DASHMESH ACADEMY

Biology
Life Processes
Some Activity Based Questions
Q1. Why is chlorophyll extracted from the leaf before testing it for the presence of starch?
Ans. Greenish colour of chlorophyll can give a wrong indication of positive stretch test. Therefore, chlorophyll
is removed (hot water, hot alcohol, hot water) before testing for search (with I + K I solution).
Q2. Why are cut stem ends of aquatic plant kept upside in experiment to demonstrate evolution of oxygen in
photosynthesis?
Ans. For easy evolution of air bubbles as the air bubbles begin light rendto rise upwards.
Q3. What is gonong’s light screen? What else can be used to demonstrate that light is necessary for
photosynthesis?
Ans.Ganong’s Light Screen: It is a small metallic box with ventilating pore, a spring handle and a lid on one
side only. The lid has a design cut in the centre to allow passage of light from that region. Instead of Ganong’s
light screen, a strip of tin foil or black paper can be used
Q4. Why is freshly prepared lime water used in experiments to test evolution of Co2 ?
Ans.Fresh lime water is a solution of Ca (OH)2 which can react with CO2 to form insoluble CaCO3 that gives the
milky appearance. Old lime water must have reacted with CO2 of the air leaving no Ca (OH)2 to react with more
CO2.
Q5. What type of plants do we use in the experiment to prove that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis?
Ans.Destarched potted plant with variegated leaves, e.g. Croton Pothos
Q6. Why are cut stem ends of aquatic plant kept upside in experiment to demonstrate evolution of oxygen in
photosynthesis?
Ans. Stormatafunctions like valves as they open and allow exchange of gases only when their guard cells
become turgid. As soon as the guard cells lose turgidity, the stomata close and stop exchange of gases.
Q7. What would happen if instead of cut shoots the whole intact plant of Hydrilla is kept inside the funnel in the
experiment to demonstrate evolution of oxygen in photosynthesis?
Ans. There will not be any evolution of air bubbles.
Q8. In the experiment to test action of saliva on starch, what will happen if a few drops of dilute HCI or NaOH
are added to it?
Ans.There will be no digestion as acidity or alkalinity inhibits activity of sativary amylase.
H.O.T.S Questions:
Q1. What does diagram depict? What are A and B?
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

Ans.Double Circulation: (A) Pulmonary Circulation (B) Systemic Circulation

Q2. What is (a) Primary reaction of photosynthesis (b) Calvin cycle (c) Krebs cycle (d) EMP (e) Oxidative
phosporylation?
Ans. (a) Primary reaction of photosynthesis: It is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by
chlorophyll a molecules.
(b) Calvin cycle: It is a cycle of reactions that occur during reduction of CO2 to carbohydrate with the help of
ATP and NADPH2 produced during light reaction.
(c) Krebs cycle: It is a cycle of reactions that occur inside the mitochondria wherein an activated acetyl group is
completely oxidized to form CO2, NADH2 and FADH2 .
(d) EMP: Embden- Meyerhoff – Parnas pathway, also called glycolysis, is the first step of respiratory
breakdown of glucose that occurs in the cytoplasm forming two molecules each of pyruvate, ATP and NADH2.
(e) Oxidative Phosphorylation: It is the process of ATP formation from ADP and inorganic phosphate with the
help of liberated during oxidation of reduced coenzymes (NADH2, FADH2)
Q3.What does the diagram depict?

Ans.Gaseous exchange in Amoeba.

Q4.What are viruses living when they do not show movement?
Ans.Viruses do not show movements outside the host cells. They show movements at the molecular level
inside.
Q5. A girdled tree dies if the girdle is wide and is not filled up. Comment.
Ans.Girdling removes bark containing phloem from the trunk region. food manufactured by foliage does not
reach the roots which requires the same as they are always growing. In the absence of food supply, roots starve
and stop absorbing water. The foliage wilts and the plant dies.
C.B.S.E. Questions
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

Q1. In the flow chartgiven below, full the blank spaces with the kind of energy available.

