normal stress or shear stress developed by an imposed NF-3121.7 Membrane Stress. Membrane stress is
loading which is necessary to satisfy the laws of the component of normal stress which is uniformly
equilibrium of external and internal forces and moments. distributed and equal to the average of stress across
The basic characteristic of a primary stress is that it the thickness of the section under consideration.
is not self-limiting. Primary stresses which considerably
NF-3121.8 Bending Stress. Bending stress is the
exceed the yield strength Sy will result in failure or,
variable component of normal stress. The variation may
at least, in gross distortion. A thermal stress is not
or may not be linear across the thickness.
classified as a primary stress. A general primary mem-
brane stress is one which is so distributed in the support NF-3121.9 Total Stress. Total stress is the sum of
that no redistribution of load occurs in the support as the primary and secondary stress contributions. Recogni-
a result of yielding. Examples of primary stress are tion of each of the individual contributions is essential
general membrane stress in a circular cylindrical shell to establishment of appropriate stress limitations.
due to a uniformly distributed axial load, and bending
stress in a cantilever beam due to a normal end load. NF-3121.10 Critical Buckling. Critical buckling oc-
In addition to the above, for supports, stresses induced curs when a support is loaded to a state at which an
in the support by restraint of free end displacement infinitesimal additional load or disturbance causes the
[NF-3111(e)] and anchor motion [NF-3111(f)] of piping support to change from an equilibrium condition to
are considered primary stresses. one of instability.

NF-3121.3 Secondary Stress. Secondary stress is a NF-3121.11 Thermal Stress. Thermal stress is a
normal stress or a shear stress developed by the con- self-equilibrating stress produced by a nonuniform distri-
straint of adjacent material or by self-constraint of the bution of temperature or by differing thermal coefficients
structure. The basic characteristic of a secondary stress of expansion. Thermal stress is developed in a solid
is that it is self-limiting. Local yielding and minor body whenever a volume of material is prevented from
distortions can satisfy the conditions which cause the assuming the size and shape that it normally would
stress to occur, and failure from one application of the under a change in temperature. Evaluation of thermal
stress is not to be expected. An example of secondary stresses in the support is not required by this Subsection.
stress is bending stress at a gross structural discontinuity.
NF-3121.12 Free End Displacement. Free end dis-
NF-3121.4 Peak Stress. Peak stress is that increment placement consists of the relative motions that would
of stress which is additive to the primary plus secondary occur between an attachment and connected structure
stresses by reason of local discontinuities or local or equipment if the two members were separated and
thermal stress, including the effects, if any, of stress permitted to move.
concentrations. The basic characteristic of a peak stress
is that it does not cause any noticeable distortion and NF-3121.13 Anchor Point Motion Stress. Anchor
is objectionable only as a possible source of a fatigue point motion stresses are those stresses resulting from
crack or brittle fracture. A stress which is not highly the differential motion of support points. An example
localized falls into this category if it is of a type which is differential building settlement.
cannot cause noticeable distortion. Evaluation of peak
NF-3121.14 Gross Structural Discontinuity. Gross
stresses in the support is not required by this Subsection.
structural discontinuity is a geometric or material discon-
NF-3121.5 Normal Stress. Normal stress is the tinuity which affects the stress or strain distribution
component of stress normal to the plane of reference. through the entire thickness of the member. Gross
This is also referred to as direct stress. Usually the discontinuity-type stresses are those portions of the
distribution of normal stress is not uniform through actual stress distributions that produce net bending and
the thickness of a part, so this stress is considered to membrane force resultants when integrated through the
be made up in turn of two components, one uniformly thickness. Examples of gross structural discontinuities

44
NF-3121.14 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3131

are junctions between parts of different diameters or NF-3125 Sway Braces and Vibration
thicknesses and flange-to-shell junctions. Dampeners

NF-3121.15 Limit Analysis — Collapse Load. The Sway braces and vibration dampeners may be used
methods of limit analysis are used to compute the to limit the effects of vibration and may be of the
maximum load or combination of loads a structure rigid strut (linear type) tension–compression type. If
made of ideally plastic (nonstrain-hardening) material employed in the design or added as a result of observa-
can carry. The deformations of an ideally plastic struc- tion under startup or initial operating conditions, the
ture increase without bound at this load, which is effect of sway braces shall be included in the stress
termed the collapse load. analysis of the piping or component for all of the
specified conditions.
NF-3121.16 Collapse Load — Lower Bound. If,
for a given load, any system of stresses can be found
which everywhere satisfies equilibrium and nowhere NF-3127 Provisions for Movement of
exceeds the material yield strength, using shape factors Supported Piping or Component
associated with the cross section under consideration, Consideration shall be given to the relative motion
the load is at or below the collapse load. This is the of the supported piping or component and the support.
lower bound theorem of limit analysis which permits When clearances or travel ranges or both are required
calculations of a lower bound to the collapse load. to accommodate piping or component movements, suf-
ficient design margins shall be introduced to allow for
variations due to fabrication and installation. Care shall
NF-3122 Piping or Component Deformation be taken to ensure that design clearances and travel
Limits ranges are based on the maximum range that might occur
Deformation limits for the supported piping or compo- between two operating conditions and not necessarily on
nent shall be stipulated in the Design Specifications, the maximum cold to hot range. All parts of the support
if required. shall be fabricated and assembled so that they will not
be disengaged by movement of the supported piping
or component. Supports needed only to provide stability
during Level C or Level D Service Conditions shall
NF-3123 Functional Requirements be designed and installed so as not to overstress the
When a support is to be designed to perform a piping or component during Level A or Level B Service
specific function during any Service Condition, the Conditions.
functional requirements shall be designated in the De-
sign Specifications.
NF-3128 Snubbers
The end connection of the snubber shall be designed
NF-3124 Rolling and Sliding Supports to accommodate vertical and horizontal movement of
the piping or component, as required.
(a) Rolling and sliding supports shall permit free
movement of the piping or component, or the piping
or component shall be designed to include the imposed
load and frictional resistance of these types of supports; NF-3130 GENERAL DESIGN
their dimensions shall provide for the designed move- REQUIREMENTS
ment of the supported piping or component.
NF-3131 Requirements for Acceptability
(b) Sliding supports (or shoes) and brackets shall be
designed to accommodate the forces caused by friction The requirements for acceptability of support design
in addition to the loads imposed by bearing. The are given in (a) through (e) below.
dimensions of the support shall provide for the design (a) The design shall be such that the stress intensity
movement of the supported piping or component. Mate- values or the stress values (whichever are applicable)
rial and lubricants used in sliding supports shall be will not exceed the limits given in this Subarticle.
suitable for the environment of the metal at the point Table NF-3131(a)-1 indicates the rules and limits to
of sliding contact and shall be specified in the Design be used for the various classes and types of design
Documents. procedures. The applicable tables of allowable stress

45
NF-3131 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3132

TABLE NF-3131(a)-1
REFERENCE PARAGRAPHS FOR PROCEDURES FOR DESIGN OF
COMPONENT SUPPORTS, PIPING SUPPORTS, AND STANDARD SUPPORTS

Plate and Shell Linear

Type and
Class of Design by Weld Experimental Load Design by Weld Experimental Load
Support Analysis Bolting Joint Analysis Rating Analysis Bolting Joints Analysis Rating
Component

Class 1 NF-3220 NF-3225 NF-3226 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3320 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
NF-3522 NF-3525 NF-3526 NF-3523 NF-3525 NF-3526

Class 2 NF-3250 NF-3255 NF-3256 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3350 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
and MC NF-3552 NF-3555 NF-3556 NF-3553 NF-3555 NF-3556
[Note (1)]

Class 3 NF-3260 NF-3265 NF-3266 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3360 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
NF-3552 NF-3555 NF-3556 NF-3553 NF-3555 NF-3556

Piping

Class 1 NF-3220 NF-3225 NF-3226 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3320 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
NF-3622 NF-3625 NF-3626 NF-3623 NF-3625 NF-3626

Class 2 NF-3250 NF-3255 NF-3256 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3350 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
NF-3652 NF-3655 NF-3656 NF-3653 NF-3655 NF-3656

Class 3 NF-3260 NF-3265 NF-3266 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3360 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
NF-3652 NF-3655 NF-3656 NF-3653 NF-3655 NF-3656

Standard

Class 1 NF-3220 NF-3225 NF-3226 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3320 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
[Note (1)] NF-3422 NF-3425 NF-3426 NF-3423 NF-3425 NF-3426

Class 2 NF-3250 NF-3255 NF-3256 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3350 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
and MC NF-3452 NF-3455 NF-3456 NF-3453 NF-3455 NF-3456
[Note (1)]

Class 3 NF-3260 NF-3265 NF-3266 NF-3270 NF-3280 NF-3360 NF-3324 NF-3324 NF-3370 NF-3380
NF-3452 NF-3455 NF-3456 NF-3453 NF-3455 NF-3456
NOTE:
(1) Supports for Class 2 vessels designed to NC-3200 shall be designed in accordance with Class 1 requirements.

values for materials to be used with a specific design (e) For Class 1 supports, protection against nonductile
procedure are referenced in Table NF-2121(a)-1. fracture shall be provided. An acceptable procedure for
(b) The design procedure shall be one of those given nonductile failure prevention is given in Appendix G
in Table NF-3131(a)-1 as being applicable to supports. of Section III, Division 1, Appendices.
(c) The design details shall conform to the rules of
this Subarticle or to those referenced herein.
NF-3132 Dimensional Standards 98
(d) For configurations where compressive stresses
occur, the critical buckling stress shall be taken into Dimensions of component and piping supports may
account in addition to the requirements of (a), (b), and comply with the standards and specifications listed in
(c) above. Table NF-3132-1 but are not mandatory. Compliance

46
 NF-3132 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3143

TABLE NF-3132-1
DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS

Standard Description
Pipe and Tubing
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B36.10M–1985
Stainless Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B36.19M–1985
Bolting
Square and Hex Bolt and Screws, Including Askew Head Bolts and Cap Screws and
Lag Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B18.2.1–1981 (R 1992)
Square and Hex Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B18.2.2–1987 (R 1993)
Socket Cap, Shoulder and Set Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B18.3–1986
Threads
Unified Inch Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B1.1–1989
Pipe Threads (Except Dryseal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B1.20.1–1983 (R 1992)
Dryseal Pipe Thread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B1.20.3–1976 (R 1991)
Gaging for Dryseal Piping Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI B1.20.5–1991
Standard Supports
Pipe Hangers and Supports — Fabrication and Installation Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . MSS SP-89-1991
Structural Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piling and Bars
General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes Sheet Piling, and Bars for
Structural Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASME SA-6

with these standards does not replace or eliminate the (b) Unless either the experimental stress analysis
requirements for stress analysis or load rating. Guidance procedure or the load rating procedure is used, the
on tolerances for supports is provided in Appendix K requirements of the following paragraphs apply.
of Section III, Division 1, Appendices.
NF-3142 Plate- and Shell-Type Supports —
Analysis Procedure
A99 NF-3133 Stress Analysis
(a) Elastic analysis based on maximum shear stress
A detailed stress analysis or Design Report, as re-
theory in accordance with the rules of NF-3200 shall
quired by NCA-3550 for all supports, shall be prepared
be used in the design of Plate- and Shell-Type Supports
in sufficient detail to show that each of the stress limits
of Class l construction.
of NF-3200 or NF-3300 is satisfied when the support
(b) Elastic analysis based on maximum stress theory
is subjected to the loadings of NF-3110.
shall be used in the design of Plate- and Shell-Type
Supports of Class 2, 3, and MC construction. Supports
for Class 2 vessels designed to NC-3200 shall be
NF-3140 GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURES designed in accordance with Class 1 requirements.
NF-3141 Types of Procedures
NF-3143 Linear-Type Supports — Analysis
(a) The design procedure which may be used is
Procedure
dependent on the type of support being designed and
the Class of construction involved. Three design proce- (a) The analysis procedure shall comply with (1) or
dures are recognized, namely: (2) below.
(1) design by analysis: (1) Elastic analysis based on maximum stress
(a) maximum shear stress theory theory in accordance with the rules of NF-3300 shall
(b) maximum stress theory be used for the design of Linear-Type Supports for
(2) experimental stress analysis (Section III, Divi- Class 1, 2, 3, and MC construction.
sion 1, Appendices, Appendix II) (2) Limit analysis in accordance with the proce-
(3) load rating dures of NF-3340 shall be used in the design of Linear-

47

ASME B&PVC sec3nf$u15 05-13-99 09:00:37 pd: sec3nf Rev 14.04

 NF-3143 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3221.4

Type Supports for Class 1, 2, 3, and MC construction requirements concerning stress determinations, defini-
when members and their connections are subject to tions, derivations of stress intensities, and classification
high cycle fatigue as defined in NF-3331. of stresses are given in NF-3210.
(b) High cycle fatigue analysis in accordance with Plate- and Shell-Type Supports may be designed by
procedures of NF-3330 shall be used in the design of either elastic or limit analysis, stress intensity limits
Linear-Type Supports for Class 1 construction. for which are given in the following subparagraphs.
NF-3221.1 Design Limits. The stress intensity limits
NF-3144 Standard Supports — Analysis which must be satisfied for the Design Loadings stated
Procedure in the Design Specification are the two limits of this
paragraph and the Special Stress Limits of NF-3223.
Standard Supports designed by analysis shall be
The design stress intensity values Sm are given in
designed to either the requirements of NF-3142 or NF-
NF-3224.
3143, according to whether they are Plate- and Shell-
(a) General primary membrane stress intensity Pm is
Type or Linear-Type Standard Supports.
derived from the average value across the thickness of
a section of the general primary stresses produced by
specified Design Mechanical Loads, but excluding all
NF-3200 DESIGN RULES FOR PLATE- secondary stresses. Averaging is to be applied to the
AND SHELL-TYPE SUPPORTS stress components prior to determination of the stress
NF-3210 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS intensity values. The allowable value of this stress
intensity is Sm at the Design Temperature.
NF-3211 Basis for Determining Stresses in (b) Primary membrane plus primary bending stress
Design by Analysis intensity Pm + Pb is derived from the highest value
The theory of failure used in the rules of this across the thickness of a section of the general mem-
Subsection for combining stresses for the design of brane stresses plus primary bending stresses produced
Class 1 Plate- and Shell-Type Supports is the maximum by the specified Design Mechanical Loads, but excluding
shear stress theory; for Class 2, 3, and MC Plate- and all secondary stresses. The allowable value of this stress
Shell-Type Supports, it is the maximum stress theory. intensity is 1.5Sm.
NF-3221.2 Service Level A Through D Service
NF-3212 Definitions Limits. The rules and stress limits which must be
satisfied in an elastic analysis for any Level A through
Terms used in the design of Plate- and Shell-Type D Service Loadings stated in the Design Specification
Supports by stress analysis are defined in NF-3121 and are those given in NF-3221.1 and NF-3223 multiplied
in NF-3212.1 below. by the appropriate stress intensity limit factor from
NF-3212.1 Stress Intensity.1 Stress intensity is de- Tables NF-3522(b)-1 and NF-3622(b)-1 for the particu-
fined as twice the maximum shear stress. The stress lar loading and stress categories.
intensity is the difference between the algebraically NF-3221.3 Test Limits. The rules and stress limits
largest principal stress and the algebraically smallest which must be satisfied for any Test Loadings stated
principal stress at a given point. Tensile stresses are in the Design Specification are those given in NF-
considered positive and compressive stresses are consid- 3221.1 and NF-3223 multiplied by the appropriate stress
ered negative. intensity limit factor in Tables NF-3522(b)-1 and NF-
3622(b)-1 under Test Loadings.

NF-3220 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR NF-3221.4 Limit Analysis. The limits on primary
CLASS 1 membrane plus primary bending stress intensity [NF-
3221.1(b)] need not be satisfied at a specific location
NF-3221 Stress Limits if it can be shown by means of limit analysis or by
Stress limits for elements of Class 1 supports are tests that the specified loadings do not exceed two-
given in this paragraph. Stress limits for bolts and thirds of the lower bound collapse load for Design
welds are given in NF-3225 and NF-3226. General Loadings and Service Level A and B Loadings, and
do not exceed 0.8 times the lower bound collapse load
1 This definition of stress intensity is not related to the definition of for Service Level C Loadings. The rules of Appendix
stress intensity applied in the field of fracture mechanics. F (Section III, Division 1, Appendices) shall apply for

48

ASME B&PVC sec3nf$u15 05-13-99 09:00:37 pd: sec3nf Rev 14.04

NF-3221.4 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3223.2

Service Level D Loadings. For materials in Section II, NOTE: Membrane stress intensity is derived from the stress compo-
nents averaged across the thickness of the section. The averaging
Part D, Subpart 1 for which allowable stresses, or shall be performed at the component stress level in step (b) or
stress intensities, may reach 90% of the yield strength (c) above.
Sy at temperature, the specified loading shall not exceed
the product of the applicable permanent strain limiting
factor of Table Y-2, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1
times the lower bound collapse load. NF-3223 Special Stress Limits
The following deviations from the basic stress limits
are provided to cover special Service Loadings or
NF-3222 Derivation of Stress Intensities configurations. Some of these deviations are more re-
One requirement for the acceptability of a design strictive and some are less restrictive than the basic
(NF-3130) is that the calculated stress intensities shall stress limits. In cases of conflict between these require-
not exceed specified allowable limits. These limits differ ments and the basic stress limits, the rules of this
depending on the stress category (primary, secondary, paragraph take precedence for the particular situations
etc.) from which the stress intensity is derived. This to which they apply.
paragraph describes the procedure for the calculation
NF-3223.1 Bearing Loads
of the stress intensities which are subject to the specified
(a) The average bearing stress for resistance to crush-
limits. The steps in the procedure are stipulated in (a)
ing under the maximum load, experienced as a result
through (e) below.
of Design Loadings, Test Loadings, or any Service
(a) At the point on the support which is being
Loadings, except those for which Level D Limits are
investigated, choose an orthogonal set of coordinates,
designated, shall be limited to Sy at temperature, except
such as tangential, longitudinal, and radial, and designate
that when the distance to a free edge is larger than
them by the subscripts t, l, and r. The stress components
the distance over which the bearing load is applied, a
in these directions are then designated st , sl , and sr
stress of 1.5Sy at temperature is permitted.
for direct stresses and Tlt , Tlr , and Tr t for shear stresses.
(b) When bearing loads are applied near free
(b) Calculate the stress components for each type of
edges, such as at a protruding ledge, the possibility
loading to which the item will be subjected and assign
of a shear failure shall be considered. The average
each set of stress values to one or a group of the
shear stress shall be limited to 0.6Sm in the case of
following categories:
primary stress (NF-3121.2) and 0.5Sy in the case
(1) general primary membrane stress Pm (NF-
of primary stress plus secondary stress (NF-3121.9).
3121.7)
(c) When considering bearing stresses in pins and
(2) primary bending stress Pb (NF-3121.8)
similar members, the Sy at temperature is applicable,
(3) secondary stress Q (NF-3121.3)
except that a value of 1.5Sy may be used if no credit
(c) For each category, calculate the algebraic sum
is given to the bearing area within one pin diameter
of the values of st which result from the different
from a plate edge.
types of loadings, and similarly for the other five stress
components. Certain combinations of the categories
NF-3223.2 Pure Shear
must also be considered.
(a) The average primary shear stress across a section
(d) Translate the stress components for the t, l, and
loaded in pure shear, experienced as a result of Design
r directions into principal stresses s1, s2, and s3.
Loadings, Test Loadings, or any Service Loadings,
(e) Calculate the stress differences S12, S23, and S31
except those for which Level D Limits are designated,
from the relations:
shall be limited to 0.6Sm.
(b) The maximum primary shear, experienced as a
S12 p s1 − s2 result of Design Loadings, Test Loadings, or any Service
Loadings except those for which Level D Limits are
S23 p s2 − s3 designated, exclusive of stress concentration at the
periphery of a solid circular section in torsion, shall
be limited to 0.8Sm. Primary plus secondary shear
S31 p s3 − s1 stresses shall be converted to stress intensities (equal
to two times pure shear stress) and as such shall not
The stress intensity S is the largestabsolute value of exceed the basic stress limits of Tables NF-3522(b)-1
S12, S23, and S31. and NF-3622(b)-1.

49
NF-3223.3 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3226.1

NF-3223.3 Triaxial Stresses. The algebraic sum of NF-3226 Design of Welded Joints
the three primary principal stresses (s1 + s2 + s3)
NF-3226.1 Permissible Types of Welded Joints in
shall not exceed four times the tabulated value of Sm.
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports. All welded joints in
NF-3223.4 Applications of Elastic Analysis for Plate- and Shell-Type Supports shall be continuous and
Stresses Beyond the Yield Strength. Certain of the shall be of one of the types listed in (a) through (c)
allowable stresses permitted in the design criteria are below. Typical examples of those permitted types are
such that the maximum stress calculated on an elastic shown in Fig. NF-3226.1-1. Fillet and partial penetration
basis may exceed the yield strength of the material. welds shall meet the requirements of NF-3324.5(d),
except that NF-3324.5(d)(7) does not apply.
(a) Butt Joints. Butt joints shall be one of the fol-
NF-3224 Design Stress Values
lowing:
The design stress intensity values Sm are given in (1) full penetration, single or double welded [Fig.
Tables 2A, 2B, and 4, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1 NF-3226.1-1, sketches (a-1) and (a-2)];
for support material. Values for intermediate tempera- (2) partial penetration, double welded [Fig. NF-
tures may be found by interpolation. These form the 3226.1-1, sketch (b)];
basis for the various stress limits. Values of yield (3) the applicable welds may be either square
strength are given in Table Y-1, Section II, Part D, groove, V groove, bevel groove, J groove, U groove,
Subpart 1. Sm values for bolting materials listed in flare V groove, or flare bevel groove [see Fig. NF-
Table 4, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1 are based on 3226.1(a)-1];
(1⁄3)Sy. Multiply Sm by three to arrive at Sy values for (4) when angle joints are used for connecting a
the material (Round up to next higher 0.5 ksi). Values transition in diameter to a cylinder, the angle a of
of the coefficient of thermal expansion and of the Fig. NF-3226.1-1, sketch (f) shall not exceed 30 deg.
modulus of elasticity are given in Tables TE and TM, (5) A tapered transition having a length not less
Section II, Part D, Subpart 2. The basis for establishing than three times the offset between the adjacent surfaces
stress values is given in Appendix III (Section III, of abutting sections, as shown in Fig. NF-3226.1(a)-
Division 1, Appendices). 2, shall be provided at joints between sections that
differ in thickness by more than one-fourth of the
NF-3225 Design of Bolting thickness of the thinner section or by more than 1⁄8
in. (3.2 mm), whichever is less. The transition may be
NF-3225.1 Design Limits. The rules and stress limits formed by any process that will provide a uniform
which must be satisfied for any Design Loading stated taper. The weld may be partly or entirely in the tapered
in the Design Specification are those given in NF- section, or adjacent to it. This paragraph also applies
3324.6. when there is a reduction in thickness within a spherical
NF-3225.2 Service Limits, Level A Through D. shell, or cylindrical course or plate.
The rules and stress limits which must be satisfied for (6) When the use of backing rings will result in
any Level A through D Service Loading stated in the undesirable conditions such as severe stress or corrosion,
Design Specification are those given in NF-3324.6 the requirements of NF-4240 shall be met.
multiplied by the appropriate stress limit factor for the (b) Corner Joints. Corner joints shall be one of the
particular service loading level and stress category following:
specified in Table NF-3225.2-1. This product shall not (1) full penetration, as shown in Fig. NF-3226.1-
exceed the yield strength of the material at temperature. 1, sketch (d-1);
(2) partial penetration with a fillet weld as shown
NF-3225.3 Test Limits. The rules and stress limits in Fig. NF-3226.1-1, sketches (d-2) and (d-3);
which must be satisfied for any Test Loadings stated (3) the applicable welds are fillet, square groove,
in the Design Specification are those given in NF- V groove, bevel groove, U groove, J groove, flare V
3324.6 multiplied by the appropriate stress limit factor groove and flare bevel groove.
for the particular Service Loading Level and stress (c) Tee Joints. Tee joints shall be one of the fol-
category specified in Table NF-3225.2-1.
lowing:
NF-3225.4 Friction-Type Joints. Multiplying factors (1) full penetration, Fig. NF-3226.1-1, sketches (c)
normally used to increase the allowable limits for and (g);
Service Level B, C, and D are not applicable to friction- (2) partial penetration, double welded with or with-
type joints [see NF-3324.6(a)(4)]. out additional fillet welds, Fig. NF-3226.1-1, sketch (e);

50
NF-3226.1 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3251.1

TABLE NF-3225.2-1
STRESS LIMIT FACTORS
FOR CLASS 1, 2, 3, AND MC BOLT DESIGN BY ANALYSIS

Stress Limit Factors for Loading Levels Stated in Design Specification [Note (1)]
Stress Service Service Service Service Test
Category Design Level A Level B Level C Level D Loading
Tension Kbo p 1.0 Kbo p 1.0 Kbo p 1.15 Kbo p 1.25 [Note (2)] Kbo p 1.25
and shear
GENERAL NOTE:
Kbo p stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable tensile and shear stresses

NOTES:
(1) Not to be used for friction type connections.
(2) Use Appendix F.

