CONTROLLING AN LED WITH A DARK-SENSITIVE CIRCUIT

PS SHREE AKSHITHA

PHYSICS MINI PROJECT | ECA 'B' | 4TH DECEMBER 2024

Objective

This document outlines the design and operation of a light-

sensitive circuit that utilizes a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to
control an LED. We'll explore the circuit's components, how the
LDR reacts to light, and the role of the NPN transistor in switching
the LED on or off. We'll also cover the use of a potentiometer to
adjust the circuit's sensitivity and discuss the power supply
requirements. Lastly, we'll delve into potential applications for this
light-sensitive circuit.

This circuit can be used to automatically control and turn on-off

lights or any loads depending on the brightness of ambient light, by
adding a relay at the output. The sensitivity a.k.a the brightness at
which the circuit switches on the load can also be controlled by
using a potentiometer.

We are designing and constructing an electronic circuit that

integrates an LED and a photodetector, where the LED's ON/OFF
state is governed by the photodetector's output. Specifically, we
implement a 'dark sensor circuit' that activates the LED in low-
light conditions

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Components Required

The core components of this circuit are:

1. 1 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor or Photo-resistor)
2. 1NPN Transistor (I used BC547)
3. Resistors: 470R, 47K (For Dark Sensor)
4. Potentiometer (Only if you need adjustable sensitivity): 100K
(For Dark Sensor)
5. Breadboard
6. Power Supply: (3-12) V
7. Few Breadboard connectors

Their purpose as stated below:

 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR): Serves as the
photodetector, altering its resistance based on ambient light
levels.
 NPN Transistor: Functions as a switch to control the LED
based on the LDR's input.
 Resistors: Used to set appropriate biasing and sensitivity for
the circuit.
 LED: Indicates the circuit's response to varying light
conditions.
 Power Supply: Provides the necessary voltage and current for
the circuit's operation.

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Functioning of the LDR (Light-Dependent Resistor)

The LDR's primary function is to change its resistance based on

the amount of light falling on it. In low light conditions, the LDR
has a high resistance, acting like an open circuit. When exposed to
light, its resistance decreases, allowing current to flow through it.
This change in resistance is key to the operation of the light-
sensitive circuit.

Role of the NPN Transistor and Biasing Resistors

The NPN transistor in this circuit functions as a switch controlled

by the LDR. When the LDR has high resistance (low light), the
transistor's base is held at a low voltage, keeping it in the OFF
state. This prevents current from flowing to the LED. In high light
conditions, the LDR's resistance decreases, allowing a small base
current to flow through the transistor. This base current amplifies
into a larger collector current, turning the transistor ON and
allowing the LED to illuminate.

Biasing resistors are crucial for setting the correct operating point
of the transistor. The base resistor limits the base current,
preventing the transistor from being damaged by excessive current.
The collector resistor limits the current flowing through the LED,
preventing it from burning out.

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Powering the LED and Circuit

The circuit is powered by a DC power supply, typically a battery.

The voltage of the power supply should be chosen based on the
LED's forward voltage and the current requirements of the circuit.
The LED's forward voltage is the minimum voltage required to
turn it ON. If the power supply voltage is too low, the LED will
not illuminate. The current limiting resistor helps ensure the LED
doesn't receive excessive current, which could damage it.

Role of the Potentiometer

A potentiometer is a component in a dark sensor circuit, that

allows the sensitivity of the system to be adjusted based on the
ambient light level. It is typically connected in series with the
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or as part of a voltage divider
circuit. By varying its resistance, the potentiometer changes the
reference voltage at the base of the transistor or input to the
comparator, setting the threshold light intensity at which the circuit
activates. This feature enables users to fine-tune the brightness
level at which the load, such as an LED or a relay, turns ON or
OFF. For example, the circuit can be calibrated to respond at dusk,
near darkness, or any specific lighting condition. This adjustability
makes the circuit highly versatile and suitable for applications like
streetlights, garden lights, or automatic lighting systems, enhancing
its functionality in diverse environments.

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Applications and Uses of the Light-Sensitive Circuit

 This light-sensitive circuit has numerous practical

applications, such as:
 Automatic Streetlights: Switching on streetlights at night
when light levels fall below a certain threshold.
 Security Systems: Detecting movement or intrusion in dark
environments.
 Night-Light: Turning on a soft LED light in dimly lit rooms
or hallways.
 Plant Growth Monitors: Indicating when plants are receiving
insufficient light for optimal growth.
 Ambient Light Sensors: Adjusting screen brightness on
devices based on surrounding light levels.
 Automatic Door Openers: Detecting movement or light levels
to trigger door opening in certain scenarios.

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Schematic Diagram and Layout

The schematic diagram represents the circuit's electrical

connections. The LDR is connected to the base of the transistor,
and the LED is connected to the collector. The resistors and
potentiometer are placed to provide proper biasing and sensitivity
control.
The circuit can be assembled on a breadboard or a printed circuit
board (PCB). The breadboard offers flexibility for prototyping.

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Steps to Connect on Breadboard

1. Place the Transistor (BC547):

o Insert the BC547 into the breadboard with its three legs
(Emitter, Base, Collector) in separate rows.
2. Connect the LDR and 47kΩ Resistor:
o One terminal of the LDR goes to the Base of the
BC547.
o Connect the second terminal of the LDR to the positive
rail of the breadboard (VCC).
o Connect one terminal of the 47kΩ resistor between the
Base of the BC547 and the negative rail (GND).
3. Connect the LED and 470Ω Resistor:
o Attach the longer leg (anode) of the LED to the
Collector of the BC547.
o Connect the shorter leg (cathode) of the LED to one end
of the 470Ω resistor.
o Connect the other end of the 470Ω resistor to the
negative rail (GND).
4. Connect the Emitter:
o Connect the Emitter of the BC547 directly to the
negative rail (GND).

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 5. Power the Circuit:
o Connect the positive terminal of the power supply (3–
12V) to the positive rail (VCC).
o Connect the negative terminal of the power supply to
the negative rail (GND).
6. Testing:
o In bright light, the LDR's resistance is low, keeping the
LED OFF.
o In darkness, the LDR's resistance increases, turning the
LED ON.

Tips:
 Use jumper wires for all connections to ensure a solid
connection on the breadboard.
 Double-check the orientation of the BC547 transistor
(Emitter, Base, Collector) and the LED (Anode and Cathode)
to prevent errors.

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Working Prototype

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Conclusion and Key Takeaways

This light-sensitive circuit demonstrates how a simple combination

of components can create a functional system that responds to light
levels. Understanding the operation of each component – the LDR,
transistor, resistors, and potentiometer – is crucial to designing and
troubleshooting these circuits.
The circuit's applications highlight its versatility in various fields,
from automation and security to everyday conveniences. As
technology advances, light-sensitive circuits are likely to become
increasingly prevalent in a wide range of devices, enhancing
functionality and user experience.
The ability to control an LED based on light levels opens the door
to creative and practical solutions, allowing for greater control and
automation in diverse applications.

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