Ans.1. Solar energy 2. Chemical energy

Q2. A graph was plotted to show energy output of two types of respiration. Identify the types of respiration
denoted by curve A and B.
Ans.A – Anaerobic respiration
B n- Aerobic respiration
Q3. Plants absorb water from the soil. How does this water reach the tree tops? Explain in detail.
Ans.See text for development of negative pressure and ascent of sap.
Q4. Write one feature which is common to reach of the following pairs of termsl organs.
(i) Glycogen and starch
(ii) Chlorophyll and haemoglobin
(iii) Gills and lungs
(iv) Arteries and veins
Ans.(i) Glycogen and starch: Complex reserve carbohydrates called polysaccharides.
(ii) Chlorophyll and Haemoglobin: Pigment molecules.
(iii) Gills and Lungs: Respiratory organs
(iv)Arteries and Veins: Blood vessels
Q5.After a vigorous exercise, you may experience cramps in your leg muscles. Why does this happen?
Ans. Accumulation of lactic acid in leg muscles
Q6. What do following transport?
(i) Xylem (ii) Phloem (iii) Pulmonary vein (iv) Vena Cava
Ans. (i) Xylem: Sap (Water+ mineral salts)
(ii) Phloem: Organic food or nutrients.
(iii) Pulmonary Vein: Oxygenated blood
(iv) Vena Cava: Deoxygenated blood.
Q7. (i) Draw the diagram of heart and label its four chambers.
(ii)Construct a table to show functions of these chambers.
Ans.(i)
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

(ii)
Chambers Function
1. Right Atrium (i) Collection of deoxygenated blood
from body and heart walls
(ii) Pouring deoxygenated blood into
right ventricle.
2. Left Atrium (i) Collection of oxygenated blood into
left ventricle.
(ii) Pouring oxygenated blood into left
ventricle.
3. Right Ventricle Pumping of deoxygenated blood
into pulmonary arch for sending to
lungs.
4. Lungs Ventricle Pumping of oxygenated blood into
aorta for passage to various parts of
the body.

Q8. In the test tubes A and B shown below, Yeast was kept in sugar solution which products of respiration
would you expect in tubes A and B?

Ans. A: Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

B: No alcohol. Carbon dioxide and water
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Job of maintenance function of living being is performed by
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

a. Movements
b. Growth
c. Life processes
d. Reproduction
Ans. (c)
2. In simple organisms, exchange of gases and excretion occur through
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Imbibitions
d. All the above
Ans. (b)
3. The carbohydrate reserve of plants is
a. Starch
b. Glycogen
c. Fat
d. Cellulose
Ans. (a)
4. Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from
a. Water
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Glucose
d. Dictyosomes
Ans.(a)
5. Mushroom, Rhizopus and Yeast are
a. Chemosynthetic
b. Parasitic
c. Holozoic
d. Saprophytic
Ans. (d)
6. An important characteristic of life is
a. Movement of molecules
b. Growth
c. Organization
d. Coordination
Ans. (a)
7. Transport system is required in
a. Unicellular organisms
b. Simple multi cellular organisms
c. Complex multi cellular organisms
d. All the above
Ans. (c)
8. Autotrophic nutrition occurs in
a. Fungi
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

b. Plants
c. Some protists and prokaryotes
d. Both B and C
Ans. (d)
9. The site of photosynthesis in plants is
a. Mitochondria
b. Chloroplasts
c. Leucoplasts
d. Dictyosomes
Ans. (b)
10. ATP synthesis occurs in response to
a. Electron gradient
b. Turgor pressure gradient
c. Proton gradient
d. Negative pressure
Ans.(c)
11. Incisors take part in
a. Grinding
b. Tearing
c. Cutting
d. Crushing
Ans. (c)
12. Digestion does not occur in
a. Stomach
b. Small intestine
c. Large intestine
d. Jejunum
Ans.(c)
13. Light waves where photosynthesis is maximum are
a. Orange
b. Green
c. Violet
d. Vilot-Blue and Red
Ans. (d)
14. Proteolytic enzyme of pancreatic juice is
a. Pepsin
b. Trypsin
c. Amylase
d. Lipase
Ans. (b)
15. A catabolic process is
a. Absorption of minerals
b. Ascent of sap
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

