INDIAN SCHOOL OF

PHYSICS
Physics will never be the same again

JEE Mains Revision

ROTATIONAL
Dear Students,

I hope you are all doing well and are ac vely working towards your goal of acing the JEE Mains examina on. As
you approach the final stages of prepara on, it's essen al to make the most of your revision me, and using
the right resources plays a key role in this process.

When it comes to revising Physics for the JEE Mains, the right revision books can be invaluable. Below, I’ve
outlined some key ps on how to make the most of these books and conduct effec ve revision.

1. Choose the Right Books

The right revision books should cover all the important topics in the JEE Mains syllabus. INSP revision books are
designed to give complete revision for JEE mains.

 INSP Concepts of Physics books [ INSP COPs] These excep onal Theory books cover every
concept and its applica ons at great depth and are specifically designed to become top
performers of JEE ADV in Physics.

 INSP JEE mains revision books [ free resources] INSP revision books are designed to give
complete revision for JEE mains. You can download PDFs of all topics from the INSP website
(www.inspedu.in).

2. Make a Revision Plan

 Priori ze Topics: Iden fy topics where you need more prac ce and those you’ve already
mastered. Focus more on weak areas, but don’t neglect the strong ones.

 Set Daily Goals: Dedicate specific me slots each day to Physics revision. Ensure a balance
between understanding concepts and solving problems.

 Divide the Books: Tackle one revision book at a me and use them thoroughly.

3. Understand, Don’t Memorize

 JEE Mains & ADV tests your understanding and applica on of concepts, so ensure that you fully
understand the theory, the best way to learn the right theory is through solving problems and
learning the right concept applica ons.

 A er reading a chapter or sec on, pause and summarise the key points in your own words. If you
struggle with a par cular concept, revisit it and work on more problems to reinforce the learning.

4. Solve Problems Regularly

 Prac ce Makes Perfect: Physics is a subject that requires consistent problem-solving prac ce.
Make solving numerical problems a daily habit.

 Time Management: While prac cing ques ons, me yourself. This will help you improve speed
and accuracy, which are crucial during the exam.

 Focus on Variety: Ensure that you solve a variety of problems from different sources, covering all
difficulty levels (easy, moderate, and difficult).
5. Revise and Repeat

 Ac ve Revision: Revise the concepts you’ve studied periodically. For example, a er comple ng a
topic, take a break and then return to it a er a few days to ensure reten on.

 Notes: While revising, make short notes of important formulas, concepts, and tricky problems
that you can quickly review before the exam.

6. Take Mock Tests

 Simulate the exam environment by taking regular mock tests. This helps in improving me
management and exam strategy.

 A er every test, analyse your mistakes carefully, understand the reasoning behind each error, and
learn from it. Mock tests are a great way to highlight areas for improvement.

7. Stay Consistent and Posi ve

 Keep a posi ve a tude, and remember that consistency is the key to success. Stay mo vated,
work regularly, and revise methodically with your chosen books.

Remember, successful revision is not about rushing through topics but about reinforcing concepts

through prac ce and ac ve engagement. U lize the books effec vely, and keep refining your approach.

I wish you all the best in your prepara on! Stay focused, stay determined, and keep working hard. You’ve

got this!

Best regards,
[Ni n Sachan]
[Indian School of Physics]
Our Programs

The Indian School of Physics (INSP) offers a range of specialised programs designed to help students excel in
compe ve exams like JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, and Physics Olympiads. Here are the key programs provided:

1. Founda on Olympiad Course (Classes 9th-10th)

Aimed at younger students, this course builds a strong founda on in physics over 2–4 years, preparing
them for future compe ve exams like Olympiads and JEE. It includes live and recorded classes,
problem-solving techniques, and extensive prac ce

2. Rankers' Special Course (Classes 11th-12th & 12th pass)

Available in 1-year and 2-year formats, this course is tailored for advanced prepara on for JEE Advanced,
JEE Mains, and Olympiads. It includes interac ve live sessions, mentorship, problem-solving strategies,
and personalized support.

3. Comprehensive Online Learning Resources

INSP provides access to a dedicated video portal featuring recorded and live classes covering the full
syllabus for JEE Advanced and Olympiads. The portal also includes unique problem-solving methods,
regular assessments, and prac ce exams to help students sharpen their skills.

4. Exam Portal and Resources

The program offers extensive prac ce material, including 1200+ mock tests, curated Concepts of physics
books (COPs) for compe ve physics, and AITS (All India Test Series) for advanced-level prepara on.

5. Personalized Mentorship and Guidance

Under the leadership of Ni n Sachan, an IIT Madras alumnus, INSP emphasises on strong mentorship,
regular feedback, and doubt-solving sessions. Counselling and regular touch with parent ensure holis c
academic support.
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

RIGID BODY-: A body is referred to as a rigid body when there is no relative motion between any
two particles of the body along the line connecting them, even when external
forces are applied. Real bodies are not completely rigid, as they undergo
deformation when subjected to external forces.

Types of motion of a rigid body

Translational motion: When all particles of a body move along parallel paths, and their
displacements are identical to that of the body, we describe the motion as translational.

Rotational motion: Pure rotation is observed in a body when each particle within it moves in
a circular path with the same angular velocity, and the centers of all particles align along a
straight line referred to as the axis of rotation.

Rolling motion: The motion that involves a combination of rotational and translational
motion, subject to specific constraints, is referred to as rolling motion.

Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis:

The kinematic equations that describe rotational motion with uniform angular acceleration
are as follows:
1
(1) ω = ω0 + αt (2) θ = ω0 t + 2 αt 2
1
(3) ω2 = ω20 + 2αθ (4) θn = ω0 + α (n − 2)

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Moment of inertia (Rotational Inertia):

➢ A stationary body cannot initiate its own rotation, and a rotating body cannot cease rotating
spontaneously. Therefore, a body possesses rotational inertia, also known as moment of
inertia.

➢ The moment of inertia is the property that quantifies the rotational inertia of a body.

➢ The moment of inertia of a particle with mass m is given by

I = mr 2
Where r = perpendicular distance of particle from axis of rotation.
S.I. unit: kgm2 ; Its Dimension formula - [ML2 ]

Moment of inertia of a group or system of particles is :

I = m1 r12 + m2 r22 + m2 r22 + mn rn 2 I = ∑mr 2
Where m1 , m2 . . . . . . . mn are masses of particles and r1 , r2 . . . . . . . . . . rn are their perpendicular
distances from axis of rotation.
The moment of inertia in rotational motion is analogous to mass in translational motion.

The moment of inertia of a rigid body is influenced by the following three factors:
(a) mass of the body
(b) position of axis of rotation
(c) Nature of distribution of mass.
Note-1: Moment of inertia of a rotating rigid body is independent of its angular velocity.
Note-2: Moment of inertia of a metallic body depends on its temperature.

