Air Powered Car 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
We know that our world is facing fuel crisis now. All kinds of conventional source
of fuels are on the verge of exhaustion. Gasoline which has been the main source of fuel
for the history of cars is becoming more and more expensive and impractical (especially
from an environmental standpoint). These factors are leading car manufacturers to
develop cars fueled by alternative energies. Two hybrid cars took to the road in 2000 and
in three or four years fuel-cell-powered cars will roll onto the world's [Link]
gasoline prices in the United States have not yet reached their highest point ($2.66/gallon
in 1980), they have climbed steeply in the past two years. In 1999, prices rose by 30
percent, and from December 1999 to October 2000, prices rose an additional 20 percent,
according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. In Europe, prices are even higher,
costing more than $4 in countries like England and the Netherlands. But cost is not the
only problem with using gasoline as our primary fuel. It is also damaging to the
environment, and since it is not a renewable resource, it will eventually run out. One
possible alternative is the AIR-POWERED [Link] powered cars runs on compressed
air instead of gasoline. This car is powered by a two cylinder compressed engine. This
engine can run either on compressed air alone or act as an IC engine. Compressed air is
stored in glass or fiber tanks at a pressure of 4351 psi.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

Today fossil fuels are widely used as a source of energy in various different fields
like internal & external combustion engines, as heat source in manufacturing industries,
etc. But its stock is very limited and due to this tremendous use, fossil fuels are depleting
at faster rate. So, in this world of energy crisis, it is inevitable to develop alternative
technologies to use renewable energy sources, so that fossil fuels can be conserved. One
of the major fields in which fossil fuels are used is Internal Combustion Engine. An
alternative of IC Engine is Compressed Air Powered Engine. It is an engine which uses
compressed air to run the engine. It is cheap as it uses air as fuel, which is available
abundantly in atmosphere. There are several technical benefits of using this engine, like
as no combustion takes place inside the cylinder, working temperature of engine is very
close to ambient temperature. This helps in reducing wear and tear of the engine

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components. Also there is no possibility of knocking. This in turn results in smooth

working of engine. One more technical benefit is that there will not be any need for
installing cooling system or complex fuel injection systems. This makes the design
simpler. Thus compressed air powered car has the capacity to satisfy present demand and
can prove to be the future vehicles

1.2 HISTORY

Compressed air has been used since the 19th century to power mine locomotives and
trams in cities such as Paris (via a central, city-level, compressed air energy distribution
system), and was previously the basis of naval torpedo [Link] the construction
of the Gotthardbahn from 1872 to 1882, pneumatic locomotives were used in the
construction of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel and other tunnels of the Gotthardbahn.

In 1903, the Liquid Air Company located in London England manufactured a number of
compressed-air and liquified-air cars. The major problem with these cars and all
compressed-air cars is the lack of torque produced by the " engines" and the cost of
compressing the [Link] 2010, several companies have started to develop compressed
air cars, including hybrid types that also include a petrol driven engine; none has been
released to the public, or have been tested by third parties.

1.3 EMISSIONS

Compressed air cars not only are emission free but also electric energy free since a
wind turbine can be attached to an air compressor or hydraulic pump or a stirling engine
to a parabolic or fresnel lens solar concentrator. In other words, the deployment of
compressed air cars do not rely from petrol stations¡s compressed air or electric grid
[Link] the compressed air is filtered to protect the compressor machinery,
the air discharged has less suspended dust in it, though there may be carry-over of
lubricants used in the engine that can be mitigated by using oil free wind turbine air
compressors with wind turbine powered intercoolers

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
After reading the study done by Evrin, Reza Alizade Dincer, Ibrahim
“Experimental investigation of a compressed air vehicle prototype with phase
change materials for heat recovery"2020[1], In this article, an experimental
investigation, where the prototype of a new pneumatic vehicle is developed, analyzed,
built and tested, is presented. The system consists of a novel compressed air system
integrated with phase change materials for heat recovery purposes. The prototype is
experimentally built and tested at the Ontario Tech. University in Oshawa. Three different
phase change materials of polyethyleneglycol, paraffin and alkane mix are investigated
for heat recovery purposes in the prototype where the paraffin option provides the best
result. Furthermore, the maximum torque is found to vary between 21 and 44 Nm with
changing shaft speed from 400 to 1300 rpm while the minimum torque fluctuates between
3 and 13 Nm with changing shaft speed in the same range. The supplementary battery
power is 2.18 kW, and the turbine work output is found to be 1.25 kW with the recovered
air which is provides 36% of the heat required to heat up the PCM heat exchanger. The
total motor work consumed during operation is 18.36 kW, which can be defined as the
acceptable capacity for the powertrain of a small-size city vehicle. The energetic
efficiency for the compressed air vehicle is 59.5% while the exergetic efficiency becomes
51.0%, respectively.