c. Respiration
d. Assimilation
Ans. (c)
16. Emulsification of fat is carried out by
a. Lipase
b. Bile
c. Gastric juice
d. Intestinal juice
Ans. (b)
17. Number of molars that can be present in an adult human is
a. 3
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
Ans. (d)
18. Nutrition of Amoeba is
a. HOLOZOIC
b. HOLOPHYTIC
c. SAPROPHYTIC
d. PARASITIC
ANS. (a)
19. In humans, digestion of protein starts in
a. Stomach
b. Mouth
c. Duodenum
d. Ileum
Ans. (a)
20. Which one is anabolic process
a. Respiration
b. Digestion
c. Photosynthesis
d. Ascent of sap
Ans. (c)
21. Glycolysis occurs in
a. Cytoplasm
b. Mitochondria
c. Chloroplasts
d. Golgi complex
Ans. (a)
22. Which one is a product of glycolysis
a. Oxaloacetate
b. Pyruvate
c. Ethyl alcohol
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

d. Lactic acid
Ans. (b)
23. Muscular partition present between thorax and
a. Pericardium
b. Pleura
c. Epiglottis
d. Diaphragm
Ans. (d)
24. Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs in the region of
a. Trachea
b. Bronchi
c. Bronchioles
d. Alveoli
Ans. (d)
25. Respiratory tract is lined by ciliated epithelium. The function of cilia is to
a. Trap dust
b. Trap germs
c. Push out mucus with trapped germs and dust
d. Push in air vigorously
Ans. (c)
26. Exchange of gasses occurs through
a. Stromata
b. Lenticels
c. Root surface
d. All the above
Ans. (d)
27. Krebs cycle operates in
a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Chloroplasts
c. Golgi bodies
d. Mitochondria
Ans. (d)
28. Adam’s Apple occurs in
a. Buffaloes
b. Dogs
c. Human males
d. Human females
Ans. (c)
29. Covering of lungs is
a. Pleura
b. Pericardium
c. Epiglottis
d. Capsule
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

Ans. (a)
30. Trachea and bronchi have
a. C – shaped cartilaginous rings
b. Complete cartilaginous rings
c. Complete chitinous rings
d. C – shaped chitinous rings
Ans. (a)
31. Loss of water in vapour form from leaf surface is
a. Transpiration
b. Translocation
c. Transportation
d. Guttation
Ans. (a)
32. Chemical released by blood platelets is
a. Heparin
b. Prothrombin
c. Fibrinogen
d. Thromboplastin
Ans. (d)
33. Life span of an RBC is
a. 40 days
b. 80 days
c. 120 days
d. 160 days
Ans. (c)
34. Valve present in the area of left auriculoventricular aperture is
a. Bicuspid
b. Tricuspid
c. Semilunar
d. None of the above
Ans. (a)
35. Clotting of blood does not occur inside blood vessels due to presence of
a. Oxalic acid
b. Heparin
c. Prothrombin
d. Hirudin
Ans. (b)
36. Tracheary elements are components of
a. Blood vascular system
b. Xylem
c. Phloem
d. Lymphatic system
Ans. (b)
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

37. Haemoglobin occurs in

a. WBC
b. RBC
c. Blood platelets
d. Lymphocytes
Ans. (b)
38. Artery having deoxygenated blood is
a. Arota
b. Renal artery
c. Pulmonary artery
d. Hepatic artery
Ans. (c)
39. Most thick-walled and largest chamber of heart is
a. Right auricle
b. Left auricle
c. Right ventricle
d. Left ventricle
Ans. (d)
40. Serum differs from plasma in the absence of
a. Fibrinogen
b. Immunoglobulin
c. Nutrients
d. Waste products
Ans. (a)
41. Uninarybladder passes out urine through
a. Ureter
b. Urethra
c. Uterus
d. Nephron
Ans. (b)
42. Contractile vacuole of Amoeba takes part in
a. Locomotion
b. Digestion of food
c. Ingestion of food
d. Osmoregulation
Ans. (d)
43. Tannins are deposited in
a. Bark
b. Old xylem
c. Sieve tubes
d. Both A and B
Ans. (d)
44. Every plant cell has a dump for waste products. It is
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