(3) partial penetration, single welded between the 3622(b)-1 for Piping Supports and Table NF-3522(b)-
end surface of a closed tubular section or a closed 1 for Component Supports.
formed section, Fig. NF-3226.1-1, sketch (h); (c) The effective sizes of welds shall be as
(4) the applicable welds may be square groove, given in NF-3324.5(d) and NF-3324.5(f).
bevel groove, J groove, flare V groove or flare bevel
groove.
NF-3250 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR
NF-3226.2 Stress Intensities and Stress Limits for CLASS 2 AND MC
Welded Joints in Plate- and Shell-Type Supports
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports may be designed by
(a) Design Limits. The stress intensity and allowable
either elastic or limit analysis, limits for which are
stress limits which must be satisfied for welds for the
given in the following subparagraphs. Limits for bolts
Design Loadings stated in the Design Specification
and welds are given in NF-3255 and NF-3256. For
shall be the following.
general requirements and definitions, see NF-3100 and
(1) Full Penetration Groove Welds. The stress
NF-3210.
intensity limits for full penetration groove welds shall
not exceed the applicable stress intensity value for the
base metal being joined, as specified in NF-3221.1 and NF-3251 Stress Limits
Table NF-3324.5(a)-1. See NF-3111.
NF-3251.1 Design Loadings. The stress2 limits are
(2) Partial Penetration Groove Welds
satisfied for the Design Loadings (NCA-2142.1) stated
(a) Compression Normal to Effective Throat or
in the Design Specifications if the requirements of Eqs.
Shear on Effective Throat. The stress intensity and
(1) and (2) are met.
stress limits shall be the same as those for the base
metal as required in NF-3221.1.
s1 ≤ 1.0S (1)
(b) Tension Normal to the Axis on the Effective
Throat. The stress limits shall be as specified in Table
s1 + s2 ≤ 1.5S (2)
NF-3324.5(a)-1.
(3) Fillet Welds. The allowable stress limits for
fillet welds shall be as specified in Table NF- where
3324.5(a)-1. s1p membrane stress, ksi, which is the average stress
(b) Service Limits, Level A Through D, and across the solid section under consideration. It
Test. The rules and stress limits which must be satisfied includes the effects of discontinuities, but not
for welds for any Level A through D Service and Test local stress concentrations.
Loadings stated in the Design Specification are those s2p bending stress, ksi, which is the linear varying
given in NF-3226.2(a) multiplied by the appropriate
base material stress limit factor given in Table NF- 2 Stress means the maximum normal stress (principal stress).

51
Fig. NF-3226.1-1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF

FIG. NF-3226.1-1 PERMISSIBLE WELDED JOINTS FOR CLASS 1 PLATE- AND SHELL-TYPE SUPPORTS

52
Fig. NF-3226.1(a)-1 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN

FIG. NF-3226.1(a)-1 TYPICAL WELD DETAILS REFERENCED

53
NF-3251.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3252.1

FIG. NF-3226.1(a)-2 BUTT WELDING OF PLATES OF UNEQUAL THICKNESS

portion of the stress across the solid section NF-3252 Special Stress Limits
under consideration. It excludes the effects of
The following deviations from the basic stress limits
discontinuities and concentrations.
are provided to cover special Service Loadings or
S p allowable stress value, ksi, from the applicable
configurations. Some of these deviations are more re-
table of Section II, Part D, Subpart 1, as refer-
strictive and some are less restrictive than the basic
enced in Table NF-2121(a)-1
stress limits. In cases of conflict between these require-
NF-3251.2 Service Loadings — Service Level A ments and the basic stress limits, the rules of this
Through D. The rules and stress limits which must paragraph take precedence for the particular situations
be satisfied in an elastic analysis for any Level A through to which they apply.
D Service Loading stated in the Design Specification are
those given for Design Loadings in NF-3251.1
NF-3252.1 Bearing Loads
multiplied by the appropriate stress limit factor specified
(a) The average bearing stress for resistance to crush-
in Tables NF-3552(b)-1 and NF-3652(b)-1.
ing under the maximum load, experienced as a result
NF-3251.3 Test Loadings. The rules and stress limits of Design Loadings, Test Loadings, or any Service
which must be satisfied for any Test Loadings stated Loadings, shall be limited to Sy at temperature, except
in the Design Specification are those given for Design that when the distance to a free edge is larger than
Loadings in NF-3251.1 multiplied by the appropriate the distance over which the bearing load is applied, a
stress limit factor specified in Tables NF-3552(b)-1 and stress of 1.5Sy at temperature is permitted.
NF-3652(b)-1. (b) When bearing loads are applied near free edges,
such as at a protruding ledge, the possibility of a shear
NF-3251.4 Limit Analysis. The limits for Class 1 failure shall be considered. In the case of load controlled
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports designed by limit analy- stress only, the average shear stress shall be limited
sis apply. to 0.6S in the case of primary stress (NF-3121.2).

54
NF-3252.1 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3256.2

(c) When considering bearing stresses in pins and (5) When the use of backing rings will result in
similar members, the Sy at temperature value is applica- undesirable conditions such as severe stress or corrosion,
ble, except that a value of 1.5Sy may be used if no the requirements of NF-4240 shall be met.
credit is given to the bearing area within one pin (b) Corner Joints. Corner joints shall be one of the
diameter from a plate edge. following:
(1) full penetration, as shown in Fig. NF-3256.1-
NF-3252.2 Pure Shear 1, sketch (c);
(a) The average primary shear stress across a section (2) partial penetration with a fillet weld as shown
loaded in pure shear, experienced as a result of Design in Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketches (d) and (e).
Loadings, Test Loadings, or any Service Loadings, shall (c) Tee Joints. Tee joints shall be one of the fol-
be limited to 0.6S. lowing:
(b) The maximum primary shear, experienced as a (1) full penetration, single or double welded, Fig.
result of Design Loadings, Test Loadings, or any Service NF-3256.1-1, sketches (f-1), (f-2), and (h);
Loadings exclusive of stress concentration at the periph- (2) partial penetration, with or without additional
ery of a solid circular section in torsion, shall be limited fillet welds, Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketch (g);
to 0.8S.
(3) partial penetration, single welded between a
plate and the end surface of a closed tubular section
or a closed formed section, Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketch (j);
NF-3255 Design of Bolting (4) fillet, double welded, Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketch
The provisions of NF-3225 apply. (k-1); single welded when double members are used,
Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketch (k-2);
(5) fillet, single welded between a flat surface and
NF-3256 Design of Welded Joints the end surface of a closed tubular section or a closed
formed section, Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketch (l);
NF-3256.1 Permissible Types of Welded Joints in (d) Lap Joints. Lap joints shall be fillet, double
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports. All welded joints in welded, Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketch (m).
Plate- and Shell-Type Supports shall be continuous and (e) The applicable welds for the joints permitted in
shall be of one of the types listed in (a) through (d) (a) through (d) above are:
below. Typical examples of those permitted types are (1) square groove, bevel groove, J groove, flare
shown in Fig. NF-3256.1-1. Fillet and partial penetration bevel groove, U groove and V groove.
welds shall meet the requirements of NF-3324.5(d), (2) plug and slot welds are permitted in (c) and
except that NF-3324.5(d)(7) does not apply. Plug and (d) only.
slot welds shall meet the requirements of NF-3324.5(e). (3) Fillet welds are permitted in (c)(4), (c)(5), and
Lap joints shall meet the requirements of NF-3324.3. (d) only.
(a) Butt Joints. Butt joints shall be one of the fol-
lowing:
(1) full penetration, single and double welded, Fig.
NF-3256.1-1, sketches (a-1) and (a-2); NF-3256.2 Allowable Stress Limits
(2) partial penetration, double welded, Fig. NF- (a) Design Limits. The allowable stress limits which
3256.1-1, sketch (b); must be satisfied for the Design Loadings stated in the
(3) when angle joints are used for connecting a Design Specification shall be the following.
transition in diameter to a cylinder, the angle a of (1) Full Penetration Groove Welds. The allowable
Fig. NF-3256.1-1, sketch (n) shall not exceed 30 deg. stress limits for full penetration groove welds shall not
(4) A tapered transition having a length not less exceed the applicable allowable stress value for the
than three times the offset between the adjacent surfaces base metal being jointed, as specified in NF-3251.1
of abutting sections, as shown in Fig. NF-3226.1(a)- and Table NF-3324.5(a)-1.
2, shall be provided at joints between sections that (2) Partial Penetration Groove Welds
differ in thickness by more than one-fourth of the (a) Compression Normal to Effective Throat or
thickness of the thinner section or by more than 1⁄8 Shear on Effective Throat. The allowable stress limits
in. (3.2 mm), whichever is less. The transition may be shall be as specified in Table NF-3324.5(a)-1.
formed by any process that will provide a uniform (b) Tension Normal to the Axis on the Effective
taper. The weld may be partly or entirely in the tapered Throat. The stress limits shall be as specified in Table
section or adjacent to it. NF-3324.5(a)-1.

55
Fig. NF-3256.1-1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF

FIG. NF-3256.1-1 PERMISSIBLE WELDED JOINTS FOR CLASS 2, 3, AND MC PLATE- AND
SHELL-TYPE SUPPORTS

56
NF-3256.2 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3282.1

(3) Fillet Welds. The allowable stress limit for samples of a support equal to or less than the load
fillet welds shall be as specified in Table NF-3324.5 under which the support fails to perform its required
(a)-1. function. Full-size samples composed of various parts
(b) Service Limits. Level A Through D, and Test. may have each part or a number of parts load rated,
The rules and stress limits which must be satisfied for provided that all parts in the load path are either
welds for any Level A through D Service and Test load rated or otherwise qualified per NF-3200, or by
Loading stated in the Design Specification are those experimental stress analysis. When parts are connected
given in NF-3356.2(a) multiplied by the appropriate by bolting or welding, the connection shall be either
base material stress limit factor given in Table NF- load rated or qualified per NF-3225 or NF-3226. Should
3652(b)-1 for Piping Supports and Table NF-3562(b)- more than one part be load rated in a single load test,
1 for Component Supports. then the load rating equations of NF-3280 shall be
evaluated for each part using the part’s Sy (act) and Su (act)
NF-3256.3 Effective Size. The effective sizes of
values. The part having the lowest load rating shall
welds shall be as given in NF-3324.5(d), (e), and (f).
establish the load rating for the combination of parts.
A single test sample is permitted but, in that case, the
load ratings shall be reduced by 10%. Otherwise, tests
NF-3260 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR
shall be run on a statistically significant number of
CLASS 3
samples. The permissible types of welded joints shall
NF-3261 Stress Limits be as permitted for the specific class of construction
in NF-3226.1, NF-3256.1, and NF-3266. The full-size
The design of Class 3 supports shall be in accordance
sample shall be fabricated for testing using welds not
with the requirements of NF-3250 using one of the
exceeding weld sizes stipulated in the Design Drawings.
design procedures indicated in Table NF-3131(a)-1 for
Bolted joints in the test sample shall be made up using
Class 3 construction.
the lowest strength bolt material and minimum edge
distance allowed by the specification.
NF-3265 Design of Bolting
The provisions of NF-3225 apply. NF-3282 Load Ratings in Relation to Design
Service and Test Loadings
NF-3266 Design of Welded Joints The load rating for Design Loadings shall be deter-
The types of welded joints shall be as stipulated in mined in accordance with the requirements for Service
NF-3256 for Class 2 and MC supports, except that for Level A limits. The load ratings for Service Loadings
groove welded T-joints, groove welded corner joints, for which Level A, Level B, or Level C Limits have
and fillet welded T-joints, as listed in NF-3256.1(a)(2) been designated shall be determined by means of the
and (3), the welds may be intermittent instead of equations in the following subparagraphs. For Level D
continuous. Intermittent fillet welds shall meet the re- Limits, see Appendix F of Section III, Division 1,
quirements of NF-3324.5(d)(7). The allowable stress Appendices. The load rating for Test Loadings shall
limits shall be as stipulated in NF-3256.2. be determined in accordance with the requirements for
Service Level B limits.
NF-3282.1 Nomenclature. The symbols used in this
NF-3270 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS
paragraph are defined as follows:
ANALYSIS
TLyp support test load at or below yield
Supports may be designed by experimental stress TLup support test load at which a substantial increase
analysis in accordance with Appendix II (Section III, in load displacement results in zero or negative
Division 1, Appendices). increase in actual support load
Sp allowable stress value at the Design Tempera-
ture (NF-3112.1) from the applicable tables of
NF-3280 DESIGN BY LOAD RATING Section II, Part D, Subpart 1, ksi
Sup specified minimum tensile strength of the mate-
NF-3281 Procedure for Load Rating
rial used in the support as given in the applicable
The procedure for load rating shall consist of impos- tables of Section II, Part D, Subpart 1, ksi
ing a total load on one or more duplicate full-size Su(act)p actual tensile strength of the material used in

57
NF-3282.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3310

the part or support which had reached ultimate Design and Level A Limits
capacity during the test
Sy(act)p actual yield strength of the material used in the load rating p 0.50 K l × TLu
part or support which yielded during the test
K lp load rating coefficient for support in com- Test and Level B Limits
pression
load rating p 0.50 K l × TLu
NF-3282.2 Plate- and Shell-Type Supports. The
load ratings for Plate- and Shell-Type Supports for the Level C Limits
Service Loadings shall be determined by the following
equations: load rating p 0.50 K l × TLu
K l p 1.0 for elastic buckling
Design and Level A Limits (lower of the two values) Sy
Kl p for inelastic buckling
Sy (act)

S NF-3282.4 Alternative Load Rating Method Using

load rating(yield) p TLy × 1.0 (5)
Sy(act) TLy or TLu Test Results Only. Either TLy or TLu test
results may be used to establish a support load rating,
S provided the load rating as determined by the method
load rating(ult.) p TLu × 1.0
Su(act) of NF-3282.2 or NF-3282.3 is modified as follows.
(a) For load rating based on TLy test results only:
(1) for supports constructed of materials having
Test and Level B Limits (lower of the two values) definitely determinable yield points and specified mini-
mum Sy /Su ratios not greater than 0.625, the load rating
shall be multiplied by 0.83. If Sy (act) of the material
S is not known, 150% of the material specified minimum
load rating(yield) p TLy × 1.33 (6) yield strength shall be assumed as the Sy /Sy (act) in place
Sy (act)
of multiplier 0.83;
S (2) for supports constructed of carbon steel with
load rating(ult.) p TLu × 1.33 specified minimum tensile strengths of not over 70,000
Su(act)
psi (480 MPa), Sy (act) shall be increased by 5,000 psi
(34 MPa) prior to determining the load rating;
(3) for all other materials the determined load
Level C Limits (lower of the two values) rating shall be multiplied by 0.67.
For supports loaded in compression, a TLu test shall
be performed with the compressive load rating deter-
S mined in accordance with NF-3282.3.
load rating(yield) p TLy × 1.5 (7)
Sy (act) (b) For load rating based on TLu test results, the
determined load rating shall be multiplied by 0.50.
S
load rating(ult.) p TLu × 1.5
Su(act)
NF-3300 DESIGN RULES FOR LINEAR-
TYPE SUPPORTS
NF-3310 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
NF-3282.3 Supports Loaded in Compression. The
load rating for supports loaded in compression shall This Subarticle provides rules for the design of
be determined for Service Level A, B, and C by the Linear-Type Supports by either linear elastic analysis
methods of NF-3282.2. In addition, for cases where (NF-3320) or plastic (limit) analysis (NF-3340). Linear
buckling governs, TLu shall be corrected for the ratio elastic analytical procedures are also provided (NF-
of Young’s Modulus at the Design Temperature to 3330) for the design of members and connections which
Young’s Modulus at the test temperature. The load will be subjected to high cycle fatigue conditions in
rating shall be determined by the following equations: service.

58
NF-3311 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3313.1

NF-3311 Design Considerations NF-3312.1 Elastic Analysis. In elastic analysis it is

assumed that all component and support stiffnesses
NF-3311.1 Linear Elastic Analysis. The rules for
remain constant.
linear elastic analysis are based on the yield strength
(a) Design Limits. The rules and stress limits which
values at temperature of the materials used in con-
must be satisfied in an elastic analysis for any Design
structing linear type supports which are set forth in
Loading shall be stated in the Design Specification.
Tables 4 and Y-1 of Section II, Part D, Subpart 1.
(b) Service Limits, Level A Through D. The rules
The allowable stresses are determined in NF-3320 by
and stress limits which must be satisfied in an elastic
applying factors of safety dependent on the structural
analysis for any Level A through D Service Loading
member involved to these specified yield strength values.
stated in the Design Specification are those given in
Sm values for bolting materials listed in Table 4,
NF-3321 multiplied by the appropriate stress limit factor
Section II, Part D, Subpart 1 are based on (1⁄3)Sy.
from Tables NF-3523(b)-1 and NF-3623(b)-1 for the
Multiply Sm by three to arrive at Sy values for the
particular loading and stress category.
material (round up to next higher 0.5 ksi) if an Sy
(c) Test Limits. The rules and stress limits which
value for the material is needed.
must be satisfied for any Test Loadings stated in
NF-3311.2 High Cycle Fatigue Analysis. The rules the Design Specification are those given in NF-3321
for designing Linear-Type Supports given in NF-3330 multiplied by the appropriate stress limit factor in
are essentially the same as those given in NF-3320 for Tables NF-3523(b)-1 and NF-3623(b)-1 under Test
linear elastic analysis, except that the maximum range Loadings.
of stress, namely, the difference between the minimum
and maximum value of the stress throughout each cycle NF-3313 Nomenclature and Numbering of
and the frequency with which the support will be Equations
subjected to this range of stress, shall be taken into
consideration when so stipulated by the Design Specifi- NF-3313.1 Nomenclature. Except where symbols
cation (NCA-3250). are used in the text of the paragraphs which follow
to represent the value of complex algebraic expressions,
NF-3311.3 Limit Analysis. The rules for limit (plas- the nomenclature adopted in NF-3300 is defined as
tic) analysis given in NF-3340 may be used as an follows:
alternative to the linear elastic analysis method. These Ap gross area of an axially loaded compression
rules permit proportioning Linear-Type Supports on the member, sq in.
basis of limit design by determining their lower bound Abp nominal body area of a fastener, sq in.; area of
collapse loads. The requirements set forth in NF-3320 an upset rod based upon the major diameter of
governing allowable stresses to be used in designing its threads, i.e., the diameter of a coaxial cylin-
Linear-Type Supports are waived when the limit design der which would bound the crests of the upset
procedure is employed, but all other pertinent provisions threads, sq in.
of NF-3320 shall apply. Aep effective net area of an axially loaded tension
member, sq in.
NF-3311.4 Basis for Determining Stress in Design Af p area of compression flange, sq in.
by Analysis. The theory of failure used in the rules Anp net area of an axially loaded tension member,
for the design of Linear-Type Supports is the maximum sq in.
stress theory. In the maximum stress theory, the control- Astp cross-sectional area of stiffener or pair of stif-
ling stress is the maximum principal stress. feners, sq in.
Awp area of girder web, sq in.
NF-3311.5 Terms Relating to Design by Analysis. Cp ratio of bolt tensile strength to tensile strength
Terms used in the design of Linear-Type Supports by of connected part
stress analysis are defined in NF-3313. Cbp bending coefficient dependent upon moment
gradient
Ccp slenderness ratio separating elastic and inelastic
buckling
NF-3312 Analysis Methods
C′cp effective column slenderness ratio
Linear-Type Supports may be designed by either Cmp coefficient applied to bending term in interac-
elastic or limit analysis, limits for which are given in tion equation and dependent upon column cur-
the following subparagraphs. vature caused by applied moments

59
NF-3313.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3313.1

Ctp reduction coefficient in computing effective net factored axial load, kips (NF-3340) axial load,
area of an axially loaded tension member kips (NF-3340)
Cvp ratio of critical web stress, according to the Pbf p factored beam flange or connection plate force
linear buckling theory, to the shear yield stress in a restrained connection
of web material p the computed force delivered by the flange or
C1p increment used in computing minimum spacing moment connection plate, multiplied by five-
of oversized and slotted holes thirds when the computed force is due to live
C2p increment used in computing minimum edge and dead loads only, or by four-thirds when the
distance for oversized and slotted holes computed force is due to live and dead loads in
Dp factor dependent upon type of transverse stif- conjuction with wind or earthquake forces, kips
feners Pcrp maximum strength of axially loaded compres-
p outside diameter of tubular members, in. sion member or beam, kips
Ep modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi Pep Euler buckling load, kips
Fap axial compressive stress permitted in the ab- Psp maximum slip resistance of the joint, lb
sence of bending moment, ksi Pyp axial plastic load, equal to member area times
Fasp axial compressive stress permitted in the ab- specified minimum yield stress, kips
sence of bending moment, for bracing and other Qap ratio of effective area of an axially loaded mem-
secondary members, ksi ber to its total area
Fbp bending stress permitted in the absence of axial Qsp axial stress reduction factor
force, ksi Rp reaction or concentrated transverse load applied
F′bp allowable bending stress in compression flange to beam or girder, kips; radius, in.
of plate girders as reduced for hybrid girders or Sup tabulated values of ultimate tensile strength of
because of large web depth–thickness ratio, ksi material at temperature (Table U, Section II,
F′ep Euler stress divided by factor of safety, ksi Part D, Subpart 1), ksi
Fpp allowable bearing stress on the projected area Syp yield strength at temperature (Table Y-1, Sec-
of bolts or pins, or on contact area of milled tion II, Part D, Subpart 1), ksi
surfaces and ends of rollers, rockers, or fitted
Tbp specific pretension of a high strength bolt, kips
bearing stiffeners at temperature, ksi
Tip initial clamping force per bolt, lb
Fsrp stress range, ksi
Vup shear produced by required factored loading,
Ftp allowable tensile stress, ksi
ultimate load, kips
Ftbp allowable tensile stress at temperature, ksi
Yp ratio of yield stress of web steel to yield stress
Fvp allowable shear stress, ksi
of stiffener steel
Fvbp allowable shear stress at temperature, ksi
Zxp plastic section modulus for axis of bending, in.3
Fycp column yield stress, ksi
ap clear distance between transverse stiffeners; di-
Fyst p stiffener yield stress, ksi
mension parallel to the direction of stress, Table
Kp effective length factor
Lp span length NF-3332.3-1, in.
p distance from center of bolt hole to edge of a′p distance required at ends of welded partial
connected part, in. length cover plate to develop stress, in.
Mp moment, in.-kip (NF-3320); factored bending bp actual width of stiffened and unstiffened com-
moment, in.-kip (NF-3340) pression elements
M′p lesser of the factored moments at the ends of p dimensions normal to the direction of stress,
unbraced segment, in.-kip Table NF-3332.3-1, in.
M1p smaller moment at end of unbraced length of bep effective width of stiffened compression ele-
beam column, in.-kip ment, in.
M2p larger moment at end of unbraced length of bf p flange width of rolled beam or plate girder, in.
beam column, in.-kip dp depth of beam or girder
Mmp critical moment that can be resisted by a plasti- p diameter of roller or rocker bearing
cally designed member in the absence of axial p nominal diameter of fastener, in.
load, in.-kip dcp column web depth clear of fillets, in.
Mpp plastic moment, in.-kip ep horizontal displacement, in the direction of the
Np length of bearing of applied load, in. span, between top and bottom of simply sup-
Pp force transmitted by a fastener, kips (NF-3320); ported beam at its ends, in.