(ii) For a continuous system :

I =  r 2 (dm)

where dm = mass of a small element

r = perpendicular distance of the mass element dm from the axis

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Radius of Gyration(K): The radius of gyration of a rigid body about an axis of rotation is defined
as the distance between the axis of rotation and a hypothetical point at which the entire mass of
the body can be considered concentrated. This hypothetical point is chosen in such a way that the
moment of inertia of the body, calculated with this concentration of mass, matches the actual
distribution of mass in the body.
Moment of inertia of a rigid body of mass M is I = MK 2
Where K = radius of gyration
r21 +r22 +.......+rn
K=√ n
n

Where n is total number of particles in the body and 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 ……… 𝑟𝑛 are their perpendicular
distances from axis of rotation.
S.I unit: metre CGS unit: cm
Dimensional formula: [M 0 LT 0 ]
Note: K is not the distance of Centre of mass of body from the axis considered.
Radius of gyration of a rigid body depends on the following two factors
(a)Position of axis of rotation. (b)Nature of distribution of mass.

Perpendicular axes theorem

Statement: The parallel axis theorem states that the moment of inertia of a planar lamina about an
axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moments of inertia about two
mutually perpendicular axes. These perpendicular axes intersect at the axis perpendicular
to the lamina's plane and lie within the plane of the body.

• This theorem is applicable to bodies which are planar.

• This theorem applies to flat bodies whose thickness is very small compared to their other
dimensions.

• K z = √K 2x + K 2y

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Parallel axes theorem:

Statement: The moment of inertia of a body around an axis can be determined by adding
the moment of inertia of the body around a parallel axis passing through its center of gravity
to the product of its mass and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.

• This theorem is applicable to a body of any shape.

• K = √K 2G + a2

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Object Moment of inertia

Ring. MR2 (Uniform or Non Uniform ,the

moment of inertia of a circular
ring about an axis perpendicular
to its plane and passing through
its center)

Disc. MR2
, The moment of inertia of a solid disc
2
about an axis passing through its center
and perpendicular to its plane, (Uniform)

Solid sphere. 2
MR2 , (Uniform)The moment of inertia of a
5
solid sphere about an axis passing
through its center

Hollow sphere 2
MR2 (Uniform)The moment of inertia of a
3
hollow sphere about an axis passing
through its center.

MR2 (Uniform or Non Uniform)The

moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder
about its central axis

MR2
(Uniform) The moment of inertia of
2
a Solid cylinder about its central axis

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

ML2
(Uniform)
3
The moment of inertia of a rod about an
axis passing through one end and
perpendicular to its length

M(a2 +b2 )
= (Uniform)
12

M(a2 +b2 )
(Uniform)
12

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q1. In an arrangement four particles, each of mass 2 gram are situated at the coordinate points
(3, 2, 0), (1, –1, 0), (0, 0, 0) and (–1, 1, 0). The moment of inertia of this arrangement about the
Z-axis will be.

(a) 4 units (b) 14 units (c) 44 units (d) 34 units

Sol. For particle 1 Iz = Ix + Iy

= mrx2 + mry2
= m(rx2 + ry2)
= 2(32 + 22) = 26 unit
Similar for particle 2 ,3 and 4
Total inertia = 34 unit

Q2. Two identical spherical balls of mass M and radius R each are stuck on two ends of a rod of length
2R and mass M (see figure). The moment of inertia of the system about the axis passing
perpendicularly through the centre of the rod is: (Jee main 10 Jan, 2019)

137 209 17 152

(a) MR2 (b) MR2 (c) MR2 (d) MR2
15 15 15 15

Sol. To find the moment of inertia of this system, we need to consider both the rod and the two
spherical balls
For Ball using parallel axes theorem, for ball moment of inertia,
M(2R)2 M 2
Irod = =
12 3
2 22
Iball = MR2 + M(2R)2 = MR2
5 5
Total moment of inertia of the system
Isystem = Irod +2Iballs
44 2 MR2 137
= M + = MR2
5 3 15

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q3. Three thin uniform rods each of mass M and length L and placed along the three axis of a
Cartesian coordinate system with one end of each rod at the origin. The M.I. of the system about
z-axis is-

(a) ML2
2ML2
(b) 3

ML2
(c) 6

5ML2
(d) 3

Sol. Inet = I1 + I2 + I3

ML2 ML2 2
= + +0 = ML2
3 3 3

Q4. Two rings having the same radius and mass are placed such that their centres are at a common point
and their planes are perpendicular to each other. the moment of inertia of the system about an axis
passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of one of the rings. ( M = mass of each ring
p
and R = radius). Is qMR2 . then value of p + q is

Sol. moment of inertia of the ring where axis is in plane of the ring I1 = MR2
moment of inertia of 2nd ring about axis passing through the center of the 1st ring
MR2
I2 = (By perpendicular Theorem)
2
MR2 3
2
I = I1 + I2 = MR + = MR2
2 2
so p + q = 3 + 2 = 5

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q5. Each solid sphere have mass m and radius a and side of square massless frame is b.The MOI of
α
the system about the given axis is 5 ma2 +γmb2 . find the value of α + γ

2 4
Sol. Moment of Inertia of two spheres lying on the axis is 2 × 5 ma2 = 5 ma2

moment of Inertia of two sphere lying on the edge parallel to the axis at a distance of b :
2 4
= 2 [5 ma2 + mb2 ] = 5 ma2 + 2mb2 .
4 4 8
So Total moment of Inertia = 5 ma2 + 2mb2 + 5 ma2 = 5 ma2 + 2mb2

α + γ =10

Q6. A disc of certain radius is cut from a disc of mass 9M and radius R. Its moment of inertia about an
axis passing through its centre C and perpendicular to its plane is pMR2 . Calculate p.

Sol. Moment of inertia can be calculated by principle of superposition

1 MR2 4R2
MI = 2 × 9MR2 − ( +M× )
18 9

72MR2
= = 4MR2
18

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q7. An equilateral triangle ABC is cut from a thin solid sheet of wood. (See figure) D, E and F are the
mid-points of its sides as shown and G is the centre of the triangle. The moment of inertia of the
triangle about an axis passing through G and perpendicular to the plane of the triangle is I0 . If the
smaller triangle DEF is removed from ABC, the moment of inertia of the remaining figure about
the same axis is I. Then: (Jee main 11 Jan, 2019)

9 3 15 I0
(a) I = 16 I0 (b) I = 4 I0 (c) I = 16 I0 (d) I = 4

Sol. Moment of Inertia of the Equilateral Triangle ABC:

mass of the larger triangle = M
Side of larger triangle = ℓ
Moment of inertia of larger triangle = ma2
M
Mass of smaller triangle = 4
ℓ
Length of smaller triangle = 2

Moment of inertia of removed triangle

M a 2
= ( )
4 2
M a 2
Iremoved ( )
= 4 ⋅ 22
Ioriginal M (a)
I0
Iremoved =
16
I 15I0
So, I = I0 − 160 = 16

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q8. Three rods each of mass m and length b form an equilateral triangle and rotate about the median
amb2
of the triangle. Its moment of inertia is . Find a.
16

Sol. I = IAB + IBC + IAC

ml2
IAC = sin2 θ
3

mb2 1
=
3 4
mb2
= = IAB
12

mb2 mb2
I = 2( )+
12 12
mb2
I=
4
a 1
ie 16 = 4

a=4

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q9. Four rods each of mass m form a square having length of diagonal b, rotates about its diagonal.
pmb2
Its moment of inertia is . Find p.
18