a. Cytoplasm
b. Central vacuole
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Lysosome
Ans. (b)
45. Basic filtration unit of kidney is
a. Ureter
b. Glomerulus
c. Urethra
d. Collecting tubule
Ans. (b)
46. Right atrium receives blood from
a. Superior vena cava
b. Inferior vena cava
c. Coronary sinus
d. All the above
Ans. (d)
47. Useful materials filtered out in nephric filtrate are mostly reabsorbed in the area of
a. Bowman’s capsule
b. Distal convoluted tubule
c. Loop of henle
d. Proximal convoluted tubule.
Ans. (d)
48. Conversion of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide occurs in
a. Chloroplasts
b. Mitochondria
c. Cytoplasm
d. Golgi apparatus
Ans.(c)
49. Resins and gums are normally deposited in plants in
a. Heartwood
b. Sapwood
c. Fruits
d. Seeds
Ans. (a)
50. Dilution or concentration of urine is determined by availability of
a. Hormone thyroxine
b. Hormone thymosine
c. Hormone ADH
d. Both A and B
Ans. (c)
51. Fat digested and absorbed in the intestine is carried by
a. Blood capillaries
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

b. Blood atteriole
c. Blood venules
d. Lymph capillary
Ans. (d)
52. The normal blood pressure is
a. 160/ 120 mm Hg
b. 140/ 90 mm Hg
c. 120/ 80 mm Hg
d. 1110/ 70 mm Hg
Ans. (c)
53. The muscles taking part in expansion of thoracic cavity during inhalation are
a. Internal intercostals muscles
b. External intercostals muscles
c. Phrenic muscles
d. Both B and C
Ans. (d)
54. Energy is required in phloem transport during
a. Passage through sieve tubes
b. Loading
c. Unloading
d. Both B and C
Ans. (d)
55. The instrument used in measuring blood pressure is
a. Stethoscope
b. Sphygomanometer
c. Electrocardiograph
d. Endoscope
Ans. (b)
56. During ventricular systole, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are not pushed into auricles to presence of
a. Chordate tendineae
b. Papillary muscles
c. Columnaecarneae
d. Both B and c
Ans. (a)
57. Anaerobic breakdown of glucose in our muscles produces
a. Pyruvate
b. Lactic acid
c. Ethyl alcohol
d. Oxalic acid
Ans. (b)
Short Questions
Q1. What is osmoregulatio?
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

Ans.the process by which a cell or an animal controls the amount of water and the concentration of various
solutes and ions in the body fluid is known as osmoregulation.
Q2. Name the respiratory organs of animals like fish that live in water.
Ans.Gills
Q3. Write the mode of nutrition in fungi.
Ans.Saprophytic type of heterotrophic nutrition
Q4. What makes the red blood corpuscles (cells) red?
Ans.Hemoglobin
Q5. What is breathing?
Ans.Breathing is a physical process of inhalation or bringing in fresh air for obtaining oxygen and exhalation or
taking out of foul air for elimination of carbon dioxide.
Q6. A farmer floods his field every day thinking that watering in this manner will result a better yield of his
wheat crop. What will be the result of this action of the farmer?
Ans.This will result in water logging of the soil due to which roots cannot breath and ultimately plants will die.
Q7. Name the excretory unit of a kidney.
Ans.Nephron.
Q8. Name two kinds of cells (elements) of xylem.
Ans.Vessel elements (forming vessels) and tracheids
Q9. Name the largest artery in human body.
Ans.Aorta (dorsal aorta)
Q10. Name the pigment present in plants which can absorb solar energy.
Ans.Chlorophyll
Q11. Name the term for transport of food leaves to other parts of plants.
Ans.Translocation
Q12. Name the tissue which transports soluble products of photosynthesis in a plant.
Ans.Phloem.
Q13. How do autotrophs obtain CO2 and N2 to make their food?
Ans.Autotrophs obtain CO2 from air and N2 as nitrate or ammonium ion from soil.
Q14. Which enzyme present in saliva breaks down starch?
Ans.Ptyalin or salivary amylase
Q15. Name the type of blood vessels which carry blood from organs to the heart.
Ans.Veins
Q16. What process in plants is known as transpiration?
Ans.It is loss of water in the vapure form from the exposed parts of a plant
Q17. Name the tissue which transports water and minerals in a plant.
Ans.Xylem
Q18. Which pancreatic enzyme is effective in digesting protein?
Ans.Trypsin
Q19. What is the role of acid in our stomach?
Ans.HCI of gastric juice disinfects the food and acidifies it for proper functioning of proteolytic enzyme pepsin.
Short Answer Questions - II
Q1. Write any two points of different between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.
Ans.
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

