ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would lIke to express my
profound gratItude to
mr./mrs._____________________________
_ of ____
_____________________________________
________________________for theIr
contrIbutIons to the completIon of
my project tItled
…..............................................................
contents of the project
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF THERMAL EXPANSIONS
• COEFFICENT OF THERMAL EXPANSIONS
• THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
• THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
• THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES
• REAL LIFE BASED PRACTICAL APPLICATION
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
IntroductIon
• what Is thermal expansIon:-
Thermal expansion is defined as a phenomenon
which is observed in solids, liquids, and gases. In
thermal expansion, an object or a body expands
on the basis of application of heat (temperature).
Thermal expansion is the tendency of a body to
change its dimension which are either in length,
area, density, or volume due to heat When a
substance is heated the kinetic energy of the
substance increases.
• types of thermal expansIon
1)Linear Expansion
2)Volume Expansion
3)Area Expansion
coeffIcent of thermal
expnasIon
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion is
defined as a relative expansion of a
material which is divided by the change in
temperature.
• Expansion Coefficent
* Ratio of the increase of length, area, or volume of
a body per degree rise in temperature
to its length, area, or volume, respectively, at some
specified temperature,
commonly 0°C.
* Characteristic property of elements and
compounds.
* Coefficient of expansion is higher for softer
materials and lower for harder materials.
* Unit = °℃1 or K-1
thermal expansIon of
solIds
For solids, thermal expansion is expressed as
a change in height, thickness, and length.
Whereas for both liquids and gases, the
coefficient of volumetric expansion is more
useful. In general, if the material is a fluid
(liquid or gas), we can determine it in terms of
volume change.
Thermal Expansion Of
Solids Examples
One can observe a plethora of applications
of Thermal expansion in day to day life.
Some of them are:
• Metal hot water heating pipes should not
be used in long straight lengths
• Metal framed windows need rubber
spacers
• Large structures and mega constructions
such as railways, bridges need expansion
joints in the structures to avoid sub kink
• Thermometers are another example of
an application of thermal expansion
In the case of the thermometer, the liquid is
constrained to flow in only one direction that
is along the tube due to changes in volume
brought about by changes in temperature.
The working principle of the mercury
thermometer is explained below
thermal expansIon of
lIQuIds
1. When liquid is heated, both liquid and container
undergo a change in their volume.
2. The intermolecular force of attraction in liquids is
weaker as compared to solids.
3. If the liquid is heated, molecules will start to vibrate
faster because of their weak intermolecular force
between each other.
4. When molecules are vibrating faster, they need
more space to occupy, which leads to the expansion
of liquids.
MERCURY RISES AS THE TEMPERATURE ALSO INCREASES
example of thermal
expansIon In lIQuIds
• Measuring body temperature
• A maximum and minimum thermometer, used to
record the highest and lowest temperatures occurring
over a period of time. In the centre is a reservoir of
alcohol. Between this and the alcohol at the other end
is a thread of mercury, which seesaws as the alcohol
expands and contracts with the temperature changes.
The mercury pushes markers which stay at the
positions corresponding to the highest and lowest
temperatures.
Thermal expansion of
gases
1. Gases are having large interparticle space and weak
interparticle force of attraction.
2. When the gas is heated, its molecules will start
moving faster and they collide with each other
more violently.
3. The violent collision of faster-moving molecules
makes them away from each other and it causes
the volume to increase.
4. This increase in the volume of gas when heated is
the thermal expansion of gases.
5. The thermal expansion happening in gas is cubical
expansion.
Examples of thermal
expansion of gases
real lIfe based pratIcal
applIcatIons
Applications of thermal expansions
There are many applications of thermal expansions
some of which are as follows
1. Thermal expansion used in thermometers to
measure the temperature.
2. Thermal expansion is used for the removal of tight
lids.
3. Rubber spacers are required for windows with
metal-frame.
Mercury Thermometer
Thermal expansion is the basic principle on which a
thermometer works. The mercury in the reservoir which
is present at the bottom of the thermometer is
immersed in a cold or hot object. After that the mercury
in the thermometer expands and contracts and changes
the level which is indicated on the thermometer.
conclusIon
Thermal expansion is defined as a phenomenon which is observed in
solids, liquids, and gases. In thermal expansion, an object or a body
expands on the basis of application of heat (temperature).
The particles of solid are packed tightly.
The gaps between the particles of a solid are very less and therefore the
compression of solid is tough.
The particles of liquid are less tightly packed when compared to solids.
Liquids have the ability to take the shape of the container in which
liquids are kept.
The force of attraction between the particles of gases is almost
negligible and hence they can move independently.
The particles of gas have more space between them to move so the
compression gases are not much difficult.
The Coefficient of Linear Expansion is formulated as A=dL/dT
The Volume Expansion is formulated as V/V0=VT
The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion is defined as a relative expansion
of a material which is divided by the change in temperature.
All materials always have different thermal expansion coefficients.
When a substance is heated the molecules of the substance start
moving or vibrating.
Thermal expansion used in thermometers to measure the temperature.
There are three types of thermal expansions which we will learn.
1. Linear Expansion
2. Volume Expansion
3. Area Expansion
references
• https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-
material/physics/thermal-expansion-of-solids-liquids-and-gases/
• https://byjus.com/question-answer/explain-thermal-expansion-
and-its-types/