Sol. To find the value of p in the given moment of inertia expression, let’s start by calculating the
moment of inertia of the square formed by the four rods about its diagonal
As given in Question
√2L = b
b
∵ L=
√2
b2
L2 = 2
mL2
Moment of Inertia of AB = about C (MI)
12

mL2 L 2
I′ = + m (2 )
12
1
I ′ = 3 ML2 parole axis
1 4
for < 114rod = 4 (3 mL2 ) = 3 mL2 = I

By perpendicular axis Theorem

∵ I1 = I2 (because frame is symmetrical)
I = I1 + I2 = 2I1
2mL2
I1 = I/2 =
3
2mb2 mb2 pmb2
I1 = = = .
3×2 3 18

P = 6.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q10. A uniform rod of mass m and length ℓ0 is rotating with a constant angular speed ω about a
vertical axis passing through its point of suspension. The moment of inertia of the rod about the
axis of rotation if it makes an angle θ to the vertical (axis of rotation) is
mℓ20 sin2 θ mℓ20 sin2 θ 2mℓ20 sin2 θ mℓ20 sin2 θ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 6 3 3

Sol. Take an elementary mass dm of the rod

I = ∫ r 2 dm

ml20 sin2 θ
⇒I=
3
Q11. A circular disc A of radius r is made from an iron plate of thickness t and another circular disc B
of radius 4r is made from an iron plate of thickness t/4. The relation between the moments of
inertia IA and IB is-
(a) A > B

(b) A = B

(c) A < B

(d) depends on the actual values of t and r.

I1 M r 2 ρ(πr 2 )t
Sol. = m1 r1 2 = ρ(πr 12)4t
I2 2 2 2

I r 2 1 1 2 1 IB
= IA = (r1 ) (4) = (4) (4) , IA = , so IB > IA.
B 2 64

Q12. A circular disc D1 of mass M and radius R has two identical discs D2 and D3 of the same mass M
and radius R attached rigidly at its opposite ends (see figure). The moment of inertia of the
system about the axis OO', passing through the centre of D1 , as shown in the figure, will be:

(Jee main 11 Jan, 2019)

4 2
(a) 3MR2 (b) MR2 (c) 5 MR2 (d) 3 MR2

Sol. The moment of inertia of the system about the axis OO'
MR2 MR2
= + + 2MR2 = 3MR2
2 2

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q13. The moment of inertia of a solid sphere, about an axis parallel to its diameter and at a distance
of x from it, is ' I(x)’. Which one of the graphs represents the variation of I(x) with x correctly?
(Jee main)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Sol. According to parallel axes theorem

2
I= mR2 + mx 2
5

Q14. Consider a badminton racket with length scales as shown in the figure. If the mass of the linear
and circular portions of the badminton racket are same M and the mass of the threads are
negligible, the moment of inertia of the racket about an axis perpendicular to the handle and in
𝑟
the plane of the ring at, 2 distance from the end A of the handle will be ------ Mr 2

(Jee main 26 Aug, 2021)

Sol. To find the moment of inertia of the badminton racket about the specified axis, we need to
consider both the linear and circular portions of the racket.
5 2 13r 2
I = {I1 + M ( r) } + {I2 + M ( ) }
2 2
= 52Mr 2

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

For practice(Jee main)

Q1. A thin circular plate of mass M and radius R has its density varying as ρ(r) = ρ0 r with ρ0 as
constant and r is the distance from its center. The moment of Inertia of the circular plate about
an axis perpendicular to the plate and passing through its edge is I = aMR2 . The value of the
coefficient a is:
(a) 8/5 (b) 3/5 (c) 2/5 (d) 3/2
Q2. A circular disc of radius b has a hole of radius a at its centre (see figure). If the mass per unit area
σ
of the disc varies as ( r0 ), then the radius of gyration of the disc about its axis passing through the

a𝛽 +bα +ab
centre is √ .the value of α + β is ------.
3

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 8

Q3. A ring of mass M and radius R lies in x − y plane with its centre at origin as shown. The mass
distribution of ring is nonuniform such that at any point P on the ring, the mass per unit length
is given by λ = λ0 cos 2 θ (where λ0 is a positive constant). Then the moment of inertia of the ring
about z-axis is:

1 1M 1M
(a) MR2 (b) 2 MR2 (c) 2 λ R (d) π λ R
0 0

Q4. Two spheres, each of mass M and radius R/2, are connected with a massless rod of length 2R as
shown in the figure. What will be the moment of inertia of the system about an axis passing
through the centre of one of the spheres and perpendicular to the rod?

21 2 5 5
(a) 5
MR2 (b) 5 MR2 (c) 2 MR2 (d) 21 MR2

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q5. A rigid body can be hinged about any point on the x-axis, such that the hinge is at x. The moment
of inertia is given by I = x 2 − 2x + 99. The x-coordinate of centre of mass is
(a) x = 2 (b) x = 0 (c) x = 1 (d) x = 3

Q6. Moment of inertia of uniform triangular plate about axis passing through sides AB, AC and BC are
IP , IB and IH respectively and about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through point
C is IC . Then:

(a) IC > IP > IB > IH (b) IH > IB > IC > IP

(c) IP > IH > IB > IC (d) none of these

Q7. Seven identical discs are arranged in a hexagonal, planar pattern so as to touch each neighbor, as
shown in the figure. Each disc has mass m and radius r. What is the moment of inertia of the
system of seven disks about an axis passing through the centre of central disk and normal to
plane of all disks?

7 13 29 55
(a) 2 mr 2 (b) mr 2 (c) mr 2 (d) mr 2
2 2 2

Q8. A thin uniform rod is of mass M and length L. Find the radius of gyration for rotation about an
L
axis passing through a point at a distance of 4 from centre and perpendicular to rod.

(Jee main 7 Jan, 2020)

7 5 7 19
(a) √48 L (b) √48 L (c) √24 L (d) √24 L

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q9. Match List-I with List-II (Jee main 28 June, 2022)

List-I List-II

Moment of inertia of solid sphere of radius R 5

A I MR2
about any tangent 3

Moment of inertia of hollow sphere of radius (R) 7

B II MR2
about any tangent 5

Moment of inertia of circular ring of radius (R) 1

C III MR2
about its diameter. 4

Moment of inertia of circular disc of radius (R) 1

D IV MR2
about any diameter. 2

Question: Choose the correct answer from the options given below
(a) A-II, B-II, C-IV, D-III (b) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(c) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV (d) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Q10. One quarter sector is cut from a uniform disc of radius R. This sector has mass M. It is made to
rotate about a line perpendicular to its plane and passing through the center of the original disc.
Its moment of inertia about the axis of rotation is .

1 1
(a) MR2 (b) MR2
2 4

1
(c) 8MR2 (d) √2MR2

Answer key
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d)

8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Moment of force (Torque)

Torque is defined as the rotational effect or turning force produced by a force around a fixed
point. The magnitude of torque can be calculated by multiplying the magnitude of the force
by the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the fixed point.
⃗
τ = F(r sin θ) ⇒ τ⃗ = r × F
S.I. Unit: Nm Dimensional formula: [ML2 T −2 ].