60
NF-3313.1 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3322.1

fp axial compression stress on member based on xp subscript relating to bending about the strong
effective area, ksi principal axis
fap computed axial stress, ksi yp subscript relating to bending about the weak
fbp computed bending stress, ksi principal axis
f ′c p specified compression strength of concrete, ksi ap ratio of hybrid girder web yield stress to flange
fpp computed bearing stress, ksi yield stress
ftp computed tensile stress, ksi Dp displacement of the neutral axis of a loaded
fvp computed shear stress, ksi member from its position when the member is
fvsp shear between girder web and transverse stiffen- not loaded, in.
ers, kips /linear in. of single stiffener or pair of
stiffeners NF-3313.2 Numbering of Equations. A separate
gp transverse spacing (gage) between successive series of equation numbers is used for each paragraph
holes in line of stress, in. and each series, beginning with Eq. (1).
hp clear distance between flanges of a beam or
girder at the section under investigation, in.
kp coefficient relating linear buckling strength of
a plate to its dimensions and condition of edge
support NF-3320 DESIGN BY LINEAR ELASTIC
p also distance between outer face of column ANALYSIS FOR CLASS 1
flange and web toe of its fillet if column is a
rolled shape, or equivalent distance if column NF-3321 General Design Requirements
is a welded shape, in. NF-3321.1 Design and Service Conditions
ksp slip coefficient for the particular surface condi- (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Subarticle,
tion taken from Table NF-3324.6(a)(4)-1 all items of the structure shall be so proportioned that
lp for beams, distance between cross section the stress, ksi, for Design and Level A Service Limits,
braced against twist or lateral displacement of shall not exceed the values of NF-3322. For Level B,
the compression flange, in. C, and D Service Limits, allowable stresses may be
p for columns, actual unbraced length of member, increased by the factors shown in Tables NF-3523(b)-
in., unsupported length of lacing bar, in. 1 and NF-3623(b)-1. Bearing-type stress limits are
lbp actual unbraced length in plane of bending, in. excluded from rules for Level D Service Limits.
lcrp critical unbraced length adjacent to plastic (b) To avoid column buckling in compression mem-
hinge, in. bers, local instability associated with compression flange
mp number of shear planes per bolt buckling in flexural members, and web buckling in
np number of bolts in the joint plate girders, the allowable stress shall be limited to
rp governing radius of gyration, in. two-thirds of the critical buckling stress.
rbp radius of gyration about axis of concurrent
bending, in. NF-3321.2 Design for High Cycle Fatigue Condi-
rcp radius of gyration of a section comprising the tions. Design for high cycle fatigue conditions shall
compression flange plus one-third of the com- be in accordance with the requirements of NF-3330,
pression web area, taken about an axis in the using the allowable stresses of NF-3322 as modified
plane of the web, in. by NF-3332.4.
ryp radius of gyration of a member about its weak
axis, in.
sp longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of
any two consecutive holes, in.
NF-3322 Design Requirements for Structural
tp girder, beam, or column web thickness, in.;
Steel Members
thickness of a connected part, in.
p wall thickness of a tubular member, in. NF-3322.1 Allowable Stresses — Design and Level
tbp thickness of beam flange or moment connection A Service Conditions
plate at rigid beam to column connection, in. (a) Stress in Tension. The allowable stress in tension
tf p flange thickness, in. shall be as given in (a)(1), (2), and (3) below:
tlp thickness of thinner part joined by partial pene- (1) Except for pin-connected and threaded mem-
tration groove weld, in. bers, Ft shall be:

61
NF-3322.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3322.1

Ft p 0.60Sy (1) [1 − (Kl / r)2 / 2Cc2 ] Sy

Fa p (4)
5 / 3 +[3(Kl / r) / 8Cc ] − [(Kl / r)3 / 8Cc3 ]
but not more than 0.5 times Su on the effective net area.3
(2) For pin-connected members, using the net where
area:3

Cc p √ 2p 2 E / Sy
Ft p 0.45Sy (2)

(3) For threaded parts in tension, see NF- (b) Where Kl /r Is Greater Than Cc. On the
3324.6(a)(1). gross section of axially loaded compression members
(b) Stress in Shear when Kl /r exceeds Cc , the allowable stress in compres-
(1) Except as provided in (b)(2) below and NF- sion shall be:
3324.6(a)(2), on the cross-sectional area effective in
resisting shear: 12p 2 E
Fa p (5)
23 (Kl / r)2
Fv p 0.40Sy (3a)
(c) Where the Slenderness Ratio Exceeds 120.
The effective area in resisting shear of rolled and On the gross section4 of axially loaded bracing and
fabricated shapes may be taken as the overall depth secondary members, when l /r exceeds 120 the allowable
times the web thickness. stress in compression shall be:
(2) At the beam end connections where the top
flange is coped, and in similar situations where failure Fa [Eq. (4) or (5)]
might occur by shear along a plane through the fasteners, Fas p (6)
1 2
1
or by a combination of shear along a plane through 1.6 −
200r
the fasteners plus tension along a perpendicular plane,
on the effective area in resisting tearing failure shall be:
(2) Gross Sections of Columns Fabricated From
Fv p 0.30Su (3b) Austenitic Stainless Steel. On the gross section of axially
loaded compression members whose cross sections meet
the provisions of NF-3322.2(d) the allowable stress in
The effective area is the minimum net failure surface,
compression shall be as required by (c)(2)(a) and (b)
bounded by the bolt holes.
below.
(c) Stress in Compression. The allowable stress in
(a) Where Kl /r Is Less Than or Equal to 120.
compression shall be as required by (c)(1) through (3)
below. The allowable compressive stress for columns,
1 2
except those fabricated from austenitic stainless steel, Kl / r
Fa p Sy 0.47 − (6a)
shall be as required by (c)(1). The allowable compressive 444
stress for columns fabricated from austenitic stainless
steel shall be as required by (c)(2). The allowable (b) Where Kl /r Is Greater Than 120. The follow-
compressive stress for member elements other than ing compressive stress limit applies to bracing and
columns constructed of any material, including austenitic secondary members as well as main members.
stainless steel, shall be as required by (c)(3).
(1) Gross Sections of Columns, Except Those Fab-
1 2
Kl / r
ricated of Austenitic Stainless Steel Fa p Sy 0.40 − (6b)
(a) Where Kl /r Is Less Than Cc. On the gross 600
section of axially loaded compression members whose
cross sections meet the provisions of NF-3322.2(d), (3) Member Elements Other Than Columns
when Kl /r (the largest effective slenderness ratio of (a) Plate Girder Stiffeners. On the gross area
any unbraced segment as defined in NF-3322.2) is less of plate girder stiffeners, the allowable stress in compres-
than Cc , the allowable stress in compression shall be: sion shall be:

3 For determination of effective net area, see NF-3322.8. 4 For this case, K is taken as unity.

62
NF-3322.1 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3322.1

Fa p 0.60Sy (7) gular cross section, whose depth is not more than six
times the width and whose flange thickness is not more
(b) Webs of Rolled Shapes. On the web of rolled than two times the web thickness, shall not exceed the
shapes at the toe of the fillet, the allowable stress in value:
compression shall be:
[1950 + 1200 (M1 / M2 )] (b / Sy ) (12)
Fa p 0.75Sy (8)
except that it need not be less than 1200(b /Sy).
For the use of stiffeners to avoid web crippling, see (7) The diameter–thickness ratio of hollow
NF-3322.6(a). circular sections shall not exceed 3300 /Sy.
(d) Stress in Bending. The allowable bending stress (b) Beams and girders (except for hybrid girders
resulting from tension and compression in structural and members made from 65 ksi or greater Sy material)
members shall be as required by (d)(1) through (6) which meet the requirements of (d)(1)(a)(1) through
below. (7) above and are continuous over supports or are
(1) Compact Sections rigidly framed to columns by means of high strength
(a) Tension and compression on extreme fibers bolts or welds may be proportioned for nine-tenths of
of compact hot rolled or built-up members (except the negative moments produced by gravity loading
hybrid beams and members made from 65 ksi or greater which are maximum at points of support, provided that
Sy material) symmetrical about and loaded in the plane for such members the maximum positive moment shall
of their minor axes and meeting the requirements of be increased by one-tenth of the average negative
Subsection NF shall result in a maximum bending moments. This reduction shall not apply to moments
stress: produced by loading on cantilevers. If the negative
moment is resisted by a column rigidly framed to the
Fb p 0.66Sy (9) beam or girder, the one-tenth reduction may be used
in proportioning the column for the combined axial
In order to qualify, a member shall meet the require- and bending loading, provided that the stress fa due
ments of (d)(1)(a)(1) through (7) below. to any concurrent axial load on the member does not
(1) The flanges shall be continuously con- exceed 0.15Fa .
nected to the web or webs. (2) Members With High Flange Width–Thickness
(2) The width–thickness ratio of unstiffened Ratio. Members which meet the requirements of (d)(1)
projecting elements of the compression flange [as de- above, except that bf /2tf exceeds 65 / √ Sy but is less
fined in NF-3322.2(d)] shall not exceed 65 / √ Sy. than 95 / √ Sy, may be designed on the basis of an
(3) The width–thickness ratio of stiffened ele- allowable bending stress:
ments of the compression flange [as defined in NF-
3322.2(d)] shall not exceed 190 / √ Sy. Fb p Sy [0.79 − 0.002 (bf / 2tf ) √ Sy ] (13)
(4) The depth–thickness ratio of the web or
webs shall not exceed the value given by Eq. (10) or (3) Doubly Symmetrical Members With Bending
(11), as applicable: About the Minor Axis. Tension and compression on
extreme fibers of doubly symmetrical I and H shaped
d / t p (640 / √ Sy ) [1 − 3.74 ( fa / Sy )] (10) members (except for hybrid girders and members made
from 65 ksi or greater Sy material) which are bent
when fa /Sy ≤ 0.16; about their minor axis, meeting the requirements of
(d)(1)(a) and (b) above; solid round and square bars;
d / t p 257 / √ Sy (11) and solid rectangular sections bent about their weaker
axis shall not exceed a bending stress of:
when fa /Sy > 0.16.
(5) The laterally unsupported length of the Fb p 0.75Sy (14)
compression flange of members other than box-shaped
members shall not exceed the value 76bf / √ Sy nor Doubly symmetrical I and H shaped members bent
20,000 /[(d /Af ) Sy] . about their minor axis (except for hybrid girders and
(6) The laterally unsupported length of the members made from 65 ksi or greater Sy material),
compression flange of a box-shaped member of rectan- meeting the requirements of (d)(1)(a) above, except

63
NF-3322.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3322.1

where bf /2tf exceeds 65 / √ Sy but is less than 95 / When

√ Sy, may be designed on the basis of anallowable
bending stress: l / rc ≥ √ (510 × 103 Cb ) / Sy

Fb p Sy [1.075 − 0.005 (bf / 2tf ) √ Sy ] (15a) then

Rectangular tubular sections meeting therequirements Fb p (170 × 103 Cb ) / (l / rc )2 (18)

of (d)(1)(a)(1), (3), and (4) above, and bent about their
minor axis, may be designed on the basis of an allowable When the compression flange is solid and approximately
bending stress: rectangular in cross section and its area is not less
than that of the tension flange,
Fb p 0.66Sy (15b)
Fb p (12 × 103 Cb ) / (ld / Af ) (19)
(4) Box-Type Flexural Members. Tension and com-
pression on extreme fibers of box-type flexural members where
whose compression flange or web width–thickness ratio Cbp 1.75 + 1.05(Ml /M2 ) + 0.3 (Ml /M2 )2 ≤ 2.3, where
does not meet the requirements of (d)(1) above, but M1 is the smaller and M2 is the larger bending
does conform to the requirements of NF-3322.2(d), moment at the ends of the unbraced length taken
shall not exceed a bending stress of: about the strong axis of the member, and where
M1 /M2 (the ratio of end moments) is positive
Fb p 0.60Sy (16) when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse
curvature bending) and is negative when they
are of opposite signs (single curvature bending).
Lateral torsional buckling need not be investigated for
When the bending moment at any point within
a box section whose depth is less than six times its
an unbraced length is larger than that at both
width. Lateral support requirements for box sections
ends of this length, the value of Cb shall be
of larger depth–width ratios must be determined by
taken as 1. When computing Fbx and Fby to be
special analysis.
used in Eq. (20), Cb may be computed by the
(5) Miscellaneous Members
equation given above for frames subject to joint
(a) Tension on extreme fibers of flexural mem-
translation. Cb may conservatively be taken as
bers not covered in (d)(1) through (4) above, shall not
1 for cantilever beams.7
exceed a bending stress as determined by using Eq. (16).
(b) Compression on extreme fibers of flexural For cantilevers braced against twist only at the support,
members included in (d)(5)(a) above, meeting the re- l may be conservatively taken as the actual length.
quirements of NF-3322.2(d)(1)(b), and having an axis (c) For hybrid plate girders, Sy for Eqs. (17)
of symmetry in and loaded in the plane of their web and (18) is the yield stress of the compression flange.
and compression on extreme fibers of channels5 bent Equation (19) shall not apply to hybrid girders.
about their major axis, shall have the larger value of (6) Miscellaneous Members Braced Laterally.
bending stress computed by Eqs. (17), (18), and (19), Compression in extreme fibers of flexural members
as applicable, but not more than 0.60Sy.6 meeting the requirements of NF-3322.2(d)(1)(b), but not
included in (d)(5)(b) above, shall result in a maximum
bending stress as determined by using Eq. (16), provided
When that sections bent about their major axis are braced
1⁄ 1⁄
laterally in the region of compression stress at intervals
[(102 × 103 Cb ) / Sy ] 2 ≤ l / rc ≤ [(510 × 103 Cb ) / Sy ] 2 not exceeding 76bf / √ Sy.
(e) Combined Stresses
then (1) Axial Compression and Bending. For members
subjected to both axial compression and bending, includ-
ing bending moment resulting in secondary stress,
Fb p {2⁄3 − [Sy (l / rc )2 / (1530 × 103 Cb )]} Sy (17)

7 For the use of larger Cb values, see: The Structural Stability

5 Only Eq. (19) is applicable to channels. Research Council, Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal
6 See NF-3322.3 for further limitations in plate girder flange stress. Structures, 3rd edition, p. 135.

64
 NF-3322.1 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3322.1

stresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the requirements consideration. M1 /M2 is positive when the
of Eqs. (20), (21), and (22): member is bent in reverse curvature and
negative when it is bent in single curvature.
fa Cmx fbx Cmy fby (c) For compression members in frames braced
+ + ≤ 1.0 (20)
Fa (1 − fa / F ′ex ) Fbx (1 − fa / F ′ey ) Fby against joint translation in the plane of loading and
subjected to transverse loading between their supports,
the value of Cm may be determined by rational analysis;
fa f f however, in lieu of such analysis, the following values
+ bx + by ≤ 1.0 (21) may be used:
0.60Sy Fbx Fby
(1) for members whose ends are restrained
After evaluating primary stresses, the right-hand side (against rotation in the plane of bending):
of Eq. (22) may be replaced by 1.5 when both primary
and secondary bending stresses are considered. When Cm p 0.85
fa /Fa ≤ 0.15, Eq. (22) may be used in lieu of Eqs.
(20) and (21):
(2) for members whose ends are unrestrained
(against rotation in the plane of bending):
fa f f
+ bx + by ≤ 1.0 (22)
Fa Fbx Fby
Cm p 1.0
In Eqs. (20), (21), and (22), the subscripts x and y
indicate the axis of bending about which a particular (2) Axial Tension and Bending. Members subject
stress or design property applies, and: to both axial tension and bending stresses shall be
proportioned at all points along their length to satisfy
12␲ 2 E
F ′e p the requirements of Eq. (21), where fb is the computed
23(Klb / rb )2 bending tensile stress. However, the computed bending
compressive stress, taken alone, shall not exceed the
for all members except those fabricated of austenitic applicable value according to NF-3322.1(d), ‘‘Stress in
stainless steel, or Bending.’’
(3) Shear and Tension. Bolts subject to combined
␲ 2E shear and tension shall be proportioned in accordance
F ′e p
2.15(Klb / rb )2 with the requirements of NF-3324.
(f) Bearing on Contact Area
for members fabricated of austenitic stainless steel (in (1) Milled Surfaces. On contact area of milled
the expression for F′e , as in the case of Fa , Fb , and surfaces and ends of fitted bearing stiffness8 on projected
0.60Sy , F′e may be multiplied by the appropriate stress area of pins in reamed, drilled, or bored holes, the
limit factor from the Tables NF-3523(b)-1 and NF- maximum bearing stress shall be:
3623(b)-1 for the particular stress category), where Cm
is a coefficient whose value shall be as given in (e)(1)(a)
Fp p 0.90Sy (23)
through (c) below:
(a) For compression members in frames subject
to joint translation (sidesway), Cm p 0.85. (2) Rollers and Rockers. The maximum bearing
(b) For (rotationally) restrained compression load, kips /linear in., shall be:
members in frames braced against joint translation and
not subject to transverse loading between their supports
in the plane of bending, Fp p 冢S 20− 13冣 0.66d
y
(24a)

Cm p 0.6 − 0.4 (M1 / M2 )

(3) Bolts. The maximum bearing load on projected
where area of bolts in bearing connections shall be:
M1 /M2 pthe ratio of the smaller to larger moments
at the ends of that portion of the member 8 When parts in contact have different yield stresses, Sy shall be the
unbraced in the plane of bending under smaller value.