S.No. Plant Respiration Animal Respiration

1. Exchange: In plants exchange of In animals exchange of gases takes place
gases takes place through stomata, through gills, lungs, trachea, etc. (They
lenticels and cuticle. have specific organs for respiration).
2. Transport: By the process of Gases are transported to every cell by
diffusion gases reach every cell. blood in higher animals.

Q2. Write one function each of following components of the transport system in human beings. (a) Blood
vessels (b) Blood platelets (c) Lymph (d) Heart
Ans.(a) Blood vessels: Circulate blood to all parts of the body for transport of materials.
(b) Blood Platelets: (Thrombocytes). Coagulation of blood at the place of injury by releasing thromboplastin
(c) Lymph: It picks up facts from alimentary canal, secretions from various tissues and drains excess tissue
fluid.
(d) Heart: Pumping of blood, oxygenated to body parts and deoxygenated to lungs.

Q3. (a) How are fats digested in our body? (b) Where does this take place?
Ans.(a) Fats are emulsified by bile salts. The emulsified fats are acted upon by pancreatic and intestinal lipase
to form fatty acids and glycerol.
Fats lipase Fatty acids + Glycerol
Cholesterol helps in absorption of digestion products by intestinal wall.
(b) Digestion of fats occurs mostly in jejunum part of small intestine.
Q4. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with Vaseline to block the stomata. Will this plant remain
healthy for long? State three reasons for your answer
Ans.If waxy coating is made on the surface of leaf, loss of water in the form of water vapour (transpiration)
does not take place. Even gaseous exchange will not occur. So, photosynthesis will either be reduced or will not
take place.
The plant will not remain heakthy for long because:
(a) Exchange of gases will not take place. Aerobic respiration will stop.
(b) Photosynthesis will either be reduced or will not take place due to lack of CO2
(c) Transpiration will not take place, so that there is no mechanism of cooling in hot weather.
Q5. (a) Name two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms.
(b) Write any tow difference between the two ways of oxidation of glucose in organisms.
Ans.(a) Aerobic and Anaerobic
(b) Difference
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. Oxygen: there is complete There is incomplete breakdown of
breakdown of respiratory substrate respiratory substrate due to nonuse of
with the help of oxygen, the oxygen with at least one product being
products being CO2 and H2O. organic.
2. Energy: It forms38 ATP molecules It forms only two ATP molecules per
per glucose molecule glucose molecule.

Short Answer Questions - III

Q1. What is the function of epiglottis in man? Draw a labeled diagram showing the human respiratory system.
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