Application: The maximum effectiveness in producing rotation is achieved when a force of a given
magnitude is applied perpendicular to the door at its outer edge.
• The moment of a force becomes zero if the magnitude of the force is zero or if the line of
action of the force passes through the fixed point.
• Reversing the direction of force (F) results in reversing the direction of the moment of force
as well.
• Reversing both the directions of the displacement vector (r) and the force vector (F) does
not change the direction of the moment of force.

Sign convention: Positive torque is defined as the torque that generates counterclockwise rotation,
while negative torque is associated with clockwise rotation.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Moment of couple:
A couple refers to a pair of forces that are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and
have different lines of action. A couple generates rotational motion without any translation.
In the case of an unconstrained object that is not on a pivot, a couple causes the object to
rotate about its center of mass.

This couple has the ability to exert a turning effect or torque on the body. The moment of
the couple serves as a measure of the magnitude of this turning effect.
∴ 𝜏 = moment of couple=magnitude of either force × perpendicular distance between the
forces
∴ τ = Fd

Mechanical Equilibrium of a rigid body:

A rigid body is considered to be in a state of mechanical equilibrium when both its linear
momentum and angular momentum remain constant over time. This means that the body
experiences neither linear acceleration nor angular acceleration.

Condition for translational equilibrium

• The vector sum of the forces, on the rigid body is zero;
⃗1+F
F ⃗ 2 +. . . . . +F
⃗ n = ∑ni=1 F
⃗i =0
If the total force on the body is zero, then the total linear momentum of the body does not
change with time. P = constant

Condition for rotational equilibrium:

• The vector sum of the torques on the rigid body is zero, τ⃗ 1 + τ⃗ 2 +. . . . . τ⃗ n = ∑ni=1 τ⃗ i = 0
When the total torque acting on a rigid body is zero, the total angular momentum of the
body remains constant over time.
This rotational equilibrium condition is independent of the choice of the origin or the
reference point from which the torques are measured.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Principle of moments:
• An ideal lever is essentially a light rod pivoted at a point along its length. This point is called
the fulcrum. Two forces F1 and F2 parallel to each other and usually perpendicular to the
lever act on the lever at distances d1 and d2 respectively from the fulcrum. N is directed

opposite to the forces F1 and F2 (N= Reaction at fulcrum) For translational equilibrium.
N − F1 − F2 = 0

• For rotational equilibrium take the moments about the fulcrum; the sum of moments must
be zero, d1 F1 − d2 F2 = 0
N acts at the fulcrum itself and has zero moment about the fulcrum.
• In the case of the lever force F1 is usually some weight to be lifted. It is called the load and
its distance from the fulcrum d1 is called the load arm. Force F2 is the effort applied to lift
the load; distance d2 of the effort from the fulcrum is the effort arm.

Principle of moments for a lever

Load arm x load = effort arm x effort
Mechanical advantage:
• The ratio F1 /F2 is called the Mechanical Advantage
F d
M. A = F1 = d2
2 1

If the effort arm d 2 is larger than the load arm, the mechanical advantage is greater than
one. It means

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Toppling:

Consider a scenario where a force F is applied at a height b above the base AE of a block.
Let's assume that there is enough friction (f) to prevent sliding. In this situation, if the
normal reaction N also passes through point C, an unbalanced torque is present despite the
block being in translational equilibrium (F = f and N = mg). This torque, caused by the couple
of forces F and f, has the tendency to topple the block around point E. To counteract the
effect of this unbalanced torque, the normal reaction N is shifted to the right by a distance
'a' so that the net counterclockwise torque is equal to the net clockwise torque. Fb =
Fb
mg(a) ⇒ a = mg

Now, as F (or) b (or) both are increased distance a also increases. But it cannot go beyond
the right edge of the block. So in extreme case the normal reaction passes through E. Now if
F or b are further increased, the block will topple down. This is why the block having the
broader base has less chances of toppling in comparison to a block of smaller base.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q15. A force of −Pk̂ acts on the origin of the coordinate system. The torque about the point (2, −3) is
a x
P(aî + bĵ), The ratio of b is 2. The value of x is --------. (Jee main 10 April, 2023)

Sol. The torque is

τ⃗ = r × ⃗F = (−2î + 3ĵ) × (−Pk̂)
τ⃗ = −2Pĵ − 3Pî = P(aî + bĵ)
a = −3, b = −2
a 3 x
∴ = (2) =2
b

x=3

Q16. The minimum value of F for which the cube of side a begins to topple about an edge is.

4
(a) 3mg

3
(b) mg
4

3
(c) 2mg

(d) mg

Sol. To determine the minimum force F required to topple a cube of side a and mass m about an edge,
we need to consider the torque about the edge of the cube. The force must create a torque that
exceeds the torque due to the weight of the cube.

Cube will topple if

2a  a
F× mg
3 2

3
F  mg
4

3
Fmin. = mg
4

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q17. A particle having mass m is projected with a velocity v0 from a point P on a horizontal ground
making an angle θ with horizontal. The torque about the point of projection acting on the particle
mv20 sinkθ
when it is at its maximum height is τ = then k is_ _ _.
k

Sol. When the particle reaches the maximum height as shown in Figure, then
R v20 sin 2θ
τ = Fr⊥ = mg ( 2 ) = mg ( )
2g

mv02 sin kθ
τ=
K
k=2

Q18. In an experiment with a beam balance an unknown mass m is balanced by two known masses of
16 kg and 4 kg as shown in figure. The value of the unknown mass m is :-

(a) 16 kg (b) 14 kg (c) 8 kg (d) 6 kg

Sol. Here we can balance torque about wedge point as follows

l1 m
16l1 = l2 m ⇒ =
l2 16
l1 4
ml1 = 4l2 ⇒ =
l2 m
From above equation
m 4
= ⇒ m2 = 64 ⇒ m = 8
16 m

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q19. If a street light of mass M is suspended from the end of uniform rod of length L in the different
possible patterns as shown in figure, then :-

(a) Pattern A is more sturdy (b) Pattern B is more sturdy

(c) Pattern C is more sturdy (d) All will have same sturdiness

Q20. A uniform rod AB is suspended from a point X, at a variable distance x from A, as shown. To make
the rod horizontal, a mass m is suspended from its end A. A set of (m, x) values is recorded. The
appropriate variables that give a straight line, when plotted, are

1 1
(a) m, x2 (b) m, x 2 (c) m, x (d) m, x

Sol. Let, L and M be the length and mass of rod.

for equilibrium, net torque about x is zero
L
m × x = M × (2 − x)

this can be written as,

ML
m=( )−M
2x
1
Comparing with straight line equation, y = mx + c we can say that, m ∝ x

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

⃗ 1 and F
Q21. A slab is subjected to two forces F ⃗ 2 of same magnitude F as shown in the figure. Force ⃗⃗⃗⃗
F2 is
in XY plane while force F1 acts along z-axis at the point (2i + 3j). The moment of these forces
about point O will be: (Jee main 11 Jan, 2019)

(a) (3î − 2ĵ + 3k̂)F (b) (3î − 2ĵ − 3k̂)F

(c) (3î + 2ĵ − 3k̂)F (d) (3î + 2ĵ + 3k̂)F
𝐹 F√3
Sol. Given, ⃗F1 = Fk̂ , ⃗F2 = 2 (−î) + 2 (−ĵ) ,

r2 = 0î + 6ĵ , r1 =2i+3j

𝜏net = 𝜏F1 + 𝜏F2 = 3 Fî + 2 F(−ĵ) + 3 F(k̂)

= (3î − 2ĵ + 3k̂)F

Q22. One end of a horizontal uniform beam of weight W and length L is hinged on a vertical wall at
point O and its other end is supported by a light inextensible rope. The other end of the rope is
fixed at point Q, at a height L above the hinge at point O. A block of weight αW is attached at the
point P of the beam, as shown in the figure. The rope can sustain a maximum tension of (2√2)W.
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?