65

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 NF-3322.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3322.2

Fp p 1.5Su (24b) (c) Maximum Slenderness Ratios

(1) The slenderness ratio Kl /r of compression
(4) Concrete Bearing. In the absence of any other members shall not exceed 200.
Code rules governing bearing stresses on concrete, the (2) The slenderness ratio l /r of tension members,
maximum bearing stress values shall be as given in other than rods, preferably should not exceed 240 for
(f)(4)(a) and (b) below: main members, and 300 for lateral bracing members
(a) on the full area of a concrete support: and other secondary members.
(d) Width Ratios
Fp p 0.35f ′c (25) (1) Unstiffened Elements Under Compression
(a) Effective Width. Unstiffened (projecting)
(b) on less than the full area of a concrete compression elements are those having one free edge
support: parallel to the direction of compression stress. The
width of unstiffened plates shall be taken from the free
Fp p 0.35f ′c √ A2 / A1 ≤ 0.7f ′c (26) edge to the first row of fasteners or welds; the width
of legs of angles, channel and zee flanges, and stems
of tees shall be taken as the full nominal dimension;
where
the width of flanges of I and H shaped members and
A1p bearing area, sq in.
tees shall be taken as one-half of the full nominal
A2p full cross-sectional area of concrete support,
width. The thickness of a sloping flange shall be
sq in.
measured at a section halfway between a free edge
(g) Single Angle Members. Single angle members
and the corresponding face of the web.
shall be designed in accordance with Appendix NF-II.
(b) Determination of Effective Width. Un-
A99 NF-3322.2 Stability and Slenderness and Width– stiffened elements subject to axial compression or com-
Thickness Ratios pression due to bending shall be considered as fully
(a) General Requirements effective when the width–thickness ratio is not greater
(1) General stability shall be provided for the than the following:
structure as a whole and for each compression element. (1) for single angle struts and double angle
Design consideration shall be given to significant load struts with separators, 76 / √ Sy;
effects resulting from the deflected shape of the structure (2) for struts comprising double angles in
or of individual elements of the lateral load resisting contact; angles or plates projecting from girders, col-
system, including the effects on beams, columns, brac- umns, or other compression members; compression
ing, connections, and shear walls. flanges of beams; and stiffeners on plate girders, 95 /
(2) In determining the slenderness ratio of an √ Sy;
axially loaded compression member, except as provided (3) for stems of tees, 127 / √ Sy.
in NF-3322.1(c)(3), the length shall be taken as its
effective length Kl, and r shall be taken as the corres- When the actual width–thickness ratio exceeds these
ponding radius of gyration. values, the design stress shall be governed by the
(b) Lateral Stability provisions of (e) below.
(1) Braced Frames. In frames [where lateral stabil- (2) Stiffened Elements Under Compression
ity is provided by adequate attachment to diagonal (a) Effective Width. Stiffened compression ele-
bracing (to shear walls), to an adjacent structure having ments are those having lateral support along both edges
adequate lateral stability, or to floor slabs (or roofdecks) which are parallel to the direction of the compression
secured horizontally by walls or bracing systems parallel stress. The width of such elements shall be taken as
to the plane of the frame] and in trusses, the effective follows:
length factor K for the compression members shall be (1) For webs of rolled, built-up, or formed
taken as 1.0, unless analysis shows that a smaller value sections, h is the clear distance between flanges.
may be used. (2) For webs of rolled, built-up, or formed
(2) Unbraced Frames. In frames where lateral sections, d is the full nominal depth.
stability is dependent upon the bending stiffness of (3) For flange or diaphragm plates in built-
rigidly connected beams and columns, the effective up sections, the width b is the distance between adjacent
length Kl of compression members shall be determined lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
by a rational method and shall not be less than the (4) For flanges of rectangular hollow struc-
actual unbraced length. tural sections, the width b is the clear distance between

66

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NF-3322.2 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3322.2

webs less the inside corner radius on each side. If the members shall be modified by the appropriate reduction
corner radius is not known, the flat width may be factor Qs as provided in (e)(5) below.
taken as the total section width minus three times the (a) For single angles, when
thickness.
(b) Determination of Effective Width. Stiffened 76 / √ Sy < b / t < 155 / √ Sy
elements subject to axial compression or to uniform
compression due to bending, as in the case of the then
flange of a flexural9 member, shall be considered as
fully effective when the width–thickness ratio is not
greater than the following: Qs p 1.340 − 0.00447 (b / t) √ Sy (27)
(1) for flanges of square and rectangular box
sections of uniform thickness, 238 / √ Sy; when
(2) for unsupported width of cover plates
perforated with a succession of access holes,10 317 /
√ Sy; b / t ≥ 155 / √ Sy
(3) for all other uniformly compressed stiff-
ened elements, 253 / √ Sy. then
Except in the case of perforated cover plates, when
the actual width–thickness ratio exceeds these values, Qs p 15,500 / [Sy (b / t)2] (28)
the design stress shall be governed by the provisions
of (e) below.
(b) For angles or plates projecting from columns
(c) Circular Tubular Elements. Circular tubular
or other compression members and for projecting ele-
elements subject to axial compression shall be consid-
ments of compression flanges of girders, when
ered as fully effective when the ratio of the outside
diameter to the wall thickness is not greater than
95 / √Sy / kc < b / t < 195 / √Sy / kc
3300 /Sy. For diameter to thickness ratios greater than
3300 /Sy but less than 13,000 /Sy , the calculated stress
shall be governed by the provisions of (e) below. then
(e) Slender Compression Elements
(1) General Requirements. Axially loaded mem- Qs p 1.293 − 0.00309 (b / t) √ Sy / kc (29)
bers and flexural members, containing elements subject
to compression and having a width–thickness ratio in when
excess of the applicable limit given in (d)(1) and (d)(2)
above, shall be proportioned to meet the requirements
of the following subparagraphs. b / t > 195 / √ Sy / kc
(2) Unstiffened Compression Elements. Except as
provided herein, stress on unstiffened compression ele- then
ments, the width–thickness ratio of which exceeds the
applicable limit given in (d)(1) above, shall be subject
to a reduction of factor Qs. The value of Qs shall be Qs p 26,200 kc / [Sy (b / t)2] (30)
determined by Eqs. (27) to (32), as applicable, where
b is the width of the unstiffened element as defined 4.05 h
in (d)(1) above. When such elements comprise the kc p if > 70, otherwise kc p 1.0.
(h / t)0.46 t
compression flange of a flexural member, the maximum
allowable bending stress shall not exceed 0.6SyQs , nor
the applicable value as provided in (d)(5) or (6) above. (c) For stems of tees, when
The allowable stress of axially loaded compression
127 / √ Sy < b / t < 176 / √ Sy
9 Webs of flexural members are covered by the provisions of NF-
3322.6(a) and NF-3322.6(e)(2) and are not subject to the provisions then
of this paragraph.
10 Assumes net area of plate at widest hole as basis for computing

compression stresses. Qs p 1.908 − 0.00715 (b / t) √ Sy (31)

67
NF-3322.2 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3322.2

TABLE NF-3322.2(e)(2)-1 the stiffened element, f must be such that the

LIMITING PROPORTIONS FOR CHANNELS AND TEES maximum compressive stress in the unstiffened
element does not exceed FaQs or FbQs , as appli-
Ratio of Flange Ratio of Flange cable.
Width to Profile Thickness to Web
Shape Depth or Stem Thickness (b) The allowable stress for axially loaded circu-
lar tubular members not meeting the requirements of
≤ 0.25 ≤ 3.0 NF-3322.1(e) above, but having a diameter-to-thickness
Built-up or
rolled channels
Built-up tees
6 ≤ 0.50
≥ 0.50
≤ 2.0
≥ 1.25 ratio of less than 13,000 /Sy , shall not exceed either
Rolled tees ≥ 0.50 ≥ 1.10 the smaller value determined by NF-3322.1(e) above or:

3 D / t + 0.4S 4
662
Fa p y

when (c) When the allowable stresses are increased

for Level C Conditions, the effective width be shall
b / t ≥ 176 / √ Sy
be determined on the basis of 0.75 times the stress
caused by Level C Conditions.
then (4) Design Properties. Properties of sections shall
be determined in accordance with conventional methods,
Qs p 20,000 / [Sy (b / t)2 ] (32) using the full cross section of the member, except as
required in (e)(4)(a) and (b) below.
(d) However, unstiffened elements of channels (a) In computing the moment of inertia and
and tees whose proportions exceed the limits of (d)(1) section modulus of flexural members with respect to
above shall conform to the limits given in Table NF- the axis of bending under consideration, the effective
3322.2(e)(2)-1. width of stiffened compression elements parallel to the
(3) Stiffened Compression Elements axis of bending and having a width–thickness ratio in
(a) When the width–thickness ratio of uniformly excess of the applicable limit given in (d)(2) above,
compressed stiffened elements, except for perforated rather than the actual width, shall be used, and the
cover plates, exceeds the applicable limit given in (d)(2) axis of bending shall be located accordingly, except
above, a reduced effective width be shall be used in that for sections otherwise symmetrical, the properties
computing the flexural design properties of the section may conservatively and more easily be computed using
containing the element and the permissible axial stress, a corresponding effective area on the tension side of
except that the ratio be /t need not be taken as less the neutral axis as well. That portion of the area which
than the applicable value permitted in (d)(2) above. is neglected in arriving at the effective area shall be
(1) For the flanges of square and rectangular located at and symmetrical about the center line of the
sections of uniform thickness: stiffened element to which it applies.
(b) The stress fa due to axial loading, and the
3 1 24 ≤ b
253t 50.3 radius of gyration r, shall be computed on the basis
be p 1− (33)
√ f (b / t) √ f of actual cross-sectional area. However, the allowable
axial stress Fa , as provided in (e)(5) below shall be
(2) For other uniformly compressed elements: subject to the form factor:

3 1 24 ≤ b
253t 44.3
be p 1− (34) effective area
√f (b / t) √ f Qa p
actual area
where
bp the actual width, in., of a stiffened compression where the effective area is equal to the actual area
element as defined in (d)(2) above less S (b−be) t.
fp computed compressive stress, ksi, in the stiff- (5) Axially Loaded Compression Members. The
ened elements based on the design properties allowable stress for axially loaded compression members
as specified in (e)(4) below. If unstiffened ele- containing unstiffened or stiffened elements shall not
ments are included in the total cross section for exceed:

68
 NF-3322.2 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3322.4

冤 冥 0.5 Su Afn ≥ 0.6 Sy Afg

(Kl / r)2 (35a)
Qs Qa 1 − Sy
2(C ′c )2
Fa p (35)
5 3(Kl / r) (Kl / r)3 where Afg is the gross flange area and Afn is the net
+ −
3 8 C ′c 8(C ′c )3 flange area, calculated in accordance with the provisions
of NF-3322.8.
when the largest effective slenderness ratio of any
unbraced segment is less than C′c or the value given If
by Eq. (5) when Kl /r exceeds C′c, where
0.5 Su Afn < 0.6 Sy Afg (35b)

C ′c p
冪 2␲ 2 E
Qs Qa Sy
the member flexural properties shall be based on an
effective tension flange area Afe
and 5 Su
Afe p Afn (35c)
6 Sy
Q p Qs Qa
(b) Hybrid Girders. Hybrid girders may be propor-
(a) Cross sections composed entirely of unstiff- tioned by the moment of inertia of their gross section,
ened elements, provided that they are not required to resist an axial
force greater than 0.15Sy times the area of the gross
Q p Qs (i.e., Qa p 1.0) section, where Sy is the yield stress of the flange
material. To qualify as hybrid girders, the flanges at
(b) Cross sections composed entirely of stiffened any given section shall have the same cross-sectional
elements, area and be made of the same grade of steel.
(c) Open Box-Type Beams and Grillages. When two
Q p Qa (i.e., Qs p 1.0)
or more rolled beams or channels are used side by
side to form a flexural member, they shall be connected
together at intervals of not more than 5 ft. Through-
(c) Cross sections composed of both stiffened
bolts and separators may be used, provided that in
and unstiffened elements,
beams having a depth of 12 in. or more, no fewer
than two bolts shall be used at each separator location.
Q p Qs Qa When concentrated loads are carried from one beam to
the other or distributed between the beams, diaphragms
(6) Combined Axial and Flexural Stress. In having sufficient stiffness to distribute the load shall
applying the provisions of NF-3322.1(e) to members be bolted or welded between the beams.
subject to combined axial and flexural stress and con-
taining stiffened elements whose width–thickness ratio NF-3322.4 Compression Members
exceeds the applicable limit given in (d)(2) above, the (a) Requirements for Fasteners
stresses Fa , fbx , and fby shall be calculated on the basis (1) Transverse Spacing of Fasteners. All parts of
of the section properties as provided in (e)(4) and (5) built-up compression members and the transverse spac-
above, as applicable. The allowable bending stress Fb ing of their lines of fasteners shall meet the requirements
for members containing unstiffened elements whose of NF-3322.2.
width–thickness ratio exceeds the applicable limit given (2) End Fasteners. At the ends of built-up compres-
in (d)(1) above shall be the smaller value 0.6SyQs or sion members bearing on base plates or milled surfaces,
that provided in NF-3322.1(d)(5). all components in contact with one another shall be
connected by bolts, spaced longitudinally not more than
NF-3322.3 Plate Girders, Rolled Beams, and Built- four diameters apart for a distance equal to 11⁄2 times
Up Members the maximum width of the member, or by continuous
(a) Girders and Rolled Beams. Rolled or welded welds having a length not less than the maximum width
shapes, plate girders, and cover-plated beams shall, in of the member.
general, be proportioned by the moment of inertia of (3) Intermediate Fasteners. The longitudinal spac-
the gross section. No deduction shall be made for shop ing for intermediate bolts or intermittent welds in built-
or field bolt or rivet holes in either flange provided that up members shall be adequate to provide for the transfer

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 NF-3322.4 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3322.5

of calculated stress. The maximum longitudinal spacing lacing bars in compression, the unsupported length of
of bolts or intermittent welds connecting two rolled the lacing bar shall be taken as the distance between
shapes in contact with one another shall not exceed fasteners or welds connecting it to the components of
24 in. In addition, for painted members and unpainted the built-up member for single lacing, and 70% of that
members not subject to corrosion where the outside distance for double lacing. The inclination of lacing
component consists of a plate, the maximum longitudinal bars to the axis of the member shall preferably be not
spacing shall not exceed: less than 60 deg. for single lacing and 45 deg. for
(a) 127 / √Sy times the thickness of the outside double lacing. When the distance between the lines of
plate nor 12 in. when fasteners are not staggered along fasteners or welds in the flanges is more than 15 in.
adjacent gage lines; (381 mm), the lacing preferably shall be double or be
(b) 190 / √Sy times the thickness of the outside made of angles.
plate nor 18 in. when fasteners are staggered along (e) Perforated Cover Plates. The function of tie
adjacent gage lines. plates and lacing may be performed by continuous
(b) Local Slenderness Ratio. Compression members cover plates perforated with a succession of access
composed of two or more rolled shapes separated by holes. The unsupported width of such plates at access
intermittent fillers shall be connected at these fillers at holes, as defined in NF-3322.2(d)(2), is assumed to be
intervals such that the slenderness ratio Kl / r of either available to resist axial stress, provided that:
shape, between the fasteners, does not exceed 3⁄4 times (1) the width–thickness ratio conforms to the limi-
the governing slenderness ratio of the built-up member. tations of NF-3322.2(d)(2);
The least radius of gyration r shall be used in computing (2) the ratio of length in direction of stress to
the slenderness ratio of each component part. At least width of hole shall not exceed 2;
two intermediate connectors shall be used along the (3) the clear distance between holes in the direction
length of the built-up member. of stress shall be not less than the transverse distance
(c) Tie Plates. Open sides of compression members between nearest lines of connection bolts or welds;
built up from plates or shapes shall be provided with and
lacing having tie plates at each end and at intermediate (4) the periphery of the holes at all points connect-
points if the lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be ing shall have a minimum radius of 11⁄2 in. (38 mm).
as near to the ends as practicable. In main members
carrying calculated stress, the end tie plates shall have NF-3322.5 Built-Up Tension Members A99
a length of not less than the distance between the lines (a) Longitudinal Spacing of Connectors. The longitu-
of bolts or welds connecting them to the elements of dinal spacing of connectors between elements in contin-
the member. Intermediate tie plates shall have a length uous contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two
not less than one-half of this distance. The thickness plates shall not exceed:
of tie plates shall be not less than one-fiftieth of the (1) 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate, or
distance between the lines of bolts or welds connecting 12 in. for painted members or unpainted members not
them to the segments of the members. In bolted construc- subject to corrosion;
tion, the spacing in the direction of stress in tie plates (2) 14 times the thickness of the thinner plate, or
shall be not more than six diameters and the tie plates 7 in. for unpainted members of weathering steel subject
shall be connected to each segment by at least three to atmospheric corrosion.
fasteners. In welded construction, the welding on each In a tension member the longitudinal spacing of fasteners
line connecting a tie plate shall aggregate not less than and intermittent welds connecting two or more shapes
one-third of the length of the plate. in contact shall not exceed 24 in. (610 mm). Tension
(d) Lacing. Lacing, including flat bars, angles, chan- members composed of two or more shapes or plates
nels, or other shapes employed as lacing, shall be so separated by intermittent fillers shall be connected to
spaced that the ratio l / r of the flange included between one another at these fillers at intervals such that the
their connections shall not exceed 3⁄4 times the governing slenderness ratio of either component between the fas-
ratio for the member as a whole. Lacing shall be teners does not exceed 300.
proportioned to resist a shearing stress normal to the (b) Perforated Cover and Tie Plates. Either perfora-
axis of the member equal to 2% of the total compressive ted cover plates or tie plates without lacing may be
stress in the member. The ratio l / r for lacing bars used on the open sides of built-up tension members.
arranged in single systems shall not exceed 140. For Tie plates shall have a length not less than two-
double lacing this ratio shall not exceed 200. Double thirds the distance between the lines of bolts or welds
lacing bars shall be joined at their intersections. For connecting them to the elements of the member. The

70

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 NF-3322.5 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3322.6

thickness of such tie plates shall not be less than R

≤ 0.66 Sy (39)
one-fiftieth of the distance between these lines. The t(N + 2.5 k)
longitudinal spacing of bolts or intermittent welds at
tie plates shall not exceed 6 in. (152 mm). The spacing where N is greater than or equal to k for end reactions.
of tie plates shall be such that the slenderness ratio (b) Stress on Compression Edge of Web Plate.
of any component in the length between tie plates shall Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of
not exceed 300. members under concentrated loads, when the compres-
sive force exceeds the following limits:
A99 NF-3322.6 Webs, Flanges, and Stiffeners
(a) Webs. The ratio of the clear distance between
flanges to the web thickness shall not exceed: when the concentrated load is applied at a distance
not less than d / 2 from the end of the member:

14,000 / √ Sy (Sy + 16.5) 1.5

冤 冢 冣 冢 冣 冥 √S t / t
(36) N tw
R p 67.5 tw2 1 + 3 y f w (40)
d tf

except that when transverse stiffeners are provided,

spaced not more than 11⁄2 times the girder depth, the when the concentrated load is applied less than a
limiting ratio may be 2000 / √ Sy, where Sy is the yield distance d / 2 from the end of the member:
stress of the compression flange.
1.5
(1) Combined Shear and Tension Stress. Plate
girder webs which depend upon tension field action,
冤
R p 34 tw2 1 + 3 冢 Nd 冣 冢 tt 冣 冥 √S t / t
w

f
y f w (41)

as provided in Eq. (45), shall be so proportioned that

bending tensile stress due to moment in the plane of where
the girder web shall not exceed 0.6Sy , or Syp specified minimum yield stress of beam web, ksi
dp overall depth of the member, in.
tfp flange thickness, in.
冢0.825 − 0.375 F 冣 S
fv
y (37) If stiffeners are provided and extend at least one-half
v
the web depth, Eqs. (40) and (41) need not be checked.
Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of
where members with flanges not restrained against relative
Fv p allowable web shear stress, ksi, according to movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject to
Eq. (45) concentrated compressive loads, when the compressive
force exceeds the following limits:
The allowable shear stress in the webs of girders having
flanges and webs with yield values greater than 65 ksi If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and
shall not exceed the values given by Eq. (44) if the (dc / tw ) / (l / bf ) is less than 2.3:
flexural stress in the flange fb exceeds 0.75Fb.
(2) Web Crippling 3

冤 冢 冣冥
6,800 tw3 d /t
(a) Local Web Yielding. Webs of beams and Rp 1 + 0.4 c w (41a)
h l / bf
welded plate girders shall be so proportioned that the
compressive stress at the web toe of the fillets, resulting
from concentrated loads not supported by bearing stif- If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation
feners, shall not exceed the value of 0.66Sy ; otherwise, and (dc / tw ) (l / bf ) is less than 1.7:
bearing stiffeners shall be provided. The governing
3

冤 冢 冣冥
equations shall be: 6,800 tw3 d /t
Rp 0.4 c w (41b)
(1) for interior loads: h l / bf

R where
≤ 0.66Sy (38) lp largest laterally unbraced length along either
t (N + 5 k)
flange at the point of load, in.
bfp flange width, in.
(2) for end reactions: dcp d − 2 k p web depth clear of fillets, in.

71

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 NF-3322.6 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3322.6

Equations (41a) and (41b) need not be checked provid- (c) a distance equal to two times the width of
ing (dc / tw ) / (l / bf ) exceeds 2.3 or 1.7, respectively, or the cover plate when there is no weld across the end
for webs subject to uniformly distributed load. of the plate, but continuous welds along both edges
(b) Flanges of the cover plate in the length a′.
(1) The thickness of outstanding parts of flanges (d) Reduction in Flange Stress. When the web depth–
shall conform to the requirements of NF-3322.2(d)(1). thickness ratio exceeds 760 / √ Fb, the maximum stress
(2) Flanges of welded plate girders may be varied in the compression flange shall not exceed:
in thickness or width by splicing a series of plates or

冤 冢 冣冥
by the use of cover plates. Aw h 760
F ′b ≤ Fb 1.0 − 0.0005 − (42)
(3) The total cross-sectional area of cover plates Af t √ Fb
of bolted girders shall not exceed 70% of the total
flange area. where Fb is the applicable bending stress, ksi, given
(c) Flange Development in NF-3322.1(d). The maximum stress in either flange
(1) High strength bolts or welds connecting flange of a hybrid girder shall not exceed the value given in
to web or cover plate to flange shall be proportioned Eq. (42) or:
to resist the total horizontal shear resulting from the
bending forces on the girder. The longitudinal distribu-
A )(3␣ − ␣ )
冤12 +12(A+ /2(A 冥
3
tion of these bolts or intermittent welds shall be in F ′b ≤ Fb w f
(43)
/A )
w f
proportion to the intensity of the shear, but the longitudi-
nal spacing shall not exceed the maximum permitted,
respectively, for compression or tension members in (e) Stiffeners
NF-3322.4(a)(3) or NF-3322.5(a). Additionally, bolts (1) Bearing. Bearing stiffeners shall be placed in
or welds connecting flange to web shall be proportioned pairs at unframed ends on the webs of plate girders
so as to transmit to the web any loads applied directly and, where required by (a)(2) above, at points of
to the flange unless provision is made to transmit such concentrated loads. Such stiffeners, when the load nor-
loads by direct bearing. mal to the flange is tensile, shall be welded to the
(2) Partial length cover plates shall be extended loaded flange and when the load normal to the flange
is compressive may be welded or bear on the loaded
beyond the theoretical cut-off point and the extended
flange. They shall be designed as columns subject to
portion shall be attached to the beam or girder by high
the provisions of NF-3322.1, assuming the column
strength bolts for friction-type joints or fillet welds
section to comprise the pair of stiffeners and a centrally
adequate at the applicable stresses allowed in NF-
located strip of the web whose width is equal to not
3324.6(a), NF-3324.5(d), or NF-3332.4, to develop the
more than 25 times its thickness at interior stiffeners,
cover plate portion of the flexural stresses in the beam
or a width equal to not more than 12 times its thickness
or girder at the theoretical cut-off point. In addition,
when the stiffeners are located at the end of the web.
for welded cover plates, the welds connecting the cover
The effective length shall be taken as not less than
plate termination to the beam or girder in the length
three-fourths of the length of the stiffeners in computing
a′, defined in (c)(1)(a) through (c) below, shall be the ratio l /r. Only that portion of the stiffener outside
adequate at the allowed stresses to develop the cover of the flange angle fillet or the flange to web welds
plate portion of the flexural stresses in the beam or shall be considered effective in bearing.
girder at the distance a′ from the end of the cover (2) Average Web Shear. Except as provided herein,
plate. The length a′ measured from the end of the the largest average web shear fv , ksi, computed for
cover plate, shall be: any condition of complete or partial loading, shall not
(a) a distance equal to the width of the cover exceed the value given by Eq. (44):
plate when there is a continuous weld equal to or
larger than three-fourths of the plate thickness across
Fv p (Sy / 2.89) Cv ≤ 0.4Sy (44)
the end of the plate and continuous welds along both
edges of the cover plate in the length a′;
(b) a distance equal to 11⁄2 times the width of where
Cvp (45,000k) /[Sy (h /t)2], when Cv is less than 0.8
the cover plate when there is a continuous weld smaller
than three-fourths of the plate thickness across the end p [190 /(h /t)] √ k /Sy , when Cv is more than 0.8
of the plate and continuous welds along both edges of kp 4.00 + [5.34 /(a /h)2], when a /h is less than 1.0
the cover plate in the length a′; p 5.34 + [4.00 /(a /h)2], when a /h is more than 1.0