Ans.Function of Epiglottis: Epiglottis covers the glottis or opening of larynx (trachea) when food is being
swallowed. This prevents entry of food particles into respiratory tract.
Diagram: see text
Q2. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of end-products and energy released. Why
do smokes develop an over strained heart?
Ans.Differences See text.
Smokes: in smokers the walls of several alveoli break down causing the disorder known as emphysema.
Respiratory surface is reduced. Heart has to pump more blood to lungs for obtaining required oxygen. It is,
therefore, overstrained.
Q3.What is the importance of the following processes occurring during photosynthesis in plants?
(i) Emission of electrons from chlorophyll.
(ii) Photolysis of water.
Ans.(i) Emission of Electrons from Chlorophyll: It occurs when chlorophyll is excited with absorption of
photon energy. The process converts light energy into electron or chemical energy.
(ii)Photolysis of Water: (a) It produces H+ ions and electrons. Electrons become available to chlorophyll for
extrusion. H+ is used for reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
(b) It evolves oxygen. It is the basis of most of aerobic life on earth.
Q4. Why white blood corpuscles are called ‘soldiers of the body’?
Ans.WBC as Soldiers (i) they secrete antibodies to immobilize germs and other foreign particles. (ii) The
immobilized foreign particles and germs are engulfed by white blood corpuscles and eliminated through
phagocytosis.
Q5. How does each of the following factors affect the productivity in the process of photosynthesis? (i)
Temperature (ii) Water (iii) Carbon dioxide
Ans.Productivity is directly dependent upon the rate and amount of photosynthesis by which it is higher than
the rate of respiration.
(i)Temperature: Photosynthesis decreases with the drop of temperature. It increases with the rise of temperature
up to a limit called optimum temperature (20-30°C). Beyond optimum temperature there is an initial increase
followed by decline.
(ii) Water: though water is a raw material of photosynthesis, its major function is in maintaining turgidity of
leaf. Reduced turgidity due to even slight deficiency of water will decrease absorption of carbon dioxide and
solar radiations as well as activity of enzymes. Therefore, optimization of water availability increases
photosynthesis and hence productivity.
(iii)Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is suboptimum for most plants. Increase in availability of carbon dioxide
will increase plant productivity.
Q6. What happens to glucose which enters nephron along with filtrate during excretion in human beings state
two vital functions of kidney?
Ans.Glucose is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule by peritubular capillaries.
Vital Function of kidney: (i) Excretion: Separation of nitrogenous wastes for elimination.
(ii)Osmoregulation: Maintenance of balance of water and salts in the body through elimination if extra and
retention if deficient.
Q7. Give reasons for the following (i) Glottis is covered by epiglottis (ii) Lung alveoli are covered with blood
capillaries (iii) the wall of trachea is supported by cartilage rings.
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

Ans.(ii) Lung Alveoli: Lung alveoli constitute the respiratory surface of the lungs. Their walls have rich supply
of blood for gaseous exchange, i.e. passage of oxygen from alveolar air to blood and passage of carbon dioxide
from blood to alveolar air.
(iii)Tracheal Rings (C – shaped): For providing support, preventing collapse of trachea and allowing for
uninterrupted blood to alveolar air.
Q8. What do you mean by double circulation of blood?
Ans.Double circulation is the passage of same blood twice through heart, first from right side to lungs and back
to left side for passage to rest of the body to be returned to right side. It consists two components, Pulmonary
circulation (from heart to lungs and back) and Systemic circulation (from heart to different parts of body and
back). In pulmonary circulation deoxygenated blood is converted into oxygenated blood. In systemic circulation
oxygenated blood supplied to all parts of the body. It gets changed into deoxygenated form.
Q9. (a) Name the process by which autotrophs prepare their own food.
(b) List three events which occur during this process.
(c) State two sources from which plants obtain nitrogen for synthesis of proteins and other compounds.
Ans.(a) Process: Photosynthesis
(b) Events: (i) Photolysis of water
(ii) Production of assimitory power as ATP and NADPH2.
(c) Sources of Nitrogen: (i) Nitrate from soil.
(ii) Ammonium ion from soil.
N.C.E.R.T. Questions:
1. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
Solution:
The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It receives the
secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose. The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be
made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting
on fats. Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules, which make it difficult for enzymes to act
on them. Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action. The
pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for
breaking down emulsified fats. The walls of the small intestine contain glands, which secrete intestinal juice.
The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and
fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

2. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

Solution:
When we eat something we like, our mouth ‘waters’. This is actually not only water, but also a fluid called
saliva secreted by the salivary glands. Another aspect of the food we ingest is its complex nature. If it is to be
absorbed from the alimentary canal, it has to be broken into smaller molecules. This is done with the help of
biological catalysts called enzymes. The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down
starch, which is a complex molecule to give sugar. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and moved around
the mouth while chewing by the muscular tongue.

3. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
Solution:
Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. It is the process by
which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into stored forms of energy. This
material is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water, which is converted into carbohydrates in the presence
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

of sunlight and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant. The carbohydrates,
which are not used immediately, are stored in the form of starch, which serves as the internal energy reserve to
be used as and when required by the plant.

4. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use
the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Solution:
The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide energy for various life
processes. Diverse organisms do this in different ways – some use oxygen to breakdown glucose completely
into carbon dioxide and water; some use other pathways that do not involve oxygen. In all cases, the first step is
the breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process
takes place in the cytoplasm. Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This
process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air (oxygen), it
is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria. This
process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other
product is water. Since this process takes place in the presence of air (oxygen), it is called aerobic respiration.
The release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic process.

5. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?

Solution:
Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, which finally terminate in balloon-like
structures, which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place.
The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels. As we have seen in earlier years, when
we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes larger as a result.
Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide
from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in
the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is
taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen
to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.

6. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?

Solution:
The double circulatory system of blood flow refers to the separate systems of pulmonary circulation and the
systemic circulation.
The adult human heart consists of two separated pumps, the right side with the right atrium and ventricle which
pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation.
The oxygenated blood re-enters the left side of the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium and
passes to the left ventricle where it is pumped to the rest of the body. This part of the circulation is called as
systemic circulation. This type of circulation is called double circulation. The advantage of a double circulatory
system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure.

Extra Questions:
1. Define nutrition? What are the different modes of nutrition?

 Solution:
Nutrition is the process of intake, as well as utilization of nutrients by an organism. The different modes of
nutrition are saprophytic nutrition, parasitic nutrition and holozoic nutrition.
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

2. What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

 Solution:
Saprophytic nutrition is the mode of nutrition that is seen in fungi.

3. Name the pigment, which can absorb solar energy.

 Solution:
Chlorophyll is the pigment, which can absorb solar energy.

4. Name the two stages in photosynthesis.

 Solution:
The two stages in photosynthesis are

(i) Light reaction and

(ii) Dark reaction.

5. Name the factors, which affect photosynthesis.

 Solution:
The factors which affect photosynthesis, are light, water, temperature, humidity, age of the leaf and carbon
dioxide.

6. Define a herbivore and a carnivore.

 Solution:
The animals that feed only on plants are called herbivores.

The animals that feed only on flesh are called carnivores.

7. How does amoeba engulf its food?

 Solution:
Amoeba engulfs its food by extending pseudopodia. This process is known as Phagocytes.

8. Name the parts of the digestive system of a grasshopper.

 Solution:
The parts of digestive system of a grasshopper are pharynx, salivary glands, hepatic caeca, malpighian tubules,
ileum, colon, rectum and anus.

9. What are the functions of the liver and the pancreas?

 Solution:
The liver secretes bile, which contains bile pigments and bile salts. The bile secreted by the liver cells is
normally stored in the gall bladder, until needed in the duodenum. Pancreas lie parallel to and beneath the
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

stomach. It is a large gland, which secretes digestive enzymes as well as the hormones, insulin and glucagons.
Both bile and pancreatic juice enter duodenum through a common duct. Bile emulsifies fat present in the food.
Pancreatic juice contains trypsin, for digesting proteins and pancreatic amylase for the breakdown of starch.

10. Define breathing.

 Solution:
Breathing is a process by which organisms inhale oxygen. The inhaled oxygen gets diffused into the blood and
the carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses back into the alveoli from where it is exhaled.
11. How is respiration different from breathing?
Solution:
Respiration is a complex process, which includes breathing, the mechanism of exchange of gases, oxygen and
carbon dioxide and oxidation of digested food occurring in the cells in order to release energy. The main
outcome of respiration is the release of energy through oxidation of simple food molecules such as glucose.