(a) The vertical component of reaction force at O does not depend on α.

(b) The horizontal component of reaction force at O is equal to W for α = 0.5.

(c) The tension in the rope is 2W for α = 0.5.

(d) The rope breaks if α > 1.5.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Angular momentum of a particle

Definition: The moment of linear momentum of a body w.r.t. an axis of rotation is known as angular
momentum.
• The angular momentum L of the particle with respect to fixed point O is represented as
⃗L = r × p
⃗ = m(r̄ × v̄ )
• The magnitude of angular momentum vector is L = rp sin θ where p is the magnitude of p
and  is the angle between and p.
• It is always directed perpendicular to the plane of rotation and along the axis of rotation.

Angular momentum of rigid body:

The angular momentum of a rigid body, while it is rotating, is defined as the vector sum of
the angular momenta of all its constituent particles about the axis of rotation. It can be
calculated by multiplying the moment of inertia of the body by its angular velocity.
∴ L̄ = ∑i(r̄ i × mi v̄ i ) = Iω̄
S.I. Unit: kgm2 /sec

Dimensional formula : ML2 T −1

When a body is rolling, its total angular momentum is the combined vector sum of two
components: the angular momentum about its center of mass and the angular momentum
about a fixed point on the ground.

Law of conservation of angular momentum:

If there is no external torque acting on the rotating body (or system of particles), then its
angular
momentum is conserved.
dL ̄ dL̄
If τext = 0̄ and dt = 0̄ [∵ = τ⃗ ext ]
dt

⇒ L̄ = Iω = cons tan t ∴ I1 ω1 = I2 ω2

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Rotational dynamics
Relation between Torque and angular momentum of a rigid body:
The vector sum of torques acting on various particles of a rigid body gives the net torque
acting on the body.
𝑑𝐿̄
𝜏̄ = ∑𝜏̄ 𝑖 and 𝜏̄ = , L is total angular momentum of the body. The time rate of change of the
𝑑𝑡

angular momentum of a particle is equal to the torque acting on it.

Relation between torque and angular acceleration:

dL̄
τ̄ = But L̄ = Iω̄
dt
dω̄
 τ̄ = I dt ⇒ τ̄ = Iᾱ

This equation is called equation of rotatory motion and analogous to Newton’s 2 nd law in
dynamics.
Rotational kinetic energy:
The sum of the kinetic energies of various particles of rotating body is called rotational
kinetic energy.
L2 1 1
KErot = = 2 Iω2 = 2 ωL
2I

Work, Power & Angular Impulse

Work: Work done by external torque on rotating body is W = ∫ τdθ
If  is constant, then, W = τθ
Work energy theorem: The work done by an external torque on a rotating body is equal to the
change in its rotational kinetic energy.
1 1
τθ = 2 Iω2 − 2 Iω20

• Work done by retarding torque to stop the rotating body is equal to initial rotational kinetic
energy of body.
1
τθ = 2 Iω2 and θ = 2πN
where N = no. of rotations made by the body before coming to rest.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Power: The rate of work done by torque is called power. Instantaneous power is given by
dW d dθ
P= = dt (τθ) = τ dt = τω
dt

As the power is a scalar, it is written as P = τ̄ . ω̄

Average power is
1 1
Totalworkdone Iω2 − Iω20
Pave = =2 2
Totaltime t

Angular Impulse: The large torque acts on a body for relatively very short interval of time is called
impulsive torque.
• The product of impulsive torque and its time of action is called angular impulse J. It is a
vector. It is always equal to change in angular momentum.
⃗
dL
J = ∫ τ⃗ dt; As τ⃗ = ⃗
; ∫ τ⃗ dt = ΔL
dt

⃗⃗ − ω
J = I(ω ⃗⃗ 0 )

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q23. A spherical shell of 1 kg mass and radius R is rolling with angular speed ω on horizontal plane (as
a
shown in figure). The magnitude of angular momentum of the shell about the origin O is 3 R2 ω.

The value of a will be: (Jee main 29 June, 2022)

(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3

Sol. L0 = angular momentum of shell about O.
As shell is rolling
Vcm = ωR
Angular momentum of shell about O.
L0 = mVcm R + Iω
5 a
L0 = 3 R2 ω =3 R2 ω

a=5
Q24. A uniform heavy disc is rotating at constant angular velocity  about a vertical axis through its
centre O. Some wax W is dropped gently on the disc. The angular velocity of the disc-
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) does not change
(d) becomes zero

Sol. Because ext = 0

L = constant

L = I
Due to drop the wax on disc moment of inertia of its will be increase so will be decrease.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q25. A particle of mass 1 kg move with velocity of 4m/s on straight line y = 2x + 1. Its angular
momentum about origin is .
(a) 45 units
(b) 4/5 units
(c) 5/2 units
(d) 0 units
Sol. m = 1 kg, v = 4 m/s
straight line y = 2x + 1
2x – y +1 = 0
Perpendicular distance of line from origin
1 1
r= ,L = mv𝑟⊥ = 1 × 4×
5 5

L = 4/√5

Q26. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is rotating about the axis with angular speed . Two
particles having mass m each are now attached at diametrically opposite points. the angular
speed of the ring wire become .

ωM
(a) M+m

ωM
(b) M+2m

ω(M+2m)
(c) M+2m

(d) N.O.T

Sol. Because ext = 0

From conservation of angular momentum
I = I' '

MR2 = (M + 2m) R2'

M
' =
M + 2m

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q27. In the given figure, two wheels P and Q are connected by a belt B. The radius of P is three times
I
as that of Q. In case of same rotational kinetic energy, the ratio of rotational inertias (I1 ) will be
2

x: 1. The value of x will be (Jee main 27 July, 2021)

Sol. To find the ratio of the rotational inertias for the two wheels P and Q, given that they have the
same rotational kinetic energy,
1 1
I1 (ω1 )2 = I2 (ω2 )2
2 2
v 2 v 2
I1 ( ) = I2 ( )
3R R
I1 9
=
I2 1
Q28. A circular wooden hoop of mass m and radius R rest on a horizontal frictionless surface. A bullet,
also of mass m and moving with a velocity V, strikes the hoop and get embedded in it. The
thickness of the loop is much smaller than R. The angular velocity with which the system rotates
after bullet strikes the hoop is .

V V
(a) (b)
3R 2R

V 2V
(c) (d)
R R

Sol.. Because ext = 0 , Use conservation of angular momentum

mvR = I

mvR =  (mR2 + mR2)

mvR = 2 mR2

v
v = 2R,  =
2R

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q29. A rod of mass m and length l is connected with a light rod of length l. The composite rod is made to
rotate with angular velocity ω as shown in Figure.