72

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 NF-3322.6 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3322.7
3⁄

冢 冣
2
Alternatively, for girders other than hybrid girders and Sy
fvs p h (47)
tapered members, if intermediate stiffeners are provided 340
and spaced to satisfy the provisions of (e)(3) below
and if Cv ≤1, the allowable shear given by Eq. (45)11 This shear transfer may be reduced in the same propor-
may be used in lieu of the value given in Eq. (44): tion that the largest computed shear stress fv in the
adjacent panels is less than that permitted by Eq. (45).
However, bolts and welds in intermediate stiffeners
冤 冥
Sy 1 − Cv
Fv p Cv + ≤ 0.4Sy (45) which are required to transmit to the web an applied
2.89 1.15 √ 1 + (a / h)2
concentrated load or reaction shall be proportioned for
not less than the applied load or reaction.
(3) Intermediate Stiffeners (e) Intermediate stiffness may be stopped short
(a) Subject to the limitations of NF-3322.6(a), of the tension flange, provided bracing is not needed
intermediate stiffeners are not required when the ratio to transmit a concentrated load or reaction; the weld
h /t is less than 260 and the maximum web shear stress by which intermediate stiffeners are attached to the
fv is less than that permitted for Fv by Eq. (44). web shall be terminated not closer than four times nor
(b) The spacing of intermediate stiffeners, when more than six times the web thickness from the near
stiffeners are required, shall be such that the web shear toe of the web to flange welds. When single stiffeners
stress will not exceed the value for Fv given by Eq. are used, they shall be attached to the compression
(44) or (45), as applicable, and the ratio a /h shall not flange, if it consists of a rectangular plate, to resist
exceed [260 /(h /t)]2 or 3.0. any uplift tendency due to torsion in the plate. When
(c) In girders designed on the basis of tension lateral bracing is attached to a stiffener or a pair of
field action, the spacing between stiffeners at end panels, stiffeners, these, in turn, shall be connected to the
at panels containing large holes, and at panels adjacent compression flange to transmit 1% of the total flange
to panels containing large holes shall be such that fv stress, unless the flange is composed only of angles.
does not exceed the value for Fv given by Eq. (44). (f) Bolts connecting stiffeners to the girder web
(4) Moment of Inertia and Gross Area shall be spaced not more than 12 in. (305 mm) on
(a) The moment of inertia, in.4, of a pair of center. If intermittent fillet welds are used, the clear
intermediate stiffeners or a single intermediate stiffener, distance between welds shall not be more than 16 times
with reference to an axis in the plane of the web, shall the web thickness, or more than 10 in. (254 mm).
not be less than (h /50)4. (f) Splices. Groove welded splices in the plate girders
(b) The gross area, sq in., of intermediate stiffen- and beams shall develop the full strength of the smaller
ers spaced as required for Eq. (45) (total area, when spliced section; other types of splices in cross sections
stiffeners are furnished in pairs), shall be not less than of plate girders and in beams shall develop the strength
that computed by Eq. (46): required by the stresses at the point of splice.
(g) Rotational Restraint at Points of Support. Beams,
girders, and trusses shall be restrained against rotation
冤 冥
1 − Cv a (a / h)2
Ast p − YDht (46) about their longitudinal axis at points of support.
2 h √ 1 + (a / h)2
NF-3322.7 Simple and Continuous Spans, and
Provision for Expansion
where
(a) Design Requirements for Spans
Dp 1.0 for stiffeners furnished in pairs
(1) Simple Spans. Beams, girders, and trusses shall
p 1.8 for single angle stiffeners
ordinarily be designed on the basis of simple spans
p 2.4 for single plate stiffeners
whose effective length is equal to the distance between
(c) When the greatest shear stress fv in a panel
centers of gravity of the members to which they deliver
is less than that permitted by Eq. (45), this gross area
their end reactions.
requirement may be reduced proportionately.
(2) Continuous Spans. When designed on the as-
(d) Intermediate stiffeners required by Eq. (45)
sumption of full or partial end restraint, due to continu-
shall be connected for a total shear transfer, kips /linear
ous, semi-continuous, or cantilever action, the beams,
in. of single stiffener or pair of stiffeners, not less than
girders, and trusses, as well as the sections of the
that computed by Eq. (47):
members to which they connect, shall be designed to
carry the shears and moments so introduced, as well
11 Equation (45) recognizes the contribution of tension field action. as all other forces, without exceeding at any point the

73

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 NF-3322.7 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3322.8

unit stresses prescribed in NF-3321.1, except that some Ct p 0.90

nonelastic but self-limiting deformation of a part of
the connection may be permitted when this is essential
to the avoidance of overstressing of fasteners. (2) W, M, or S shapes not meeting the condi-
(3) Provision for Expansion. Adequate provision tions of (c)(1)(d)(1) above, structural tees cut from
shall be made for expansion and contraction apropriate these shapes, and all other shapes, including built-up
to the function of the support structure. cross sections, provided the connection has not less
than three fasteners per line in the direction of applied
stress:
A99 NF-3322.8 Gross and Net Areas
(a) Determination of Gross and Net Areas. The gross
area of a member at any point shall be determined by Ct p 0.85
summing the products of the thickness and the gross
width of each element as measured normal to the axis
of the member. The net area shall be determined by (3) all members whose connections have only
substituting the net width, computed in accordance with two fasteners per line in the direction of applied stress:
(c) below, for the gross width.
(b) Net Area and Effective Net Area. Unless otherwise Ct p 0.75
specified, tension members shall be designed on the
basis of net area. Compression members shall be de-
signed on the basis of gross area. Beams and girders When the load is transmitted by welds through some
shall be designed in accordance with NF-3322.3(a). but not all of the cross-sectional elements of the member,
(c) Calculation of Net Area the effective net area Ae shall be computed as:
(1) Parts With Holes
(a) In the case of a chain of holes extending
Ae p U Ag
across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net
width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from
the gross width the sum of the diameters of all the where
holes in the chain and adding, for each gage space in Ag p gross area of member, in.2
the chain, the quantity s 2 /4g.
(b) The critical net area An of the part is obtained
from that chain which gives the least net width. When load is transmitted by transverse welds to
(c) In determining the net area across plug or some but not all of the cross-sectional elements of W,
slot welds, the weld metal shall not be considered as M, or S shapes and structural tees cut from these
adding to the net area. shapes, Ae shall be taken as the area of the directly
(d) The effective net area Ae of axially loaded connected elements.
tension members, where the load is transmitted by bolts When the load is transmitted to a plate by longitudinal
through some but not all of the cross-sectional elements welds along both edges at the end of the plate, the
of the member, shall be computed from the formula: length of the welds shall not be less than the width
of the plate. The effective net area Ae shall be computed
as above.
Unless a larger coefficient can be justified by tests
Ae p Ct An or other criteria, the following values of U shall be
used: when l > 2 w, U p 1.0; when 2 w > l > 1.5 w,
U p 0.87; when 1.5 w > l > w, U p 0.75
Unless a larger coefficient can be justified by tests
or other recognized criteria, the following values of Ct where
shall be used in computations: lp weld length, in.
(1) W, M, or S shapes with flange widths wp plate width (distance between welds), in.
not less than two-thirds of the depth, and structural (e) Bolted splice and gusset plates, and other
tees cut from these shapes, provided the connection is connection fittings subject to tensile force shall be
to the flanges and has no fewer than three fasteners designed in accordance with the provisions of NF-
per line in the direction of applied stress: 3322.1(a) where the effective net area shall be taken

74

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NF-3322.8 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3324.1

as the actual net area, except that for the purpose of shall not be assumed to be more than 0.8 times the
design calculations it shall not be taken as greater than diameter of the pinhole.
85% of the gross area. (d) The corners beyond the pinhole may be cut
(2) Size of Bolt Holes. In computing net area, the at 45 deg. to the axis of the member, provided the
diameter of a bolt hole shall be taken as 1⁄16 in. greater net area beyond the pinhole, on a plane perpendicular
than the nominal dimension of the hole normal to the to the cut, is not less than that required beyond the
direction of applied stress. pinhole parallel to the axis of the member.
(3) Angles. For angles, the gross width shall be (e) Thickness limitations on both eyebars and
the sum of the widths of the legs less the thickness. pin-connected plates may be waived whenever external
The gage for holes in opposite legs shall be the sum nuts are provided so as to tighten pin plates and filler
of the gages from the back of angles less the thickness. plates into snug contact. When the plates are thus
(4) Pin-Connected Members contained, the allowable stress in bearing shall be no
(a) Eyebars shall be of uniform thickness with- greater than as specified in NF-3322.1(f)(1).
out reinforcement at the pinholes.12 They shall have
circular heads in which the periphery of the head
beyond the pinhole is concentric with the pinhole. The NF-3323 Design Requirements for Steel
radius of transition between the circular head and the Castings and Forgings
body of the eyebar shall be equal to or greater than
NF-3323.1 Allowable Stresses. Allowable stresses
the diameter of the head. The width of the body of
for steel castings and forgings shall be the same as
the eyebar shall not exceed eight times its thickness
those provided in NF-3322 with the applicable values
and the thickness shall not be less than 1⁄2 in. (13
for yield strength of Table Y-1, Section II, Part D,
mm). The minimum net area beyond the pin hole,
Subpart 1.
parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less
than 2⁄3 of the net area across the pin hole. The thickness
may be less than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) only if external nuts
NF-3324 Design Requirements for Connections
are provided to tighten pin plates and filler plates into
and Joints
snug contact. The diameter of the pin shall not be less
than seven-eighths of the width of the body of the NF-3324.1 General Requirements
eyebar. The diameter of the pinhole shall not be more (a) Types of Connections Permitted. Structural Con-
than 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) greater than the diameter of the nections of a welded, bolted, or welded and bolted
pin. For steels having a yield stress greater than 70.0 type shall be used.
ksi (480 MPa), the diameter of the pinhole shall not Types of bolted connections include:
exceed five times the plate thickness. (1) Friction-type connections that are mechanically
(b) In pin-connected plates other than eyebars, fastened structural connections that use high strength
the tensile stress on the net area transverse to the axis bolts (such as SA-325 and SA-490) and are sufficiently
of the member shall not exceed the stress allowed in tightened to reliably produce a high clamping force
NF-3322.1(a), and the bearing stress on the projected that prevents slip between faying surfaces. Load is
area of the pin shall not exceed the stress allowed in transferred at the faying surfaces by friction [Fig. NF-
NF-3322.1(f)(1). The minimum net area beyond the 3324.1(a)(1)].
pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not (2) Bearing-type connections that are mechanically
be less than two-thirds of the net area across the fastened structural connections that depend on direct
pinhole. shear of the fastener to transfer the load from one
(c) The distance used in calculations, transverse connected part to another.
to the axis of pin-connected plates or any individual (3) Other connections that are not covered by (1)
element of a built-up member, from the edge of the and (2) above, such as clamps and U-bolts shown in
pinhole to the edge of the member or element shall Fig. NF-1214-1, are not friction-type connections and
not exceed 4 times the thickness at the pinhole. For shall meet the requirements of NF-3380, unless other-
calculation purposes, the distance from the edge of the wise indicated in the design documents.
pinhole to the edge of the plate or to the edge of a (b) Provision for Eccentric Connections. Axially
separated element of a built-up member at the pinhole, stressed members meeting at a point shall have their
gravity axes intersect at a point if practicable; if not,
12 Members having a different thickness at the pinhole location are provision shall be made for bending stresses due to
termed built-up. the eccentricity.

75
NF-3324.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3324.2

FIG. NF-3324.1(a)(1) TYPICAL FRICTION-TYPE CONNECTIONS USING HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS

(c) Placement of Bolts and Welds. Except as other- Pbf − Fyc t (tb + 5k)
Ast p (48)
wise provided, groups of bolts or welds at the ends Fyst
of any member transmitting axial stress into that member
shall have their centers of gravity on the gravity axis (3) Notwithstanding the requirements of (b)(2)
of the member, unless provision is made for the effect above, a stiffener or a pair of stiffeners shall be provided
of the resulting eccentricity. Except in members subject opposite the compression flange when the column web
to repeated variation in stress, as stipulated in NF- depth clear of fillets dc is greater than:
3330, disposition of fillet welds to balance the forces
about the neutral axes for end connections of single 4100t 3 × √ Fyc
angle, double angle, and similar type members is not Pbf
required. Eccentricity between the gravity axes of such
members and the gage lines for their bolted end connec- and a pair of stiffeners shall be provided opposite the
tions may be neglected in statically loaded members, tension flange when the thickness of the column flange
but should be considered in members subjected to tf is less than:
fatigue loading.
NF-3324.2 Connection Design 0.4 √ (Pbf / Fyc )
(a) Connections for Unrestrained Members
(1) Except as otherwise indicated by the Designer, (4) Stiffeners required by the provisions of (b)(2)
connections of beams, girders, or trusses shall be de- and (3) above shall comply with the following criteria:
signed as flexible and may ordinarily be proportioned (a) The width of each stiffener plus one-half
for the reaction shears only. the thickness of the column web shall not be less than
(2) Flexible beam connections shall accommodate one-third the width of the flange or moment connection
end rotations of unrestrained (simple) beams. To accom- plate delivering the concentrated force.
plish this, inelastic action in the connection is permitted. (b) The thickness of stiffeners shall not be less
(b) Connections for Restrained Members than tb /2.
(1) Fasteners or welds for end connections of (c) When the concentrated force delivered oc-
beams, girders, and trusses shall be designed for the curs on only one column flange, the stiffener length
combined effect of forces resulting from moment and need not exceed one-half the column depth.
shear induced by the rigidity of the connections. (d) The weld joining stiffeners to the column
(2) When flanges or moment connection plates for web shall be sized to carry the force in the stiffener
end connections of beams and girders are welded to caused by unbalanced moments on opposite sides of
the flange of an I or H shaped column, a pair of column the column.
web stiffeners having a combined cross-sectional area (5) The thickness of column webs within the
Ast not less than that computed from Eq. (48) shall be boundaries of rigid connections of two or more members
provided whenever the calculated value of Ast is positive: whose webs lie in a common plane shall not be less than

76
NF-3324.2 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3324.5

32M fasteners shall be included in the connection. Fillers

tmin p
db · dc · Sy between 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) and 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) thick,
inclusive, need not be extended and developed, provided
where the allowable shear stress in the bolts is reduced by
M p the algebraic sum of clockwise and counter- the factor, 0.4 (t − 0.25), where t is the total thickness
clockwise moments, kip-ft, applied on opposite of the fillers, up to 3⁄4 in. (19 mm).
sides of the connection boundary (2) Welded Construction. In welded construction,
dbp the beam depth, in. any filler 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) or more in thickness shall
dcp the column depth, in. extend beyond the edges of the splice plate and shall
tminp the web thickness, in. be welded to the part on which it is fitted with sufficient
weld to transmit the splice plate stress, applied at the
When the web thickness is less than tmin doubler plates
surface of the filler as an eccentric load. The welds
or longitudinal stiffeners may be provided to reinforce
joining the splice plate to the filler shall be sufficient
the column web.
to transmit the splice plate stress and shall be long
(c) Connections of Tension and Compression Mem-
enough to avoid overstressing the filler along the toe
bers in Trusses. The connections at ends of the tension
of the weld. Any filler less than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) thick
or compression member in trusses shall develop the
shall have its edges made flush with the edges of the
force due to the Design Load but not less than 50%
splice plate, and the weld size shall be the sum of the
of the effective strength of the member, based upon
size necessary to carry the splice plate stress plus the
the kind of stress that governs the selection of the
thickness of the filler plate.
member.
(d) Connections for Compression Members With NF-3324.4 Joint Combinations
Bearing Joints (a) Combinations of Welds. If two or more of the
(1) For members subjected to compression forces general types of weld (groove, fillet, plug, or slot) are
only, which bear on bearing plates, sufficient bolts or combined in a single joint, the effective capacity of
welds shall be provided to hold all parts securely each shall be separately computed with reference to
in place. the axis of the group, in order to determine the allowable
(2) For members subjected to compression forces capacity of the combination.
only, which are finished to bear at splices, the splice (b) Bolts in Combination With Welds. SA-307 bolts
material and its bolting or welding shall be arranged or high strength bolts used in bearing-type connections
to hold all parts in line and shall be proportioned for shall not be considered as sharing the stress in combina-
50% of the computed stress. tion with welds. Welds, if used, shall be provided to
(3) All of the foregoing joints shall be proportioned carry the entire stress in the connection. High strength
to resist any tension that would be developed by design bolts installed as a friction-type connection prior to
moments acting in conjunction with 75% of the axial welding may be considered as sharing the stress with
compression forces. the welds.
NF-3324.3 Design of Lap Joints and Fillers NF-3324.5 Design of Welded Joints
(a) Lap Joint Design. The minimum amount of lap (a) Permissible Types of Welded Joints in Linear
on lap joints shall be five times the thickness of the Supports. All welded joints in Linear Supports shall
thinner part joined but not less than 1 in. (25 mm). be as described in NF-3256.1 except that intermittent
Lap joints subjected to axial stress shall be fillet welded or lap joints using fillet welds may not be used for
along the end of both lapped parts, except where the the support of Class 1 Components or Class 2 vessels
deflection of the lapped parts is sufficiently restrained designed to NC-3200. The allowable stress limits shall
to prevent opening of the joint under maximum loading. be as defined in (b) and (c) below.
(b) Filler Design (b) Design Limits. The allowable stress limits which
(1) Bolted Construction. When bolts carrying com- must be satisfied for welds for Design Loadings stated
puted stress pass through fillers thicker than 1⁄4 in., in the Design Specification shall be as follows.
except in friction-type connections assembled with high (1) Full Penetration Groove Welds. The stress
strength bolts, the fillers shall be extended beyond the limits for full penetration groove welds shall not exceed
splice material and the filler extension shall be secured the applicable stress value for the base metal being
by enough bolts to distribute the total stress in the joined, as specified in NF-3321.1 and Table NF-
member uniformly over the combined section of the 3324.5(a)-1.
member and the filler or an equivalent number of (2) Partial Penetration Groove Welds

77
NF-3324.5 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3324.5

TABLE NF-3324.5(a)-1
ALLOWABLE STRESS LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 LINEAR-TYPE SUPPORT WELDS

Base Metal Weld Metal

TS Range, Min. TS, ksi Stress Limits,
Kind of Stress ksi [Note (1)] ksi

Tension and compression parallel to ... ... Same as for base metal
axis of any full penetration groove
weld

Tension normal to effective throat of ... ... Same as allowable tensile stress
full penetration groove weld for base metal

Compression normal to effective ... ... Same as allowable compressive

throat of full penetration groove stress for base metal
weld and partial penetration
groove weld

Shear stress on effective throat of 45–60 60 0.30 × minimum tensile strength

fillet weld, regardless of direction of weld metal (ksi), except
of application of load; tension 61–70 70 shear stress on base metal
normal to the axis on the effective shall not exceed 0.40 × yield
throat of a partial penetration 71–80 80 stress of base metal
groove weld and shear stress on
effective area of a plug or slot 81–90 90
weld. The given stresses shall also
apply to such welds made with the 91–100 100
specified electrode on steel having
a yield stress greater than that of 101–120 120
the matching base metal.
NOTE:
(1) Weld metal one nominal strength level stronger than shown will be permitted (e.g., E70xx for E60xx applications).