12. In which kind of respiration is more energy released?

Solution:
In aerobic respiration more energy is released.

13. Which part of the roots is involved in exchange of respiratory gases?

Solution:
Root hair is the part of the root which is involved in exchange of respiratory gases.

14. What are (i) stomata and (ii) lenticels?

Solution:
(i) Stomata are tiny apertures found on the surface of the leaf, which regulate the exchange of respiratory gases
and transpiration.

(ii) Lenticels are the raised pores in the woody plants that allow the exchange of gases between the atmosphere
and the internal tissues.

15. Give two points of differences between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.
Solution:
The respiration in plants differ from respiration in animals in two respects, they are

(i) There is minimal transport of gases from one part of the plant to another, unlike the animals.

(ii) Plant respiration occurs at a much slower rate than animal respiration.

16. Name the respiratory organs of

(i) fish

(ii) mosquito

(iii) earthworm

(iv) dog.
Solution:
The respiratory organs of
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

(i) fish - gills

(ii) mosquito - tracheoles

(iii) earthworm - skin

(iv) dog – lungs.

17. How does air reach every cell of an insect?

Solution:
The oxygen rich air enters through openings called spiracles situated on the sides of the body of an insect.
Spiracles open into tracheal system. Trachea branch into tracheoles, which reach the cells. Thus, every cell gets
oxygen directly. Carbon dioxide released by cells moves out through the spiracles.

18. From where do the following take in oxygen?

(i) prawn (ii) rat.
Solution:
(i) Prawns take in oxygen that is dissolved in water.

(ii) Rat takes in oxygen from the atmosphere.

19. State the function of epiglottis.

Solution:
Epiglottis prevents the food from entering into the trachea.

20. Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?
Solution:
The walls of trachea do not collapse when there is less air in it, because, they are supported by rings of cartilage.

21. Define nutrition.

 Solution:
Nutrition is the sum of all those activities which are concerned with ingestion, digestion, absorption of
digested food, egestion, oxidation of simple food to produce energy for growth, development and maintenance
of living organism.

22. Why is energy required by an organism even during sleep?

 Solution:
Energy is required by an organism even during sleep because various biological processes keep on occurring
in its body.

23. Define photolysis.

 Solution:
The phenomenon of breaking down of water in the illuminated chloroplast is known as photolysis.

24. What are the living organisms that cannot make their own food called?
 DASHMESH ACADEMY

 Solution:
The living organisms that cannot make their own food called heterotrophs.

25. What are chemotrophs?

 Solution:
Chemotrophs are organisms, which do not require light. They manufacture their food from inorganic
substances in the presence of energy derived from the oxidation of simple inorganic compounds of iron,
sulphur, etc. e.g. bacterium Nitrosomonas.

26. What is compensation point?

 Solution:

The compensation point is the amount of light on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly
matches the rate of respiration.
At this point, the uptake of CO2 through photosynthetic pathways is exactly matched to the respiratory release
of carbon dioxide, and the uptake of O2 by respiration is exactly matched to the photosynthetic release of
oxygen. This point is reached during early mornings and late evenings.

27. Other than chlorophyll, which other pigment is necessary for photosynthesis?

 Solution:
Carotenoids are the pigments, which are necessary for photosynthesis other than chlorophyll. Carotenoids are
yellow, orange, red or brown pigments, which absorb sunlight and pass this energy on to chlorophyll for the
purpose of photosynthesis. Thus, the carotenoids themselves do not carry out photosynthesis but help in
photosynthesis.

28. Where does digestion begin?

 Solution:
Digestion begins from the mouth.

29. What is the name given to the process of using the absorbed food for producing energy?

 Solution:
The name given to the process of using the absorbed food for producing energy is assimilation.

30. What happens to visible light of the Sun when it falls on chlorophyll?

 Solution:
Visible light of the Sun consists of seven colours, namely, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.
Out of these lights of different wave lengths, chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue, violet, red and orange lights but
does not absorb the green light. It is due to the reflection of green light by the chlorophyll that the plant looks
green in colour.