(k+1)
Total kinetic energy of rod is mω2 ℓ2 . Then k is _ _ _ _
k

Sol. Translational kinetic energy of rod,

1 2
K translational = mvcm
2
Velocity of center of mass is
3
vcm = ω ( l)
2

The translational kinetic energy of rod is

1 3ωl 2 9
K translational = K T = m ( ) = mω2 l2
2 2 8
The rotational kinetic energy of rod is
1 2
1 ml2 1
K rotational = Icm ω = ( ) ω2 = mω2 l2
2 2 12 24
Total kinetic energy of the rod is
K total = K translational + K rotational
9 1 7
⇒ K total = mω2 l2 + mω2 l2 = mω2 l2
8 24 6
1
K total = IP ω2
2
where IP is the moment of inertial of the rod about the axis passing through the point P. According
to parallel axis theorem, we have

2
3 2
IP = Icm + md = Icm + m ( l)
2
ml2 9 2 7 2
⇒ IP = + ml = ml
12 4 3
Hence total kinetic energy of the rod is
1 7 7
K total = ( ml2 ) ω2 = mω2 l2
2 3 6

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q30. A uniform rod of mass m and length l is pivoted smoothly at O. A horizontal force acts at the
bottom of the rod.The angular velocity of the rod as the function of angle of rotation θ is
2kF sin θ kg
√ − (1 − cosθ). Then k is _ _ _
mℓ ℓ

Sol. According to work energy theorem, we have Wext = ΔU + ΔK,

where, Fext = FΔr = Flsin θ

ΔU is the rise in potential energy of the centre of mass of the rod, so

l
ΔU = mg ( ) (1 − cos θ)
2
ΔK is the rotational kinetic energy of the rod about rotational axes passing through hinge and can
also be called as the total kinetic energy of the rod, so
1
ΔK = I ω2
2 O
mgl 1 ml2
⇒ Flsin θ = (1 − cos θ) + 2 ( ) ω2
2 3

6Fsin θ 3g
⇒ ω=√ − (1 − cos θ)
ml l

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q31. A rod of mass m and length l is hinged at one of its end A as shown in figure. A force F is applied
at a distance x from A. The acceleration of centre of mass (a) varies with x as

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Sol. The rod will rotate about point A with angular acceleration given by
τ Fx 3Fx
α= = =
I mℓ2 mℓ2
( 3 )

ℓ 3 Fx
a= α=
2 2 mℓ
a∝x
3F
So, a − x graph is a straight line passing through origin with slope 2mℓ.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q32. A rod of length 50 cm is pivoted at one end. It is raised such that if makes an angle of 30∘ from
the horizontal as shown and released from rest. Its angular speed when it passes through the
horizontal (in rads−1 ) will be (g = 10 ms −2 ) ( Jee main 9 Jan, 2019)

30 20 30
(a) √ 7 (b) √30 (c) √ 3 (d) √ 2

Sol. To find the angular speed of the rod when it passes through the horizontal position, we can use
the principle of conservation of energy.
P.E. of rod = Rotational K.E.
ℓ 1
mg Sin θ = Iω2
2 2
ℓ 1 mℓ2 2 ℓ 1 1 mℓ2 2
⇒ mg Sin 30∘ = ω ⇒ mg × = ω
2 2 3 2 2 2 3
For complete length of rod,

30
ω = √3 g/2(2ℓ) = √ rods −1
2

Q33. As shown in the figure, a bob a mass m is tied by a massless string whose other end portion is
wound on a fly wheel (disc) of radius R and mass m. When released from rest the bob starts
falling vertically. When it has covered a distance of h, the angular speed of the wheel will be
(Jee main 7 Jan, 2020)

1 4gh 1 2gh 2gh 4gh

(a) R √ 3
(b) R √ 3
(c) R√ 3
(d) R√ 3

1 1
Sol. mgh = mv 2 + Iω2
2 2

v = ωR (no slipping)
1 2 2
1 mR2 2
mgh = mω R + ω
2 2 2

3 4gh 1 4gh
mgh = mω2 R2 , ω = √ 2 = √
4 3R R 3

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q34. Acceleration of block of mass m1 is (given moment of inertia of pulley is I and string does not slip
over the pulley)
(m1 −m2 )g
(a) I
(m1 +m2 + 2 )
R

m −m
(b) (m1 +m2) g
1 2

I
(m1 −m2 + 2)g
(c) R
m1 +m2

(d) N.O.T

Sol. Apply Fnet = ma & τnet =I∝

Let acceleration of blocks =a

T1 – m1g = m1a

m2g – T2 = m2a

Net torque act on pulley

T2R – T1R = I

a = R

From above equation

a
(T2 – T1) = I R2

(m2g – m1g) = (m1 + m2) a + (T2 – T1)

Ia
(m2 – m1)g = (m1 + m2) a + .
R2

(𝒎𝟐 –𝒎𝟏 )𝒈
a= 𝑰
𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 + 𝟐
𝑹

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Practice question(Jee main)

Q1. A light thread with a body of mass m tied to its end is wound on a uniform solid cylinder of mass
M and radius R .At the moment t = 0 the system is set in motion. Calculate the angular velocity of
the cylinder at time t and the kinetic energy of the whole system at that time.

Q2. An equilateral triangle ABC formed from a uniform wire has two small identical beads initially
located at A. The triangle is set rotating about the vertical axis AO. Then the beads are released
from rest simultaneously and allowed to slide down, one along AB and the other along AC as
shown. Neglecting frictional effects, the quantities that are conserved as the beads slide down,
are .

(a) angular velocity and total energy (kinetic and potential)

(b) total angular momentum and total energy

(c) angular velocity and moment of inertia about the axis of rotation

(d) total angular momentum and moment of inertia about the axis of rotation

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q3. If the resultant of all the external forces acting on a system of particles is zero, then from an
inertial frame, one can surely say that.

(a)linear momentum of the system does not change in time

(b) kinetic energy of the system does not change in time

(c) angular momentum of the system does not change in time

(d) potential energy of the system does not change in time

I1
Q4. Two coaxial discs, having moments of inertia I1 and , are rotating with respective angular
2
ω1
velocities ω1 and , about their common axis. They are brought in contact with each other and
2

thereafter they rotate with a common angular velocity. If Ef and Ei are the final and initial total
energies, then (Ef − Ei ) is: (Jee main 10 April, 2019)
I1 ω21 I1 ω21 3 I1 ω21
(a) − (b) (c) 8 I1 ω12 (d) −
12 6 24

Q5. System is released from rest. Moment of inertia of pulley ' I '. Find angular speed of pulley when
m1 block falls by ' h '. (Given m1 > m2 and assume no slipping between string and pulley).
(Jee main 9 Jan, 2020)