(a) Compression Normal to Effective Throat or 4427). When fillet or partial penetration welds less
Shear on Effective Throat. The stress limits shall be than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) are used to join heavy section
the same as those for the base metal, as required by members, the designer shall consider specifying preheat
NF-3321.1. and special requirements for fit-up of members to ensure
(b) Tension Normal to the Axis on the Effective adequate weld deposition.
Throat. The stress limits shall be as specified in Table (2) Maximum Effective Size of Fillet Welds. The
NF-3324.5(a)-1. maximum size of a fillet weld that may be assumed
(3) Fillet Welds. The allowable stress limits for in the design of a connection shall be such that the
fillet welds shall be as specified in Table NF- stresses in the adjacent base material do not exceed
3324.5(a)-1. the values allowed in Table NF-3324.5(a)-1 and
(c) Service Limits, Level A Through D, and Test. NF.3321.1. The maximum size that may be used along
The rules and stress limits which must be satisfied for edges of connected parts shall be as stipulated in
welds for any Level A through D Service and Test (d)(2)(a) and (b) below:
Loading stated in the Design Specification are those (a) along edges of material less than 1⁄4 in. (6
given in NF-3324.5(b) multiplied by the appropriate mm) thick, the maximum size may be equal to the
base material stress limit factor given in Table NF- thickness of the material;
3623(b)-1 for piping supports and Table NF-3523(b)- (b) along edges of material 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) or
1 for component supports. more in thickness, the maximum size shall be 1⁄16 in.
(d) Fillet Welds (1.6 mm) less than the thickness of the material, unless
(1) Minimum Size of Fillet Welds and Partial the weld is especially designated on the drawings to
Penetration Welds. Fillet and partial penetration welds be built up to obtain full throat thickness.
shall not be specified less than 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) (NF- (3) Length of Fillet Welds

78
NF-3324.5 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3324.5

(a) The effective length of a fillet weld shall connections, on the plane about which bending moments
be the overall length of a full-size fillet, including are computed. For framing angles and simple end-
returns. plate connections which depend upon flexibility of the
(b) The minimum effective length of a strength outstanding legs for connection flexibility, end returns
fillet weld shall be not less than four times the nominal shall not exceed four times the nominal size of the
size, or else the size of the weld shall be considered weld. Fillet welds which occur on opposite sides of a
not to exceed one-fourth of its effective length. common plane shall be interrupted at the corner common
(c) If longitudinal fillet welds are used alone to both welds. End returns, when required by the
in end connections of tension members, the length of
designer, shall be indicated on the drawings.
each fillet weld shall be not less than the perpendicular
(9) Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots. Fillet welds
distance between them. The transverse spacing of longi-
in holes or slots may be used to transmit shear in lap
tudinal fillet welds used in end connections shall not
exceed 8 in., unless the design otherwise prevents joints or to prevent the buckling or separation of lapped
excessive transverse bending in the connection. parts and to join elements of built-up members. Such
(4) Effective Throat Thickness of Fillet Welds. The fillet welds may overlap, subject to the provisions of
effective throat thickness of a fillet weld joining mem- (d)(6) above. Fillet welds in holes or slots are not to
bers at angles between 60 deg. and 135 deg., inclusive be considered plug or slot welds.
(Fig. NF-4427-1), shall be the shortest distance from (e) Plug and Slot Welds
the root to the face of the diagrammatic weld, except (1) Use of Plug and Slot Welds. Plug and slot
that for fillet welds made by the submerged arc process welds may be used to transmit shear in a lap joint or
the effective throat thickness shall be taken equal to to prevent buckling of lapped parts and to join compo-
the leg size for 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) and smaller fillet welds, nent parts of built-up members.
and equal to the theoretical throat plus 0.11 in. for (2) Diameter of Holes for Plug Welds. The diame-
fillet welds over 3⁄8 in. (10 mm). For fillet welds joining ter of the holes for a plug weld shall be not less than
members at angles less than 60 deg. use the rules for the thickness of the part containing it plus 5⁄16 in. (8
partial penetration groove welds, NF-3324.5(f)(3). mm), rounded to the next greater odd 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm),
(5) Effective Area of Fillet Welds. The effective nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 1⁄8 in. (3.2
area of fillet welds shall be considered as the effective mm) or 21⁄4 times the thickness of the weld metal.
length of the weld times the effective throat thickness. (3) Spacing of Plug Welds. The minimum center-
(6) Effective Area of Fillet Welds in Holes and to-center spacing of plug welds shall be four times the
Slots. The effective area of fillet welds in holes and diameter of the hole.
slots shall be computed as specified in (d)(5) above (4) Length of Slot Welds. The length of slot for
for fillet welds using for effective length the length of a slot weld shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of
center line of the weld through the center of the plane the weld. The width of the slot shall be not less than
through the throat. However, in the case of overlapping the thickness of the part containing it plus 5⁄16 in. (8
fillets the effective area shall not exceed the nominal mm), rounded to the next greater odd 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm),
cross-sectional area of the hole or slot in the plane of nor shall it be greater than 21⁄4 times the thickness of
the faying surface. the weld. The ends of the slot shall be semicircular
(7) Intermittent Fillet Welds. Intermittent fillet or shall have the corners rounded to a radius not less
welds may be used to transfer calculated stresses across than the thickness of the part containing it, except for
a joint or faying surface, when the strength required those ends which extend to the edge of the part.
is less than that developed by a continuous fillet weld (5) Spacing of Slot Welds. The minimum spacing
of the smallest permitted size, and to join elements of of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their
built-up members. The effective length of any segment length shall be four times the width of the slot. The
of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less than four minimum center to center spacing in a longitudinal
times the weld size with a minimum of 11⁄2 in. (38 mm). direction on any line shall be two times the length of
(8) End Returns to Fillet Welds. Side or end fillet the slot.
welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of (6) Thickness of Plug and Slot Welds. The thick-
parts or members shall, when required by the designer, ness of plug and slot welds in material 5⁄8 in. (16 mm)
be returned continuously around the corners for a or less in thickness shall be equal to the thickness of
distance not less than twice the nominal size of the the material. In material over 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) in
weld. This provision shall apply to side and top fillet thickness, it shall be at least one-half the thickness of
welds connecting brackets, beam seats, and similar the material but not less than 5⁄8 in. (16 mm).

79
NF-3324.5 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3324.6

(7) Effective Shearing Area of Plug and Slot Welds. NF-3324.6 Design Requirements for Bolted Joints.
The effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall The rules and stress limits for bolting shall be as given
be considered as the nominal cross-sectional area of in this paragraph. The stress limits which must be
the hole or slot in the plane of the faying surface. satisfied for any Design, Level A through D, and
(f) Full Penetration and Partial Penetration Joints. Test Loadings, shall be those given in this paragraph,
The effective area shall be the effective weld length multiplied by the appropriate stress limit factors given
multiplied by the effective throat thickness. in Table NF-3225.2-1 for the particular Loading speci-
(1) The effective weld length for any groove weld, fied in the Design Specification (NCA-3250). This
square or skewed, shall be the length of weld throughout product shall not exceed the yield strength of the
which the correct proportioned cross section exists. In material at temperature.
a curved weld it shall be its true length measured (a) Allowable Stresses. Allowable tensile, shearing,
along its curvature. and bearing stresses in bolts and threaded parts shall
be as given in the paragraphs below. All allowables
(2) The effective throat thickness of a full penetra-
are expressed in ksi acting on the actual bolt area
tion groove weld which shall conform to the require-
available in the shear planes of the connected parts.
ments of NF-4000 shall be the thickness of the thinner
All are expressed in terms of the ultimate tensile
part joined. No increase is permitted for weld rein-
strength at temperature (Table Y-1, Section II, Part D,
forcement. Subpart 2). The shear capacity of bolts is directly
(3) The effective throat of partial penetration proportional to the shear area available in the shear
groove welds is dependent upon the type of groove. planes. Shear strength is unaffected by shear plane
(a) For square, U, and J groove welds, the location.
effective throat is equal to the depth of preparations. (1) Tensile Stress Only. Bolts loaded in direct
(b) For V and bevel groove welds with an tension shall be so proportioned that their average
included angle at the root equal to or greater than 60 tensile stress Ftb , computed on the basis of the actual
deg., the effective throat shall be the minimum distance tensile stress area available (independent of any initial
from the root to the face of the weld. tightening force), shall not exceed:
(c) For V and bevel groove welds with an
included angle at the root less than 60 deg. but equal For ferritic steels:
to or greater than 45 deg., the effective throat shall
be the minimum distance from the root to the face of
the weld less 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm). Su
Ftb p
(d) For V and bevel groove welds, with an 2
included angle at the root less than 45 deg. but equal
to or greater than 30 deg., the effective throat shall
be the minimum distance from the root to the face of For austenitic steels:
the weld less 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) and multiplied by 0.75.
The required effective throat must be specified on the
drawing. Su
(e) For V and bevel groove welds, angles less Ftb p
3.33
than 30 deg. at the root are not allowed.
(f) For flare bevel groove welds, when filled
flush to the surface, the effective throat shall be 0.31 The applied load shall be the sum of the external load
times the outside radius of the curved section forming and any tension resulting from prying action produced
the groove. For formed rectangular tubing, the outside by deformation of the connected parts.
radius may be considered as two times the wall (2) Shearing Stress Only
thickness. (a) Bearing-Type Joints
(g) For flare V groove welds, when filled flush (1) Threads Excluded From Shear Planes.
to the surface, the effective throat shall be 0.5 (except The allowable shear Fvb in bolts and threaded parts
use 0.375 for GMAW when R ≥ 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) times loaded in direct shear, expressed in ksi of actual shear
the outside radius when the outside radius is less than stress area available (applicable to the total nominal
1 in. For flare bevel groove welds, the effective throat bolt area in the shear planes in this case), shall not
shall be 0.312 times the outside radius. exceed:

80
NF-3324.6 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3324.6

For ferritic steels: TABLE NF-3324.6(a)(4)-1

EFFECTIVE SLIP COEFFICIENT VS
0.62Su SURFACE CONDITION
Fvb p
3
Slip Coefficient,
Surface Condition ks
For austenitic steels:
Clean mill scale 0.25

0.62Su Grit-blasted carbon and 0.41

Fvb p
5 low alloy high strength steel

Grit-blasted heat treated steel 0.25

(2) Threads Not Excluded From Shear Planes.
The allowable shear stress Fvb in bolts and threaded Hot dip galvanized wire, 0.31
parts loaded in direct shear, expressed in ksi of actual brushed, scored, or blasted
shear stress area available (applicable to the total bolt
Blast cleaned, zinc rich paint 0.31
root area in the shear planes in this case), shall not
exceed: Blast cleaned, zinc silicate paint 0.45

For ferritic steels:

Ps p mnTi ks
0.62Su
Fvb p
3 If the joint clamping force will be reduced by any
direct tension load on the joint, the Ti value shall be
For austenitic steels: reduced by an equivalent amount before substituting
in the above equation. SA-307 and austenitic steel
0.62Su bolting shall not be used for friction-type joints.
Fvb p
5 (5) Bearing Stress. Allowable bearing stress on
the projected area of bolts in bearing type connections
(3) Combined Tensile and Shear Stresses shall be:
(a) Bearing-Type Joints. Bolts subjected to com-
bined shear and tension shall be so proportioned that LSu
Fp p ≤ 1.5Su
either the shear or the tensile stress, kips /sq in. of 2d
actual cross-sectional area, shall not exceed the value (b) Minimum Edge Distance
derived from the ellipse equation below when the (1) Minimum Edge Distance in Line of Load. In
corresponding computed tensile or shearing stress is both bearing- and friction-type joints the minimum
substituted: distance from the center of the end bolt in a connection
to that edge of the connected part toward which the
ft2 f2 load is directed shall be determined in accordance with
2
+ v2p1
Ftb Fvb either (b)(1)(a) or (b) below.
(a) The edge distance shall satisfy all of the
The allowable tensile and shear stress values shall be following:
those derived from the equations given in (a)(1) and (1) L /d ≥ 0.5 + 1.43 (fp /Su)
(2) above. (2) L /d ≥ 1.2
(b) Friction-Type Joints. A bolt in a connection (3) fp /Su ≤ 1.5
designed as a friction-type joint is not subjected to where
shear (provided the joint does not slip into bearing); fpp P /dt
it experiences tension only. Friction-type joints shall (b) The edge distance shall be as shown in
be designed as given in (a)(4) below. Table NF-3324.6(b)(1)-1.
(4) Slip Resistance — Friction-Type Joints. The (c) Maximum Edge Distance. The maximum distance
maximum slip resistance to which a friction-type joint from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge
may be designed shall not exceed the value of Ps , of parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of
calculated in the following equation [see Table NF- the connected part under consideration, but shall not
3324.6(a)(4)-1]: exceed 6 in. Bolted joints in unpainted steel exposed

81
NF-3324.6 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3332.5

TABLE NF-3324.6(b)(1)-1 NF-3324.7 Design Requirements for Column

MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCES Bases. Proper provision shall be made to transfer the
column loads and moments, if any, to the footings and
Minimum Edge Distance for Punched, foundations.
Reamed, or Drilled Holes, in.

Bolt At Rolled Edges of

Diameter, At Sheared Plates, Shapes, or Bars, or NF-3330 HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE DESIGN
in. Edges Gas Cut Edges [Note (1)]
FOR CLASS 1
1⁄ 7⁄ 3⁄
2 8 4
5⁄ 11⁄ 7⁄ NF-3331 Introduction
8 8 8
3⁄ 11⁄4 1
7⁄
4 NF-3331.1 Scope. Members and their connections,
8 11⁄2 [Note (2)] 11⁄8
1 13⁄4 [Note (2)] 11⁄4 subject to a number of cycles (>20,000) of fatigue
11⁄8 2 11⁄2 loading resulting in damage as defined in NF-3331.2,
11⁄4 21⁄4 15⁄8 shall be proportioned to satisfy the stress range limita-
>11⁄4 13⁄4 × diam. 11⁄4 × diam. tions provided therein.
NOTES:
(1) All edge distances in this column may be reduced 1⁄8 in. when the NF-3331.2 Definitions. High cycle fatigue, as used
hole is at the point where stress does not exceed 25% of the in this Subsubarticle, is defined as the damage that
maximum allowed stress in the element. may result in fracture after a sufficient number of
(2) These may be 11⁄4 in. at the ends of beam connection angles.
fluctuations of stress. Stress range is defined as the
numerical sum of maximum repeated tensile and com-
pressive stresses or the sum of maximum shearing
stresses of opposite direction at a given point, resulting
to atmospheric corrosion require special limitations on from differing arrangements of live load.
pitch and edge distance.
For unpainted, built-up members made of weathering NF-3332 Design Requirements
steel which will be exposed to atmospheric corrosion,
the spacing of fasteners connecting a plate and a shape NF-3332.1 Design Considerations. In the design of
or two-plate components in contact shall not exceed members and connections subject to repeated variation
14 times the thickness of the thinnest part nor 7 in. of live load stress, consideration shall be given to the
(178 mm), and the maximum edge distance shall not number of stress cycles, the expected range of stress,
exceed eight times the thickness of the thinnest part, and the type and location of member or detail.
or 5 in. (127 mm). NF-3332.2 Classification of Loading Conditions.
(d) Minimum Spacing. The distance between centers Loading conditions shall be classified as shown in
of standard, oversized, or slotted fastener holes shall Table NF-3332.2-1.
be not less than three times the nominal diameter of
the bolt. Along a line of transmitted force, the distance NF-3332.3 Stress Categories. Stress categories for
between centers of holes shall be not less than the use in establishing the maximum range of stress in
following: relation to the type of member or part, material, and
Standard Holes: 2P /Sut + d /2 location shall be as stipulated in Table NF-3332.3-1.
(e) Effective Bearing Area. The effective bearing For illustrations of the members and parts, see Fig.
area of bolts shall be the diameter multiplied by the NF-3332.3-1.
length in bearing, except that for countersunk bolts
NF-3332.4 Allowable Stresses. The maximum stress
one-half the depth of the countersink shall be deducted.
shall not exceed the basic allowable stress permitted
(f) Long Grips. SA-307 bolts, which carry calculated
by NF-3322 and the maximum range of stress shall
stress and the grip of which exceeds five diameters,
not exceed that given in Table NF-3332.4-1.
shall have their number increased 1% for each additional
1⁄
16 in. (1.6 mm) in the grip. NF-3332.5 Provisions for Mechanical Fasteners.
(g) Anchor Bolts. Anchor bolts shall be designed to Range in tensile stress in properly tightened ASTM
provide resistance to all conditions of tension and shear A325 or ASTM A490 bolts need not be considered,
at the bases of columns, including the net tensile but the maximum computed stress, including prying
components of any bending moments which may result action, shall not exceed the values given in NF-3332.4
from fixation or partial fixation of columns. subject to the following stipulations.

82
NF-3332.5 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3342.1

TABLE NF-3332.2-1 continuous over at least one interior support13 may be

CLASSIFICATION OF LOADING CONDITIONS proportioned on the basis of plastic design, namely,
on the basis of low bound collapse load. This strength,
Number of Loading Cycles as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less
Loading Condition From To than that required to support a factored load equal to
1.7 times those of the level A and Level B Service
1 20,000 100,000 Limits or 1.3 times that of the Level C Service Limits.
[Note (1)] [Note (2)]
2 100,000 500,000 (b) Connections joining a portion of a structure de-
[Note (3)] signed on the basis of plastic behavior with a portion
3 500,000 2,000,000 not so designed need be no more rigid than ordinary
[Note (4)] seat and cap angle or ordinary web connections.
4 > 2,000,000 (c) When plastic design is used as the basis for
NOTES: proportioning continuous beams and structural frames,
(1) Approximately equivalent to 2 applications every day for 25 years.
(2) Approximately equivalent to 10 applications every day for 25
the provisions relating to allowable working stress
years. contained in NF-3320 are waived. Except as modified
(3) Approximately equivalent to 50 applications every day for 25 by these rules, all other provisions of NF-3320 shall
years.
(4) Approximately equivalent to 200 applications every day for 25
govern.
years.

NF-3342 Design Requirements

(a) Connections subject to more than 20,000 cycles,
NF-3342.1 General Design Requirements
but not more than 500,000 cycles of direct tension
(a) Shear. Unless reinforced by diagonal stiffeners
may be designed for the stress produced by the sum
or a doubler plate, the webs of column, beams, and
of applied and prying loads if the prying load does
girders, including areas within the boundaries of the
not exceed 10% of the externally applied load. If the
connections, shall be so proportioned that:
prying force exceeds 10%, the allowable tensile stress
given in NF-3324.6(a)(1) shall be reduced 40%, applica-
ble to the external load alone.
(b) Connections subject to more than 500,000 cycles Vu ≤ 0.555Sytd (1)
of direct tension may be designed for the stress produced
by the sum of applied and prying loads if the prying
load does not exceed 5% of the externally applied
load. If the prying force exceeds 5%, the allowable where Vu is the shear, kips, that would be produced
tensile stress given in NF-3324.6(a)(1) shall be reduced by the required factored loading.
50%, applicable to the external load alone. The use of (b) Combined Loads. When the interaction method
other bolts and threaded parts subject to tensile fatigue of calculation (Section III, Division 1, Appendices, A-
loading is not recommended. Bolts and threaded parts 9000) is used, members shall be so proportioned that
subjected to cyclic loading in shear may be designed for the interaction of factored loads at a section shall satisfy
the bearing-type shear stresses given in NF-3324.6(a)(2) the interaction equations of Table A-9210(d)-1 (Section
insofar as the fatigue strength of the fasteners is con- III, Division 1, Appendices), except that columns sub-
cerned. jected to combined bending and compression shall be
governed by the requirements of NF-3342.2(b)(3).
(c) Depth–Thickness Ratio of Webs. The depth–thick-
NF-3340 LIMIT ANALYSIS DESIGN FOR ness ratio of webs of members subjected to plastic
CLASS 1 bending shall not exceed the value given by Eqs. (2)
and (3), as applicable:
NF-3341 Introduction
NF-3341.1 Scope
(a) Subject to the limitation of this Subsubarticle, 13 As used here, interior support may be taken to include a rigid
simple or continuous beams, rigid frames, and similar frame knee formed by the junction of a column and a sloping or
portions of structures rigidly constructed so as to be horizontal beam or girder.

83
Table NF-3332.3-1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF

TABLE NF-3332.3-1
STRESS CATEGORIES
Stress Illustrative Example
Kind of Category [Note (2)]
General Stress (See Table Sketch Nos.
Condition Situation [Note (1)] NF-3332.4-1) (See Fig. NF-3332.3-1)

Plain material Base metal with rolled or cleaned surfaces T or Rev. A (1), (2)

Built-up members Base metal and weld metal in members, with- T or Rev. B (3), (4), (5), (6)
out attachments, built up plates or shapes
connected by continuous full or partial pene-
tration groove welds, or continuous fillet
welds parallel to the direction of applied
stress

Base metal in members without attachments, T or Rev. B (3), (4), (5), (6)
built-up plates or shapes connected by con-
tinuous full-penetration groove welds or by
continuous fillet welds parallel to the direc-
tion of applied stress

Calculated flexural stress fb in base metal at T or Rev. C (7)

toe of welds on girder webs or flanges adja-
cent to welded transverse stiffeners

Base metal at ends of partial length welded

cover plates narrower than the flange hav-
ing square or tapered ends, with or without
welds across the ends or wider than flange
with welds across the ends
Flange thickness ≤ 0.8 in. T or Rev. E (5)
Flange thickness > 0.8 in. T or Rev. E′ (5)

Base metal at end of partial length welded E′ (5)

cover plates wider than the flange without
welds across the ends

Mechanically Base metal at gross section of high-strength T or Rev. B (8)

fastened bolted slip-critical connections, except axi-
connections ally loaded joints which induce out-of-plane
bending in connected material

Base metal at net section of other mechani- T or Rev. D (8), (9)

cally fastened joints [Note (3)]

Base metal at net section of fully tensioned T or Rev. B (8), (9)

high-strength, bolted-bearing connections

Fillet welded Base metal at intermittent fillet welds T or Rev. E

connections
Base metal at junction of axially loaded mem-
bers with fillet-welded end connections.
Welds shall be disposed about the axis of
the member so as to balance weld stresses
b ≤ 1 in. T or Rev. E (17), (18)
b > 1 in. T or Rev. E′ (17), (18)
(Table NF-3332.3-1 continues on next page)

84
 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN Table NF-3332.3-1

TABLE NF-3332.3-1 (CONT’D)

STRESS CATEGORIES
Stress Illustrative Example
Kind of Category [Note (2)]
General Stress (See Table Sketch Nos.
Condition Situation [Note (1)] NF-3332.4-1) (See Fig. NF-3332.3-1)

Fillet welded Base metal at members connected with trans-

connections verse fillet welds
(cont’d) b ≤ 1⁄2 in. T or Rev. C (20), (21)
b > 1⁄2 in. See Note (4)

Fillet welds Weld metal of continuous or intermittent longi- S F (15), (17), (18), (20),
tudinal or transverse fillet welds See Note (4) (21)

Groove welds Base metal and weld metal at full penetration T or Rev. B (10)
groove welded splices of parts of similar
cross section ground flush, with grinding in
the direction of applied stress and with weld
soundness established by radiographic or ul-
trasonic inspection in accordance with the
requirements of Table 9.25.3 of AWS
D1.1-77

Base metal and weld metal at full penetration T or Rev. B (12), (13)
groove welded splices at transitions in width
or thickness, with welds ground to provide
slopes no steeper than 1 to 21⁄2, with grind-
ing in the direction of applied stress, and
with weld soundness established by radio-
graphic or ultrasonic inspection in accord-
ance with the requirements of Table 9.25.3
of AWS D1.1-77

Base metal and weld metal at full penetration T or Rev. C (10), (11), (12), (13)
groove welded splices, with or without tran-
sitions having slopes no greater than 1 to
21⁄2, when reinforcement is not removed and
with weld soundness established by radio-
graphic or ultrasonic inspection in accord-
ance with the requirements of Table 9.25.3
of AWS D1.1-77

Partial penetra- Weld metal of partial penetration transverse T or Rev. F (16)

tion groove groove welds, based on effective throat area [Note (4)]
welds of the weld or welds

Plug or slot welds Base metal at plug or slot welds T or Rev. E (27)

Shear on plug or slot welds S F (27)

(Table NF-3332.3-1 continues on next page)

85
Table NF-3332.3-1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF

TABLE NF-3332.3-1 (CONT’D)

STRESS CATEGORIES
Stress Illustrative Example
Kind of Category [Note (2)]
General Stress (See Table Sketch Nos.
Condition Situation [Note (1)] NF-3332.4-1) (See Fig. NF-3332.3-1)

Attachments Base metal at details attached by full-penetra-

tion groove welds subject to longitudinal
and/or transverse loading when the detail
embodies a transition radius R with the
weld termination ground smooth and for
transverse loading, the weld soundness estab-
lished by radiographic or ultrasonic inspec-
tion in accordance with 9.25.2 or 9.25.3 of
AWS D1.1
Longitudinal loading
R > 24 in. T or Rev. B (14)
24 in. > R > 6 in. T or Rev. C (14)
6 in. > R > 2 in. T or Rev. D (14)
2 in. > R T or Rev. E (14)
Detail base metal for transverse loading:
equal thickness and reinforcement re-
moved
R > 24 in. T or Rev. B (14)
24 in. > R > 6 in. T or Rev. C (14)
6 in. > R > 2 in. T or Rev. D (14)
2 in. > R T or Rev. E (14), (15)
Detail base metal for transverse loading:
equal thickness and reinforcement not
removed
R > 24 in. T or Rev. C (14)
24 in. > R > 6 in. T or Rev. C (14)
6 in. > R > 2 in. T or Rev. D (14)
2 in. > R T or Rev. E (14), (15)
Detail base metal for transverse loading:
unequal thickness and reinforcement re-
moved
R > 2 in. T or Rev. D (14)
2 in. > R T or Rev. E (14), (15)
Detail base metal for transverse loading:
unequal thickness and reinforcement
not removed
all R T or Rev. E (14), (15)
Detail base metal for transverse loading
R > 6 in. T or Rev. C (19)
6 in. > R > 2 in. T or Rev. D (19)
2 in. > R T or Rev. E (19)

Base metal at detail attached by full-penetra-

tion groove welds subject to longitudinal
loading
2 < a < 12b or 4 in. T or Rev. D (15)
a > 12b or 4 in. when b ≤ 1 in. T or Rev. E (15)
a > 12b or 4 in. when b > 1 in. T or Rev. E′ (15)
(Table NF-3332.3-1 continues on next page)

86
 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN Table NF-3332.3-1

TABLE NF-3332.3-1 (CONT’D)

STRESS CATEGORIES
Stress Illustrative Example
Kind of Category [Note (2)]
General Stress (See Table Sketch Nos.
Condition Situation [Note (1)] NF-3332.4-1) (See Fig. NF-3332.3-1)
Attachments Base metal at detail attached by fillet welds or
(cont’d) partial-penetration groove welds subject to
longitudinal loading
a ≤ 2 in. T or Rev. C (15), (23), (24), (25), (26)
2 in. < a ≤ 12b or 4 in. T or Rev. D (15), (23), (24), (26)
a > 12b or 4 in. when b ≤ 1 in. T or Rev. E (15), (23), (24), (26)
a > 12b or 4 in. when b > 1 in. T or Rev. E′ (15), (23), (24), (26)

Base metal attached by fillet welds or partial-

penetration groove welds subjected to longi-
tudinal loading when the weld termination
embodies a transition radius with the weld
termination ground smooth:
R > 2 in. T or Rev. D (19)
R ≤ 2 in. T or Rev. E (19)

Fillet-welded attachments where the weld ter-

mination embodies a transition radius, weld
termination ground smooth, and main mate-
rial subject to longitudinal loading:
Detail base metal for transverse loading:
R > 2 in. T or Rev. D (19)
R ≤ 2 in. T or Rev. E (19)

Base metal at stud-type shear connector T or Rev. C (22)

attached by fillet weld or automatic end
weld

Shear stress on nominal area of stud-type S F

shear connectors
NOTES:
(1) T signifies range in tensile stress only; Rev. signifies a range involving reversal of tensile or compressive stress; S signifies range in shear,
including shear stress reversal.
(2) These examples are provided as guidelines and are not intended to exclude other reasonably similar situations.
(3) When stress reversal is involved, use of SA-307 bolts is not recommended.
(4) Allowable fatigue stress range for transverse partial penetration and transverse fillet welds is a function of the effective throat, depth of
penetration and plate thickness. See Frank and Fisher, “Fatigue Strength of Fillet Welded Cruciform Joints,” Journal of the Structural
Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. 519, 1979.

87
Fig. NF-3332.3-1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF

FIG. NF-3332.3-1 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

88
 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN Fig. NF-3332.3-1

FIG. NF-3332.3-1 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES (CONT’D)

89
NF-3342.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3342.2

TABLE NF-3332.4-1
ALLOWABLE STRESS RANGES

Allowable Range of Stress Fsr , ksi

Stress Category Loading Loading Loading Loading

Used in Table Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3 Condition 4
NF-3332.3-1 Fsr 1 Fsr 2 Fsr 3 Fsr 4
A 63 37 24 24
B 49 29 18 16
B′ 39 23 15 12
C 35 21 13 101
D 28 16 10 7
E 22 13 8 5
E′ 16 9 6 3
F 15 12 9 8
NOTE:
(1) Flexural stress range of 12 ksi permitted at toe of stiffener welds on webs or flanges.

d
3 1 24 when P
412 P P (2) The width–thickness ratio of similarly com-
p 1 − 1.4 ≤ 0.27 (2)
t √ Sy Py y pressed flange plates in box sections and cover plates
shall not exceed 190 / √ Sy. For this purpose the width
of a cover plate shall be taken as the distance between
d 257 P longitudinal lines of connecting high strength bolts or
p when > 0.27 (3) welds.
t √ y
S P y

NF-3342.2 Specific Design Requirements

(d) Web Crippling. Web stiffeners are required on (a) Beams. The maximum bending strength of a
a member at a point of load application where a plastic flexural member shall be:
hinge would form. At points on a member where the
concentrated load delivered by the flanges of a member
framing into it would produce web crippling opposite Mp p S y Zx (4)
the compression flange or high tensile stress in the
tension flange, web stiffeners are required in accordance
(b) Columns
with the provisions of NF-3324.2(b).
(1) In the plane of bending of columns which
(e) Width–Thickness Ratios of Flanges
would develop a plastic hinge at ultimate loading, the
(1) The width–thickness ratio for flanges of rolled
slenderness ratio l /r shall not exceed Cc defined in
W shapes and similar built-up single web shapes that
NF-3322.1(c).
would be subjected to compression involving hinge
(2) The maximum strength of an axially loaded
rotation under ultimate loading shall not exceed the
compression member shall be taken as:
following values:

Sy bf / 2tf Pcr p 1.7AFa (5)

36 8.5
42 8.0
45 7.4 where A is the gross area of the member, and Fa , as
50 7.0 defined by Eq. (4) in NF-3322.1(c)(1), is based upon
55 6.6 the applicable slenderness ratio.
60 6.3
65 6.0
(3) Members subject to combined axial load and
bending moment, including moment resulting in second-
The thickness of sloping flanges may be taken as their ary stress, shall be proportioned so as to satisfy the
average thickness. following interaction formulas:

90
NF-3342.2 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3342.2

P Cm M the member. Girders and beams included in the vertical

+ ≤ 1.0 (6)
Pcr [1 − (P / Pe )] Mm bracing system of a braced multistory frame shall be
proportioned for axial force and moment caused by
P M the concurrent factored horizontal and gravity loads,
+ ≤ 1.0; M ≤ Mp (7)
Py 1.18Mp in accordance with Eq. (5) with Pcr taken as the
maximum axial strength of the beam, based on the
where actual slenderness ratio between braced points in the
Pep 1.92 AF′e , where F′e is defined in NF-3322.1(e) plane of bending.
Cmp coefficient defined in NF-3322.1(e) (2) Stability of Unbraced Frames. The strength of
an unbraced multistory frame shall be determined by
The right-hand side of Eq. (7) may be replaced by 1.5 a rational analysis which includes the effects of frame
when it can be shown that the bending moment results instability and column axial deformation. Such a frame
only in secondary stress. shall be designed to be stable under the following
(4) For columns braced in the weak direction: conditions:
(a) factored gravity loads;
Mm p M p (b) factored gravity plus factored horizontal
loads.
(5) For columns unbraced in the weak direction: The axial force in the column at factored load levels
shall not exceed 0.75Py.
(l / ry ) √ Sy
3
Mm p Mp 1.07 −
3160 4 ≤ Mp (8) (d) Lateral Bracing
(1) Members shall be adequately braced to resist
lateral and torsional displacements at the plastic hinge
(c) Basis for Maximum StrengthDetermination. For locations associated with the failure mechanism. The
one or two story frames, the maximum strength may laterally unsupported distance lcr from such braced
be determined by a routine plastic analysis procedure, hinge locations to similarly braced adjacent points on
and the frame instability effect PD may be ignored. the member or frame shall not exceed the value deter-
For braced multistory frames, provisions should be mined from Eq. (9) or (10), as applicable:
made to include the frame instability effect in the
design of the bracing system and frame members. For lcr / ry p 1375 / Sy + 25 (9)
unbraced multistory frames, the frame instability effect
should be included directly in the calculations for when
maximum strength. The vertical bracing system for a
plastically designed braced multistory frame shall be +1.0 > M ′ / Mp > −0.5
shown to be adequate, as determined by a rational
analysis, to prevent buckling of the structure under or
factored gravity load, and maintain the lateral stability of
the structure, including consideration of the overturning
effects of drift, under factored horizontal and gravity lcr / ry p 1375 / Sy (10)
loads.
(1) Stability of Braced Frames. The vertical brac- when
ing system may be considered to function together with
in-plane shear-resisting exterior and interior walls, floor
−0.5 ≥ M ′ / Mp > −1.0
slabs, and roof decks, if these walls, slabs, and decks
are secured to the structural frames. The columns,
girders, beams, and diagonal members, when used as where
the vertical bracing systems, may be considered to M ′/Mppthe end moment ratio, positive when the
comprise a cantilever, simply connected truss in the segment is bent in reverse curvature and
analysis for frame buckling and lateral stability. Axial negative when bent in single curvature
deformation of all members in the vertical bracing (2) The provisions of (d)(1) above need not apply
system shall be included in the lateral stability analysis. in the region of the last hinge to form, in the failure
The axial force in these members, caused by factored mechanism assumed as the basis for proportioning a
horizontal and gravity loads, shall not exceed 0.85Py , given member, nor in members oriented with their
where Py is the product of yield stress times area of weak axis normal to the plane of bending. However,

91
NF-3342.2 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3382

in the region of the last hinge to form and in regions NF-3360 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR
not adjacent to a plastic hinge, the maximum distance CLASS 3
between points of lateral support shall be such as to
The design by analysis of Class 3 supports shall be
satisfy the requirements of Eq. (17), (18), or (19) of
in accordance with NF-3320, NF-3330, and NF-3340.
NF-3322.1(d)(5), or Eq. (20) or (21) of NF-3322.1(e)(1).
For this case, the value of fa and fb shall be computed
from the moment and axial force at factored loading,
NF-3370 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS
divided by the applicable load factor.
ANALYSIS
(3) Members built into a masonry wall and having
their web perpendicular to this wall can be assumed Supports of all types may be designed by experimental
to be laterally supported with respect to their weak stress analysis in accordance with Appendix II of
axis of bending. Section III, Division 1, Appendices.
(e) Connections
(1) General Requirements. All connections, the
rigidity of which is essential to the continuity assumed NF-3380 DESIGN BY LOAD RATING
as the basis for the analysis, shall be capable of resisting
NF-3381 Procedure for Load Rating
the moments, shears, and axial loads to which they
would be subjected by the full factored loading, or The procedure for load rating shall consist of impos-
any probable partial distribution thereof. ing a total load on one or more duplicate full-size
(2) Corner Connections. Corner connections samples for a support equal to or less than the load
(haunches) that are tapered or curved for architectural under which the support fails to perform its required
reasons shall be so proportioned that the full plastic function. Full-size samples composed of various parts
bending strength of the section adjacent to the connec- may have each part or a number of parts load rated
tion can be developed, if required. provided that all parts in the load path are either
(3) Stiffeners. Stiffeners shall be used, as required, load rated or otherwise qualified per NF-3300 or by
to preserve the flange continuity of interrupted members experimental stress analysis. When parts are connected
at their junction with other members in a continuous by bolting or welding, the connection shall be either
frame. Such stiffeners shall be placed in pairs on load rated or qualified per NF-3225 or NF-3226. Should
opposite sides of the web of the member which extends more than one part be load rated in a single load test,
continuously through the joint. then the load rating equations of NF-3380 shall be
(4) Stress in Bolts and Welds. High strength bolts, evaluated for each part using the part’s Sy(act) and Su(act)
SA-307 bolts, and welds shall be proportioned to resist values. The part having the lowest load rating shall
the forces produced at factored load, using stresses establish the load rating for the combination of parts.
equal to 1.7 times those given in NF-3324.6(a) for A single test sample is permitted, but in that case, the
bolts and Table NF-3324.5(a)-1 for welds. In general, load ratings shall be decreased by 10%. Otherwise,
groove welds are preferable to fillet welds, but their tests shall be run on a statistically significant number
use is not mandatory. of samples. The permissible types of welded joints
(5) Joints With Painted Contact Surfaces. High shall be as permitted for the specific class of construction
strength bolts may be used in joints having painted in NF-3226.1, NF-3256.1, NF-3266, and NF-3324. The
contact surfaces when these joints are of such size that requirements of NF-3324.5(b) for size of fillet and
the slip required to produce bearing would not interfere partial penetration welds do not apply, provided the
with the formation, at factored loading, of the plastic full-size sample is fabricated for testing using the
hinges assumed in the design. minimum weld stipulated in the Design Drawings.
Bolted joints in the test sample shall be made up using
the lowest strength bolt material and minimum edge
distance allowed by the specification.

NF-3350 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR NF-3382 Load Ratings in Relation to Design

CLASS 2 AND MC Service and Test Loadings
The design by analysis of Class 2 and MC supports The load rating for Design Loadings shall be deter-
shall be in accordance with NF-3320, NF-3330, and mined in accordance with the requirements for Service
NF-3340. Level A limits. The load ratings for Service Loadings

92
NF-3382 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3382.4

for which Level A, B, or C Limits have been designated NF-3382.3 Supports Loaded in Compression. The
shall be determined by means of the equations in load rating for the supports loaded in compression shall
the following subparagraphs. For Level D Limits, see be determined for Service Level A, B, and C by the
Appendix F of Section III, Division 1, Appendices. methods of NF-3382.2. In addition, for cases where
The load rating for Test Loadings shall be determined buckling governs, TLu shall be corrected for the ratio
in accordance with the requirements for Service Level of Young’s Modulus at the Design Temperature to
B limits. Young’s Modulus at the test temperature. The load
rating shall be determined by the following equations:
NF-3382.1 Nomenclature. The symbols used in this Design and Level A Limits
paragraph are defined as follows:
TLyp support test load at or below yield
load rating p 0.52 K l × TLu
TLup support test load at which a substantial increase
in load displacement results in zero or negative
increase in actual support load Test and Level B Limits
Fallp allowable value for the type of stress in NF-
3310, ksi load rating p 0.67 K l × TLu
Su(act)p actual tensile strength of the material used in
the part or support which had reached ultimate
capacity during the test Level C Limits
Sy(act)p actual yield strength of the material used in the
part or support which yielded during the test load rating p 0.67 K l × TLu
K lp load rating coefficient for supports in com-
pression
K l p 1.0 for elastic buckling
NF-3382.2 Linear-Type Supports. The load ratings
for Linear-Type Supports for the Service Loadings shall Sy
Kl p for inelastic buckling
be determined by the following equations: Sy(act)

Design and Level A Limits (lower of the two values)

NF-3382.4 Alternate Load Rating Method Using
F TLy or TLu Test Results Only. Either TLy or TLu test
load rating(yield) p TLy × 1.0 all (1)
Sy (act) results may be used to establish a support load rating
provided the load rating as determined by the method
Fall of NF-3382.2 or NF-3382.3 is modified as follows:
load rating(ult.) p TLu × 1.0
Su(act) (a) For load rating based on TLy test results only:
(1) for supports constructed of materials having
definitely determinable yield points and specified mini-
Test and Level B Limits (lower of the two values)
mum Sy /Su ratios not greater than 0.625, the load
rating shall be multiplied by 0.83. If Sy (act) of the
Fall material is not known, 150% of the material specified
load rating(yield) p TLy × 1.33 (2)
Sy (act) minimum yield strength shall be assumed as the
Sy /Sy (act) in place of multiplier 0.83;
Fall (2) for supports constructed of carbon steel with
load rating(ult.) p TLu × 1.33
Su(act) specified minimum tensile strengths of not over 70,000
psi (480 MPa), Sy (act) shall be increased by 5000 psi
(34 MPa) prior to determining the load rating;
Level C Limits (lower of the two values) (3) for all other materials the determined load
rating shall be multiplied by 0.67.
Fall For supports loaded in compression, a TLu test shall
load rating(yield) p TLy × 1.5 (3)
Sy (act) be performed with the compressive load rating deter-
mined in accordance with NF-3382.3.
Fall (b) For load rating based on TLu test results, the
load rating(ult.) p TLu × 1.5
Su(act) determined load rating shall be multiplied by 0.50.

93
NF-3400 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3412.3

NF-3400 DESIGN RULES FOR (2) Thermal Expansion and Thermal Anchor Dis-
STANDARD SUPPORTS placement. The snubber shall not resist the effects of
thermal growth of the component, the piping system,
NF-3410 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS or the anchorage to the degree where it imposes a
The following requirements apply in addition to the significant load or stress on the piping or component.
requirements of NF-3100, NF-3200, and NF-3300.
NF-3412 Standard Support Items
NF-3411 General Design Requirements NF-3412.1 Constant Support Spring Hangers. Con-
Standard Supports (NF-1214) shall conform to the stant support spring hangers may be used to support
design considerations of NF-3120, the design rules of piping or components at those locations requiring a
NF-3200 or NF-3300, and the following additional substantially uniform supporting force throughout the
requirements. travel range but which, while subject to thermal move-
ment, cannot tolerate appreciable variability of the
NF-3411.1 Standard Supports Used as Component supporting force. They shall have a mean variability
Supports. Standard Supports may be used as component (deviation), including friction, of no more than 6%
supports, as defined in NF-3500. throughout the travel range. Deviation is the sum of
NF-3411.2 Standard Supports Used as Piping Sup- kinematic friction and manufacturing tolerance factors.
ports. Standard Supports may be used as piping sup- Determination of deviation is by load test machine and
ports, as defined in NF-3600. is calculated as follows:

NF-3411.3 Loads deviation p (maximum reading moving down

(a) Standard Supports shall be capable of carrying − minimum reading moving up)
all concurrently acting loads listed in NF-3111 and 4 (maximum reading moving down
stipulated in the Design Specification. The supports + minimum reading moving up)
shall be designed to provide the required supporting
effort and to permit the designed piping or component NF-3412.2 Variable Support Spring Hangers. Vari-
movement. able support spring hangers may be used to support
(b) Spring supports shall be capable of exerting a piping or components at those locations subject to
supporting force equal to the load, as determined by
vertical movement due to temperature differences, where
weight–balance calculations, plus the weight of all
a variability of the supporting force up to a factor of
hanger parts such as clamps and rods that will be
0.25, as calculated by the following equation, can be
supported by a spring at the point of attachment to a
tolerated:
pressure retaining component or to an integral at-
tachment.
variability factor p (travel × spring rate) /load
(1) The design shall be such as to prevent complete
release of the piping or component load in the event (a) The variability of the supporting force resulting
of spring failure or misalignment.
from movement of the piping or component shall be
(2) When springs are to be enclosed in spaces considered in the loadings used in the stress analysis
where high ambient temperatures occur, the spring of the piping or component.
material shall be such that the spring constants will (b) Variable support spring hangers shall be provided
not be significantly changed at the temperature to be
with means to limit misalignment, buckling, and eccen-
experienced. tric loading and to prevent overstressing of the spring.
(c) Snubbers shall meet the requirements of (a) above (c) It is recommended that all hangers employing
and (1) and (2) below. springs be provided with means to indicate at all times
(1) The following occasional loads shall be con- the compression of the spring with respect to the
sidered: appropriate hot and cold positions of the piping or
(a) seismic inertial; component.
(b) seismic anchor displacement;
(c) hydraulic transient loads resulting from, but NF-3412.3 Hanger Rods. Design loads for threaded
not limited to, water hammer, steam hammer, pump hanger rods shall be based on the root area of the
startup, pump shutdown, safety and safety relief valve threads. In no case shall hanger rods less than 3⁄8 in.
discharges, as specified in the Design Specification. (10 mm) diameter be used for supporting pipe 2 in.

94
NF-3412.3 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3426.1

(DN 50) and smaller, or less than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) NF-3420 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR
diameter rod for supporting pipe 21⁄2 in. (DN 65) and CLASS 1
larger. Pipe, structural shapes, or bars may be used
NF-3421 General Design Requirements
instead of hanger rods. Hanger rods, structural shapes,
etc., shall be designed to permit the free movement of The design of Class 1 Standard Supports shall be
piping as indicated in the thermal stress analysis. The in accordance with the requirements of NF-3420 using
possibility of moment loading of hanger rods or shapes one of the design procedures indicated in Table NF-
as a result of pipe motion shall be considered and 3131(a)-1 for Class 1 construction.
avoided unless the support is specifically designed for
such loading.
NF-3422 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type
Standard Supports
The requirements of NF-3200 shall be met.
NF-3412.4 Snubbers
(a) Snubbers may be incorporated in the system
design to accommodate Design Mechanical Loads or NF-3423 Design of Linear-Type Standard
conditions of a vibratory or dynamic nature. Snubbers Supports
may be attached to a piping or component to protect The requirements of NF-3300 shall be met.
it against dynamic type loading. Snubbers shall allow
essentially free movement of the piping or component
to which they are attached during nondynamic applica- NF-3425 Design of Bolting
tion of load such as that imposed by expansion and The requirements of NF-3225 and NF-3324.6 shall
contraction. be met.
(b) Snubbers shall be carefully applied to ensure that
they will perform their intended function without placing
unacceptable loads on the piping system or other compo- NF-3426 Design of Welded Joints
nents. NF-3426.1 Permissible Types. The permissible types
(c) The Design Specification shall contain, as a mini- of welded joints for Standard Supports are described
mum, the following: in paragraphs NF-3226.1 and NF-3256.1. Additional
(1) the Design Loadings for loading conditions types of joints are as follows. Typical examples of the
and transients, and combinations of loadings for which types are shown in Fig. NF-3426.1-1.
the snubber is designed to accommodate; (a) Tee Joints. Tee joints shall be one of the fol-
(2) required force, time, and displacement rela- lowing:
tionship; (1) fillet, double welded, sketch (a-1);
(3) the environmental conditions that the snubber (2) fillet, single welded, when double members
will be exposed to, such as: are used, sketch (a-2);
(a) temperature (3) fillet, single welded, between a flat surface
(b) irradiation and the end surface of a closed tubular section or a
(c) corrosive atmosphere closed formed section, sketch (f). Partially closed tubular
(d) moisture sections or partially closed formed sections and the
(e) airborne particles total length of their respective welds shall encompass
(4) consideration of material characteristics, such a minimum of 270 deg. of the circumference and
as: provide symmetrical loadings on closure plates.
(a) compatibility (b) Corner Joints. Corner joints shall be one of the
(b) stability following.
(c) fire resistance (1) Partial penetration, without a fillet weld be-
(d) wear tween the edge of a plate and the end surface of a
(e) aging closed tubular section or partially closed formed section,
(5) tests which are required prior to installation. sketch (e). Partially closed tubular sections or partially
(d) Design of functional members such as intercon- closed formed sections as well as the total length of
nections, tubing and fittings reservoirs, and flow distribu- their respective welds shall encompass a minimum of
tors shall consider the effect of internal pressure, thermal 270 deg. of the circumference and provide symmetrical
expansion, and vibration loading. loadings on closure plates;

95
NF-3426.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3451

FIG. NF-3426.1-1 ADDITIONAL PERMISSIBLE WELDED JOINTS FOR CLASS 1 STANDARD SUPPORTS

(2) Fillet welds between the edge of a plate and NF-3426.2 Design Stress Intensity and Allowable
the end surface of a closed tubular section or partially Stress Limits for Welded Joints. The limit of design
closed tubular section or partially closed formed section, stress intensity or of allowable stress for welded joints
sketches (b), (c), and (d). In addition, weld joints (b) for Standard Supports shall not exceed the applicable
and (d) may be used only if the lengths of the respective design stress intensity value or allowable stress value
legs of the fillet weld are equal to the exposed thickness for the base metal being joined.
of the plate and shell elements. Partially closed tubular
sections or partially closed formed sections as well as
the total length of their respective welds shall encompass NF-3450 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR
a minimum of 270 deg. of the circumference and CLASS 2 AND MC
provide symmetrical loadings on closure plates.
NF-3451 General Design Requirements
(3) The use of welded joints permitted by (a)(3)
and (b) above is limited to housings for spring encapsu- The design of Class 2 and MC Standard Supports
lation of standard supports. shall be in accordance with the requirements of NF-

96
NF-3451 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3524

3450 using one of the design procedures indicated in NF-3500 DESIGN RULES FOR
Table NF-3131(a)-1. COMPONENT SUPPORTS
NF-3510 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
NF-3452 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type The design of component supports shall be in accord-
Standard Supports ance with this Subarticle and the applicable general
requirements of NF-3110, NF-3210, NF-3310, and
The requirements of NF-3200 shall be met.
NF-3410.