1 2(m2 −m1 )gh 1 2(m2 +m1 )gh

(a) R √ I (b) R √ I
(m1 +m2 + 2) (m1 +m2 + 2)
R R

1 (m2 −m1 )gh 1 (m2 +m1 )gh

(c) R √ I (d) R √ I
(m1 +m2 + 2 ) (m1 +m2 + 2)
R R

Answer key

𝑚2 𝑔 2 𝑡 2 2𝑚𝑔𝑡
1. KE of system = (𝑀+2𝑚) &  = 𝑅(𝑀+2𝑚) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Rolling Motion
Pure rolling motion: The motion of a rolling body on a horizontal surface is a combination of
translational motion and rotational motion. At the point of contact between the body and
the surface, there is no relative motion. All points of the rolling rigid body have the same
angular speed but different linear velocities. A body rolls on a surface when there is
frictional force present, which generates torque on the rolling body due to the frictional
force.
The condition that point of contact is instantaneously at rest requires υcm = Rω

• It means that the velocity of point at the top of the disc (v1 ) has a magnitude vcm + Rω or
2υcm and is directed parallel to the level surface

(i) Linear speed at H=2V (max)

(ii) Linear speed at L=0 (min)
(iii) Linear speed at M = √2V

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Uniform pure rolling:

Pure rolling, also known as uniform pure rolling, refers to the condition where there is no
relative motion at the point of contact between a body and the surface it rolls on. Consider
a disc of radius R rolling on a stationary horizontal surface. In order for the disc to roll
without slipping, the following conditions must be satisfied:

(i) (𝑉𝑐𝑚 )𝑃 = 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 ⇒ 𝑉𝑐𝑚 − 𝑅𝜔 = 0  vcm = R

(ii) If 𝑉𝑃 > 𝑉𝑄 ⇒ 𝑣𝑐𝑚 − 𝑅? > 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑐𝑚 > 𝑅?
(Forward Slipping)
(iii) If 𝑣𝑝 < 𝑣𝑄 ⇒ 𝑣𝑐𝑚 − 𝑅? < 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑐𝑚 < 𝑅?
(Backward slipping)
so, 𝑣𝑐𝑚 = 𝑅? is the condition for a body to be in pure rolling on a stationary horizontal
surface/ ground. It is sometimes simply called as Rolling.

Non uniform pure rolling:

• If 𝑎𝐶𝑀 = 𝑅𝛼, then no friction arises and the body is in pure rolling.
• If 𝑎𝐶𝑀 > 𝑅𝛼, then static friction arises and acts opposite to motion of the body to support

rotatory motion such that R is made equal to a CM to keep the body still in pure rolling
motion.
(Instantaneously 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = 𝑅𝜔)
If the above two conditions fail then the body slips and the friction present is kinetic.

Total K.E. of a rolling body:

• A rolling body has both translational and rotational kinetic energies
1 1
(i) 𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 2 𝑚𝑉𝑐2 (ii) 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 2 𝐼𝜔2

(iii) 𝐾. 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 + 𝐾. 𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

1 1 1 𝐾2
= 2 𝑚𝑉𝑐2 + 2 𝐼𝜔2 = 2 𝑚𝑉𝑐2 (1 + 𝑅2 )

Where 𝑉𝑐 = velocity of C.M

K = radius of gyration, R = radius
INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

𝐾2 𝐾2
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ; 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 ; 𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1: 𝑅2 : (1 + 𝑅2 )

Note – 1: Fraction of KE associated with translatory motion

𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎 1
= 𝐾2
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1+ 2
𝑅

Note – 2: Fraction of KE associated with rotatory motion

𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 1
=
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅2
1+
𝐾2
Note – 3: The K.E. of some rolling bodies:
3
• The K.E of rolling solid cylinder is 𝐸 = 4 𝑚𝑣 2
7
• The K.E of rolling solid sphere is 𝐸 = 10 𝑚𝑣 2
5
• The K.E. of a rolling hollow sphere is 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
6

• The K.E. of a hollow cylinder or thin ring is 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2

Rolling of a body on an inclined plane without slipping:

Let's consider a body with mass M, radius R, and moment of inertia I rolling without slipping
on an inclined plane, which forms an angle θ with the horizontal. In order for the body to
roll without slipping, it is necessary for there to be a frictional force (f) present. From the
given figure, we can observe that all forces (except for friction) are acting along the radius
of the body. As a result, these forces do not generate any torque in the body.

At the point of contact velocity is zero, so the net torque due to the various forces about the
IAOR is 𝜏 = (𝑀𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑅 = 𝐼𝛼 …. (1)
𝑎
(𝑀𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑅 = (𝑀𝑅2 + 𝑀𝑘 2 )
𝑅
𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑅 2 𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑎= ⇒𝑎= 𝑘2
. . . . (2)
𝑅 2 +𝑘 2 1+ 2
𝑅

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

𝑎
Torque due to friction 𝑓𝑅 = 𝐼 (𝑅) …. (3)
Ia (Mk2 ) g sin θ Mg sin θ
⇒f= = k2
⇒f= R2
R2 R2 (1+ 2 ) (1+ 2 )
R k

If  be the coefficient of friction, then

f  N ., where 𝑁 = 𝑀𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Using (3), we get  min = tan 2 …. (4)

 
 1+ R 
 2 
 k 

Condition for a body to roll without slipping:

For a body to roll without slipping, the force of friction 'f calculated above must be less than
or
equal to the maximum value of friction i.e. Mg cos 
𝑀𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
⇒ 𝑅2
≤ 𝜇𝑀𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜇 ≥ 𝑅2
(1+ 2 ) (1+ 2 )
𝑘 𝑘

(i) Velocity of the body when it reaches the bottom is given by

2gh 2g sin 
v= 2
= (sin ce h = sin )
k k2
1+ 2 1+ 2
R R
𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
(ii) Acceleration of the body is given by 𝑎 = 𝑘2
1+ 2
𝑅

2ℓ(1+𝑘 2 /𝑅 2 )
(iii) Time taken by the body to reach the bottom is given by 𝑡 = √ 𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

If all these are allowed to roll down from the top of an inclined plane, they will reach the
bottom in the following order
(1) Solid sphere (2) Disc (or) Solid cylinder
(3) Hollow sphere (4) Ring (or) Hollow cylinder

Note -1 : If a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 and a 4 are the accelerations of centre of masses of rolling solid sphere, solid
cylinder, hollow sphere and hollow cylinder respectively when they roll down the same
inclined plane then a1  a 2  a 3  a 4

Note – 2: If t1 , t 2 , t 3 and t 4 are the times of travel of rolling solid sphere, solid cylinder, hollow sphere
and hollow cylinder respectively to reach the bottom from top of an inclined plane then
t1  t 2  t 3  t 4

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

(a) For solid sphere (  ) = 2 tan 

7

(b) For Hollow sphere (  ) = 2 tan 

5

(c) For solid cylinder (or) Disc (  ) = 1 tan 

3

(d) For Ring (or) Hollow Cylinder (  ) = 1 tan 

2
Note: When a body rolls down an incline without slipping, no work is done against friction
because the point of contact between the body and the surface is momentarily at rest.
A body rolls on a smooth horizontal surface with speed v and then rolls up a rough inclined
plane of inclination  .

v2 k2
(i) The height reached by the body before coming to rest is given by h = 2g (1 + r2 )

7v2 5v2
(a) For solid sphere, h = 10g (b) For Hollow sphere, h = 6g

3v2 v2
(c) For Disc (or) Solid cylinder, h = (d) For Ring (or) Hollow cylinder, h =
4g g

Note : If all these bodies travel with same velocity on horizontal surface then
(i) Solid sphere reaches the minimum height.
(ii) Ring reaches maximum height.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis:

When the total external torque is zero, the total angular momentum of the system is
conserved.
N
The general expression for the total angular momentum ofthe system is L = ∑ ri × pi
i=1

For rotation about a fixed axis, the component of angular momentum perpendicular to the
fixed axis is constant.