NF-3453 Design of Linear-Type Standard

Supports
NF-3520 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR
The requirements of NF-3300 shall be met. CLASS 1
NF-3521 General Design Requirements
NF-3455 Design of Bolting This Subsubarticle provides stress limits for elements
The requirements of NF-3225 and NF-3324.6 shall of Class 1 component supports. For general requirements
be met. as to stress determinations, definitions, derivations of
stress intensities, and classification of stresses, refer to
NF-3120.
NF-3456 Design of Welded Joints
The requirements of NF-3426 shall be met, except
NF-3522 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type
that for groove welded and fillet welded T-joints, the
Component Supports
welds may be intermittent instead of continuous.
(a) The design rules and stress intensity limits which
must be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings
are given in NF-3220.
NF-3460 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR (b) When design by analysis is used, the stress limit
CLASS 3 factors for each loading and stress category are specified
The design of Class 3 Standard Supports shall be in Table NF-3522(b)-1.
in accordance with the requirements of NF-3450, using
one of the design procedures indicated in Table NF-
3131(a)-1. NF-3523 Design of Linear-Type Component
Supports
(a) The design rules and stress limits which must
NF-3470 DESIGN BY EXPERIMENTAL be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are
STRESS ANALYSIS given in NF-3320.
(b) When design by analysis is used, the stress limit
Standard Supports may be designed by experimental factors for each loading and stress category are specified
stress analysis in accordance with the requirements of in Table NF-3523(b)-1.
NF-3270 for Plate- and Shell-Type Standard Supports
and NF-3370 for Linear-Type Standard Supports.

NF-3524 Design of Standard Component

Supports
NF-3480 PROCEDURE FOR LOAD RATING
(a) The design rules and stress limits which must
Standard Supports may be designed by the procedure be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are
for load rating in accordance with the requirements of given in NF-3420.
NF-3280 for Plate- and Shell-Type Standard Supports (b) When design by analysis is used, the stress limit
and NF-3380 for Linear-Type Standard Supports. factors for each loading and stress category are specified

97
NF-3524 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3553
TABLE NF-3522(b)-1
ELASTIC ANALYSIS STRESS CATEGORIES AND STRESS LIMIT FACTORS FOR CLASS 1 PLATE- AND SHELL-
TYPE SUPPORTS DESIGNED BY ANALYSIS — COMPONENT SUPPORTS

Stress Limit Factors for Loading Categories [Note (1)]

Service Level Service Level B Service Level C Service Level Test

Stress Category Design A [Note (2)] [Note (3)] D Loadings
Primary stresses Km p 1.0 Km p 1.0 Km p 1.33 Km p 1.5 Km p 1.33
[Notes (4), (5)]
Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.33 Kv p 1.5 Kv p 1.33
Use
Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.33 Kbk p 1.5 Appendix Kbk p 1.33
F
but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2
of critical of critical of critical of critical of critical
buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress

Primary plus secon- Evaluation is required for critical buckling for all loading categories. The requirements of this Subarticle shall be
dary stresses met for this evaluation.
[Note (5)]

Peak stresses Evaluation not required.

GENERAL NOTES:
Km = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress intensity or membrane plus bending stress intensity (see NF-3221.1
and NF-3221.2).
Kv = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable shear stress (see NF-3223.2)
Kbk = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress intensity or membrane plus bending stress intensity (compression only)

NOTES:
(1) Control of deformation is not assured by these stress limit factors. When required by Design Specification, deformation control must be
considered separately.
(2) Km , Kv , and Kbk p 1.0 for design of snubbers.
(3) Stress shall not exceed 0.7Su .
(4) For Service Levels A, B, C, and D, stresses induced on the supports by restraint of free-end displacement and anchor motions of piping shall
be considered as primary stresses.
(5) Thermal stresses within the support as defined by NF-3121.11 need not be evaluated. For Service Levels A and B, primary plus secondary
stresses shall be limited to a range of 2Sy or Su at temperature, whichever is less.

in Table NF-3522(b)-1 or Table NF-3523(b)-1, as appli- NF-3550 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR

cable. CLASS 2, 3, AND MC
NF-3552 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type
Component Supports

NF-3525 Design of Bolting (a) The design rules and stress limits which must
be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are
The number and cross-sectional area of bolts required given in NF-3250 and NF-3260.
for the Design Loadings of NF-3112 shall be determined (b) When design by analysis is used, the stress limit
in accordance with the procedures of NF-3324.6. factors for each loading and stress category are specified
in Table NF-3552(b)-1.

NF-3526 Design of Welded Joints NF-3553 Design of Linear-Type Component

Supports
(a) Welded joints in Plate- and Shell-Type Compo-
nent Supports shall be as stipulated in NF-3226. The design rules and stress limits which must be
(b) Welded joints used in Linear-Type Component satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are given
Supports shall be as stipulated in NF-3324.5. in NF-3523.

98
NF-3554 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3580

TABLE NF-3523(b)-1
ELASTIC ANALYSIS STRESS CATEGORIES AND STRESS LIMIT FACTORS FOR CLASS 1, 2, 3, AND MC LINEAR-
TYPE SUPPORTS DESIGNED BY ANALYSIS — COMPONENT SUPPORTS

Stress Limit Factors for Loading Categories [Note (1)]

Service Level Service Level B Service Level C Service Level Test

Stress Category Design A [Note (2)] [Note (3)] D Loadings
Primary stresses Ks p 1.0 Ks p 1.0 Ks p 1.33 Ks p 1.5 Ks p 1.33
[Notes (4), (6)]
Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.33 Kv p 1.5 Kv p 1.33
[Note (5)] [Note (5)] Use [Note (5)]
Appendix
Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.33 Kbk p 1.5 F Kbk p 1.33

but stress ≤ 2⁄3 but stress ≤ 2⁄3 but stress ≤ 2⁄3

of critical of critical of critical
buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress

Primary plus secon- Evaluation is required for critical buckling for all loading categories. The requirements of this Subarticle shall be
dary stresses met for this evaluation.
[Note (6)]

Peak stresses Evaluation not required.

GENERAL NOTES:
Ks = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable tensile and bending stresses (see NF-3321.1, NF-3322.1, NF-3350, and NF-3360)
Kv = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable shear stresses (see NF-3321.1, NF-3322.1, NF-3350, and NF-3360)
Kbk = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable compressive axial and bending stresses to determine buckling limit

NOTES:
(1) Control of deformation is not assured by these stress limit factors. When required by Design Specification, deformation control must be
considered separately.
(2) Ks , Kv , and Kbk p 1.0 for design of snubbers.
(3) Stress shall not exceed 0.7Su .
(4) For Service Levels A, B, C, and D, stresses induced on the supports by restraint of free-end displacement and anchor motions of piping shall
be considered as primary stresses.
(5) Shear stress shall not exceed 0.42Su .
(6) Thermal stresses within the support as defined by NF-3121.11 need not be evaluated. For Service Levels A and B, primary plus secondary
stresses shall be limited to a range of 2 Sy or Su at temperature, whichever is less.

NF-3554 Design of Standard Component NF-3570 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS

Supports ANALYSIS
The design of Standard Component Supports shall Component supports of all types may be designed
be in accordance with NF-3524. by experimental stress analysis in accordance with
Appendix II of Section III, Division 1, Appendices.

NF-3555 Design of Bolting

The provision of NF-3525 shall be met.

NF-3556 Design of Welded Joints NF-3580 DESIGN BY LOAD RATING

(a) Welded joints in Plate- and Shell-Type Compo- Component supports of all types may be designed
nent Supports shall be as stipulated in NF-3256 for by load rating in accordance with the requirements of
Class 2 and MC and NF-3266 for Class 3. NF-3280 for Plate- and Shell-Type, NF-3380 for Linear-
(b) Welded joints in Linear-Type Component Sup- Type, and the applicable Subsubarticle for Standard
ports shall be as stipulated in NF-3324.5. Component Supports.

99
NF-3600 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3614

TABLE NF-3552(b)-1
ELASTIC ANALYSIS STRESS CATEGORIES AND STRESS LIMIT FACTORS FOR CLASS 2, 3, AND MC PLATE- AND
SHELL-TYPE SUPPORTS DESIGNED BY ANALYSIS — COMPONENT SUPPORTS

Stress Limit Factors for Loading Categories [Note (1)]

Service Limit Service Limit B Service Limit C Service Limit Test

Stress Category Design A [Note (2)] [Note (6)] D Loadings
Primary stresses Km p 1.0 Km p 1.0 Km p 1.33 Km p 1.5 Km p 1.33
[Notes (3), (5)]
Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.33 Kv p 1.5 Kv p 1.33
[Note (4)] [Note (4)] Use [Note (4)]
Appendix
Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.33 Kbk p 1.5 F Kbk p 1.33

but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2
of critical of critical of critical of critical of critical
buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress
GENERAL NOTES:
Km = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress or membrane plus bending stress (see NF-3251.1 and NF-3261)
Kv = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable shear stress (see NF-3252.2 and NF-3261)
Kbk = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress or membrane plus bending stress (compression only)

NOTES:
(1) Control of deformation is not assured by these stress limit factors. When required by Design Specification, deformation control must be
considered separately.
(2) Km and Kbk p 1.0 for design of snubbers.
(3) For Service Levels A, B, C, and D, stresses induced on the supports by restraint of free-end displacement and anchor motions of piping shall
be considered as primary stresses.
(4) Shear stress shall not exceed 0.42Su .
(5) Thermal stresses within the support as defined by NF-3121.11 need not be evaluated.
(6) Stress shall not exceed 0.7Su .

NF-3600 DESIGN RULES FOR PIPING NF-3613 Anchors, Guides, Pivots, and
SUPPORTS Restraints

NF-3610 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Anchors, guides, pivots, and restraints shall be de-
signed to secure the desired points of piping in a
The design of piping supports shall be in accordance relatively fixed position. They shall permit the piping
with this Subarticle and the applicable general require- to expand and contract freely as directed from the
ments of NF-3110, NF-3210, NF-3310, and NF-3410. anchored or guided point and shall be structurally
capable of withstanding the thrusts, moments, and other
imposed loads.
NF-3611 Spacing of Piping Supports
Supports for piping with a longitudinal axis in approx-
imately a horizontal position shall be spaced to prevent
excessive shear stresses resulting from sag and bending NF-3614 Support Adjustments
in the piping, with special consideration given when
(a) Screwed adjustments shall have threaded parts
components such as pumps and valves impose concen-
to conform to ANSI B1.1 coarse threaded series, Class
trated loads. The suggested maximum spans for spacing
2 fit. Alternatively, other thread forms, series, and fits
of weight supports for standard weight and heavier
may be used which permit adjustment after erection,
piping are given in Table NF-3611-1.
and are designed to withstand the forces, moments,
and other imposed loads acting on the support, consider-
ing the worst combination of thread tolerances.
NF-3612 Vibration
(b) Turnbuckles and adjusting nuts shall have the
Piping shall be arranged and supported so that vibra- full length of thread in engagement. Means shall be
tion will be minimized. provided for determining that full thread length is

100
NF-3614 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN NF-3626

TABLE NF-3611-1 NF-3620 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR

SUGGESTED PIPING SUPPORT SPACING CLASS 1

Suggested Maximum Span, ft NF-3622 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type

Nominal Piping Supports
Pipe Size, Steam, Gas, or
in. Water Service Air Service (a) The design rules and stress intensity limits which
must be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings
1 7 9
2 10 13 are given in NF-3220.
3 12 15 (b) When design by analysis is used, the stress
4 14 17 intensity limit factors for each loading and stress cate-
6 17 21 gory are specified in Table NF-3622(b)-1.
8 19 24
12 23 30
16 27 35
20 30 39 NF-3623 Design of Linear-Type Piping
24 32 42
Supports
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Suggested maximum spacing between piping supports for hori- (a) The design rules and stress limits which must
zontal straight runs of standard and heavier piping with a maxi- be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are
mum operating temperature of 750°F.
(b) Does not apply where span calculations are made or where there given in NF-3320.
are concentrated loads between supports such as flanges, valves, (b) When design by analysis is used, the stress limit
specialties, etc. factors for each loading and stress category are specified
(c) The spacing is based on a maximum combined bending and shear
stress of 1.5 ksi and insulated piping filled with water or the in Table NF-3623(b)-1.
equivalent weight of steel pipe for steam, gas, or air service, and
the pitch of the line is such that a sag of 0.1 in. between supports
is permissible.
NF-3624 Design of Standard Piping Supports
(a) The design rules and stress limits which must
be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are
given in NF-3420.
(b) When design by analysis is used, the stress limit
engaged. All screw and equivalent adjustments shall
factors for each loading and stress category are specified
be provided with suitable locking devices.
in Table NF-3622(b)-1 or Table NF-3623(b)-1, as appli-
cable.

NF-3625 Design of Bolting

NF-3615 Piping Clamps
The number and cross-sectional area of bolts required
(a) When clamps are used to support vertical piping for the Design Loadings of NF-3112 shall be determined
lines, it is recommended that shear lugs be welded to in accordance with the procedures of NF-3324.6. The
the piping to prevent slippage. allowable bolt design stress value shall be determined
(b) In addition to the provision of (a) above, clamps in accordance with NF-3324.6.
to support vertical piping lines shall be designed to
support the total load on either arm in the event the
load shifts because of piping or hanger movement,
or both. NF-3626 Design of Welded Joints
(a) Welded joints in Plate- and Shell-Type Piping
Supports shall be as stipulated in NF-3226. In addition,
tee joints, double fillet welded, sketch (a) [Fig. NF-
3626(a)-1] and single welded, when double members,
sketch (b), are permitted.
NF-3616 Hanger Rods
(b) Welded joints used in Linear-Type Piping Sup-
The provisions for hanger rods of NF-3412.3 apply. ports shall be as stipulated in NF-3324.5.

101
NF-3650 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF NF-3656

TABLE NF-3622(b)-1
ELASTIC ANALYSIS STRESS CATEGORIES AND STRESS LIMIT FACTORS
FOR CLASS 1 PLATE- AND SHELL-TYPE SUPPORTS DESIGNED BY ANALYSIS — PIPING SUPPORTS

Stress Limit Factors for Loading Categories [Note (1)]

Service Level Service Level B Service Level C Service Level Test

Stress Category Design A [Note (2)] [Note (3)] D Loadings
Primary stresses Km p 1.0 Km p 1.0 Km p 1.33 Km p 1.5 Km p 1.33
[Notes (4), (5)]
Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.33 Kv p 1.5 Kv p 1.33
Use
Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.33 Kbk p 1.5 Appendix Kbk p 1.33
F
but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2
of critical of critical of critical of critical of critical
buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress

Primary plus secon- Evaluation is required for critical buckling for all loading categories. The requirements of this Subarticle shall be met
dary stresses for this evaluation.
[Note (5)]

Peak stresses Evaluation not required.

GENERAL NOTES:
Km = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress intensity or membrane plus bending stress intensity (see NF-3221.1
and NF-3221.2)
Kv = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable shear stress (see NF-3223.2)
Kbk = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress intensity or membrane plus bending stress intensity (compression only)

NOTES:
(1) Control of deformation is not insured by these stress limit factors. When required by Design Specification, deformation control must be
considered separately.
(2) Km , Kv , and Kbk p 1.0 for design of snubbers.
(3) Stress shall not exceed 0.7Su .
(4) For Service Levels A, B, C, and D, stresses induced on the supports by restraint of free-end displacement and anchor motions of piping shall
be considered as primary stresses.
(5) Thermal stresses within the support as defined by NF-3121.11 need not be evaluated.

NF-3650 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS FOR NF-3654 Design of Standard Piping Supports

CLASS 2, 3, AND MC
The design of Standard Piping Supports shall be in
NF-3652 Design of Plate- and Shell-Type accordance with NF-3624.
Piping Supports
(a) The design rules and stress limits which must
be satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are
given in NF-3250 and NF-3260. NF-3655 Design of Bolting
(b) When design by analysis is used, the stress limit The provisions of NF-3625 shall be met.
factors for each loading and stress category are specified
in Table NF-3652(b)-1.

NF-3656 Design of Welded Joints

NF-3653 Design of Linear-Type Piping
(a) Welded joints in Plate- and Shell-Type Piping
Supports
Supports shall be as stipulated in NF-3256 for Class
The design rules and stress limits which must be 2 and MC and NF-3266 for Class 3.
satisfied for the Design and Service Loadings are given (b) Welded joints used in Linear-Type Piping Sup-
in NF-3623. ports shall be as stipulated in NF-3324.5.

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Table NF-3623(b)-1 ARTICLE NF-3000 — DESIGN Fig. NF-3626(a)-1

TABLE NF-3623(b)-1
ELASTIC ANALYSIS STRESS CATEGORIES AND STRESS LIMIT FACTORS
FOR CLASS 1, 2, 3, AND MC LINEAR-TYPE SUPPORTS DESIGNED BY ANALYSIS — PIPING SUPPORTS

Stress Limit Factors for Loading Categories [Note (1)]

Service Level Service Level B Service Level C Service Level Test

Stress Category Design A [Note (2)] [Note (3)] D Loadings
Primary stresses Ks p 1.0 Ks p 1.0 Ks p 1.33 Ks p 1.5 Ks p 1.33
[Notes (4), (6)]
Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.33 Kv p 1.5 Kv p 1.33
[Note (5)] [Note (5)] Use [Note (5)]
Appendix
Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.33 Kbk p 1.5 F Kbk p 1.33

but stress ≤ 2⁄3 but stress ≤ 2⁄3 but stress ≤ 2⁄3

of critical of critical of critical
buckling stress buckling stress buckling stress

Primary plus secon- Evaluation is required for critical buckling for all loading categories. The requirements of this Subarticle shall be
dary stresses met for this evaluation.
[Note (6)]

Peak stresses Evaluation not required.

GENERAL NOTES:
Ks = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable tensile and bending stresses (see NF-3623 and NF-3653)
Kv = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable shear stresses (see NF-3623 and NF-3653)
Kbk = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable compressive axial and bending stresses to determine buckling limit

NOTES:
(1) Control of deformation is not assured by these stress limit factors. When required by Design Specification, deformation control must be
considered separately.
(2) Ks , Kv , and Kbk p 1.0 for design of snubbers.
(3) Stress shall not exceed 0.7Su .
(4) For Service Levels A, B, C, and D, stresses induced on the supports by restraint of free-end displacement and anchor motions of piping shall
be considered as primary stresses.
(5) Shear stress shall not exceed 0.42Su .
(6) Thermal stresses within the support as defined by NF-3121.11 need not be evaluated.

FIG. NF-3626(a)-1 ADDITIONAL PERMISSIBLE

WELDED JOINTS FOR CLASS 1 PIPING SUPPORTS

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NF-3670 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NF

TABLE NF-3652(b)-1
ELASTIC ANALYSIS STRESS CATEGORIES AND STRESS LIMIT FACTORS FOR CLASS 2, 3, AND MC PLATE-
AND SHELL-TYPE SUPPORTS DESIGNED BY ANALYSIS — PIPING SUPPORTS
Stress Limit Factor for Loading Categories [Note (1)]

Service Limit B Service Limit C Test

Stress Category Design Service Limit A [Note (2)] [Note (6)] Service Limit D Loadings
Primary stresses Km p 1.0 Km p 1.0 Km p 1.33 Km p 1.50 Km p 1.33
[Notes (4), (5)]
Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.0 Kv p 1.33 Kv p 1.50 Kv p 1.33
[Note (4)] [Note (4)] Use [Note (4)]
Appendix
Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.0 Kbk p 1.33 Kbk p 1.50 F Kbk p 1.33

but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2 but stress ≤ 1⁄2
of critical of critical of critical of critical of critical
buckling stress buckling stress buckling buckling buckling stress
stress stress

GENERAL NOTES:
Km = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress or membrane plus bending stresses (see NF-3251.1 and NF-3261)
Kv = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable shear stress (see NF-3252.2 and NF-3261)
Kbk = stress limit factor applicable to the Design allowable membrane stress or membrane plus bending stress (compression only)

NOTES:
(1) Control of deformation is not assured by these stress limit factors. When required by Design Specification, deformation control must be
considered separately.
(2) Km and Kbk p 1.0 for design of snubbers.
(3) For Service Limits A, B, C, and D, stresses induced on the supports by restraint of free-end displacement and anchor motions of piping shall
be considered as primary stresses.
(4) Shear stress shall not exceed 0.42Su .
(5) Thermal stresses within the support as defined by NF-3121.11 need not be evaluated.
(6) Stress shall not exceed 0.7Su.

NF-3670 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS

ANALYSIS
Piping supports of all types may be designed
by experimental stress analysis in accordance with
Appendix II of Section III, Division 1, Appendices.

NF-3680 DESIGN BY LOAD RATING

Piping supports of all types may be designed by
load rating in accordance with the requirements of NF-
3280 for Plate- and Shell-Type, NF-3380 for Linear-
Type, and the applicable Subsubarticle for Standard
Piping Supports.

104