Angular Momentum of Rolling Wheel in combined Rotation & Translation:

Angular momentum of a rolling wheel about an axis passing through the point of constant
P and perpendicular to the plane of wheel:

⃗ =L
L ⃗ translational + L
⃗ rotation = m(R
⃗ ×v
⃗ CM ) + Icm ω
⃗⃗ or
⃗ = mω
L ⃗⃗ R2 + ICM ω ⃗ = (ICM + mR2 )ω
⃗⃗ or L ⃗⃗ = Ip ω
⃗⃗
Instantaneous axis of rotation:
Pure rolling motion is characterized by purely rotational motion around the instantaneous
point of contact with the ground. The axis passing through this instantaneous point of
contact and perpendicular to the plane of rotation is referred to as the instantaneous axis of
rotation.
 The total kinetic energy of rolling body is written
1
KE total = I P 2
2

where I p is moment of inertia about instantaneous axis of rotation.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Rolling bodies over moving platform:

Rolling bodies do not experience sliding on the surface they are moving on. When a rolling
body is placed on a moving platform, the point of contact between the body and the platform
must have the same velocity as the platform itself.
Case 1: If point of contact of surface is moving with velocity u with respect to ground, then
Vcm − ωR = u

Case – 2: For no sliding on the moving platform, u = ωR − vcm

Case – 3: For accelerated surface, acm − αr = a

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Direction of friction in case of translation & rotation combined:

In rotational motion, the direction of friction cannot be determined through direct
observation alone, as the body is undergoing both translation and rotation simultaneously.
The direction of the frictional force is determined by considering the motion tendency of
the point of contact between the body and the ground. For instance, in the case of a rolling
object with mass M and radius R placed on a rough horizontal surface and subjected to an
applied force F, the direction of the frictional force can be determined based on the motion
tendency of the point of contact.

• Acceleration of point P due to translation a t = F (towards right)

M

• Acceleration of point P due to rotation only, a r = R =  R = FR x (towards left)

I I

net acceleration of point P is aP = at + ar

F FRx
aP = − (towards right) …(i)
M I
From the above equation it is clear that motion tendency at point P depends upon both x
and I,
Eq (i) can be written as,

F  Rx 
aP = 1−
M  K 2 
… (ii)

If K 2  Rx : friction will act in backward direction.

If K 2 = Rx : no friction will act.
If K 2  Rx : friction will act in forward direction.

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q35. A small object of uniform density rolls up a curved surface with an initial velocity v. It reaches up
3v 2
to a maximum height of with respect to the initial position. The object is
4g

(a) solid sphere

(b) ring

(c) hollow sphere

(d) disc

Sol. From conservation of energy

1 1
mgh = mv2 + 2 Iω2
2

3v2 1 1 v2
mg( 4g ) = mv2 + mk2
2 2 R2

3 𝑘2
= (1 + 𝑅2)
2

𝑘2 1
= ,Hence Disc
𝑅2 2

Q36. A uniform cylinder of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down a slope of angle 𝜃 to the
horizontal. The cylinder is connected to a spring constant K while the other end of the spring is
connected to a rigid support at P. The cylinder is released when the spring is unstretched. The
maximum displacement of cylinder is

3 Mg sin  Mgsin  2 Mg sin 

(a) (b) (c) (d) NOT
4 K K K

Sol. Using Energy conservation

1 2
Kx = (mg x sin )
2

 2mg sin  
x=  
 K 

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere
x
Q37. For rolling spherical shell, the ratio of rotational kinetic energy and total kinetic energy is 5. The

value of x is ------. (Jee main 12 April, 2023)

Sol. The rotational kinetic energy is given by
Iω2 1
K rot = = MR2 ω2 .
2 3
The total kinetic energy is given by
1 1
K tot = mv 2 + MR2 ω2
2 3
mR2 ω2 1
= + MR2 ω2
2 3
5
= MR2 ω2
6
1
Krot MR2 ω2 2 x
= 3
5 = 5 =5
Ktot MR2 ω2
6

x=2

Q38. A circular plate is rotating in horizontal plane, about an axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to the plate, with an angular velocity ω. A person sits at the centre having two
dumbbells in his hands. When he stretched out his hands, the moment of inertia of the system
E
becomes triple. If E be the initial Kinetic energy of the system, then final Kinetic energy will be x .

The value of x is
Sol. To solve this problem, we need to use the principles of conservation of angular momentum and
the relationship between kinetic energy and moment of inertia
1 2 L2
E= Iω = ( )
2 2I
It is given that the new moment of inertia
I ′ = 3I
Clearly, the final kinetic energy is
L2 L2
Ef = =
2I ′ 6I
E
Ef = ( )
3

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

Q39. A solid cylinder and a solid sphere, having same mass M and radius R, roll down the same inclined
plane from top without slipping. They start from rest. The ratio of velocity of the solid cylinder
to that of the solid sphere, with which they reach the ground, will be:
14 14 13 12
(a) √15 (b) √ 5 (c) √ 5 (d) √15

2gH
Sol. V = √1+k2 /R2

Vcylinder (1 + k 2 /R2 )sphere

=√
Vsphere (1 + k 2 /R2 )cylinder

Q40. Solid spherical ball is rolling on a frictionless horizontal plane surface about its axis of symmetry.
The ratio of rotational kinetic energy of the ball to its total kinetic energy is .
(Jee main 26 June, 2022)
7 2 1 2
(a) 10 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 5

Sol. For a solid spherical ball rolling on a frictionless horizontal plane, the total kinetic energy is the
sum of its translational kinetic energy and rotational kinetic energy.
K total = K rotational + K Translational
1 1
K total = Icm ω2 + mVcm
2
2 2
Vcm = Rω for pure rolling
2
Icm = mR2
5
2
1 1 2 vcm 1
K Rot = Icm ω2 = × mR2 × 2 = mvcm 2
2 2 5 R 5
1 2
1 2
7
K Total = mvcm + mvcm = mv 2
5 2 10 cm
1 2
K Rot 5 mvcm 2
=
K Total 7 mv 2 7
10 cm

INSP
(PHYSICS) Rotational motion
INSP : Click here INSP :Click here INSPwebsite:Clickhere

INSP
You've worked hard. Now, it's time to ace the JEE Mains
2025. This revision booklet is your final push to success.

Why Choose INSP?

Expert Faculty: Learn from the best in the industry.
Comprehensive Coverage: All key concepts and
problem-solving techniques.
Proven Track Record: Years of experience in
producing top JEE rankers.

Don't Miss This Opportunity!

Enroll Now
Visit: www.inspedu.in
Phone Number: 70935 23751
Email ID: [email protected]

INDIAN SCHOOL OF

PHYSICS
Physics will never be the same again