From the study Kevin Bonsor "How Air-Powered Cars Will Work". HowStuffWorks
2005 [2] Gasoline is already the fuel of the past. It might not seem that way as you fill up
on your way to work, but the petroleum used to make it is gradually running out. It also
pollutes air that's becoming increasingly unhealthy to breathe, and people no longer want
to pay the high prices that oil companies are charging for it. Automobile manufacturers
know all of this and have spent lots of time and money to find and develop the fuel of the
future.

After reading the study done by Tata Motors' air-powered car project still on, to be
launch ready in 3 years". Auto Car Professional 24 August 2017 [3], I could
understand that If everything goes as envisioned at Tata Motors, the first vehicle with the
"radical" compressed air technology in India could be launched by [Link] Motors had
signed a licence agreement with the France-based Motor Development International

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(MDI) in 2007 to produce and sell compressed air cars using MDI technology in India as
well as further refine the [Link] proof of concept in Tata vehicles were
successfully completed, and the second stage of detailed development started a few years
ago. "We are now at a point where we are starting industrialisation (of the project)," Dr.
Tim Leverton, president and head -- Advanced and Product Engineering, Tata Motors
told Autocar Professional.

The project is taking longer than expected. Its successful industrialisation will give a big
shot in the arm for Tata Motors in its green mobility drive. It is learnt that in terms of
running costs, a vehicle with compressed air technology is comparable to a CNG vehicle.
Tata Motors is aggressively making moves at developing environment-friendly vehicles
across passenger segments. Last month, the company revealed a raft of public
transportation products – electric, hybrid, fuel cell and LNG – at its Pune plant, all of
them showcasing the manufacturer’s focus on smart and green technology and new
mobility solutions.

In reference to the studies done by MDI's air engine technology tested on Tata Motors
vehicles" (Press release). Tata Motors. May 7, 2012. Archived from the original on
May 9, 2013 June 14, 2012 [4],it is evident that In January 2007, Tata Motors and Motor
Development International (Luxembourg) signed a licence agreement that enables Tata
Motors to produce and sell compressed air cars using MDI technology in India. The
agreement covered two phases of activity encompassing the technology transfer and proof
of the technical concept in the first phase, and in the second phase completing detailed
development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary
[Link] first phase of this programme - proof of the technical concept in Tata
Motors vehicles - has now been successfully completed with the compressed air engine
concept having been demonstrated in two Tata Motors vehicles.

In the second phase of the development, the two companies are working together to
complete detailed development of the technology and required technical processes to
industrialise a market ready product application over the coming years.

From the passage Evrin R.A., Dincer I., Experimental investigation of a compressed
air vehicle prototype with phase change materials for heat recovery, Energy Storage
(2020) [5],I could understand that the researchers demonstrated that the old idea of an air
driven car could actually be a viable alternative for carbon-free transporation. Dincer said:

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“If the energy loss of the air compression and decompression process is reduced and the
utilization rate of compressed air energy is improved, the energy conversion efficiency
and driving mileage will be competitive with traditional vehicles.A pneumatic-
combustion hybrid is technologically feasible, inexpensive and could eventually compete
with hybrid electric vehicles,” concluded Dincer. Hybrid vehicles, such as the pneumatic-
hydrogen or pneumatic electric like the MDI AirPod, also appear to be a possible solution
for clean transportation. Especially for their ability to run mostly on compressed air in
cities, thus lowering emissions, and running on hydrogen or battery on highways as this
increase driving [Link] to the scientists, now system design improvement
studies should be performed, including weight and volume reduction to reduce the space
demand in the vehicle. System scalability should be investigated in more detail to provide
solutions for heavy-duty vehicles.

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CHAPTER - 3
COMPONENTS

3.1 GENERAL

The term components is used to describe the parts of Air powered car

1)Compressed air tank

2)Air filter

3)Chassis

4)Body of air car

3.1.1 COMPRESSED AIR TANK

An Air powered vehicle is powered by an air engine, using compressed air, which
is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive
pistons with hot expanding gases; compressed- air vehicles use the expansion of
compressed air to drive their pistons. One manufacturer claims to have designed an
engine that is 90 percent efficient. Brake power recovery It uses one mechanism that stops
engine when the car is stationary (at traffic light, junctions etc…), which recover 13% of
power used.

3.1.2 AIR FILTER

A particulate air filter is a device composed of fibrous materials which removes
solid particulates such as dust, pollen, mould, and bacteria from the air. A chemical air
filter consists of an absorbent or catalyst for the removal of airborne molecular
contaminants such as volatile organic compounds or ozone. Air filters are used in
applications where air quality is important, notably in building ventilation systems and in
engines. Electrical system Only one cable connects all electrical parts i.e. headlight,
dashboard light, light inside the car. The electrical system of the car is easy for
installation and easy for repair.

3.1.3 CHASSIS

Chassis of Car A chassis consists of an internal framework that supports a man-

made object in its construction and use. It is analogous to an animal's skeleton. An

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example of a chassis is the under part of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on
which the body is mounted). If the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and
sometimes even the driver's seat, are included then the assembly is described as a rolling
chassis. Air Engine To convert a conventional IC engine into an Air Powered one, few
components are to be replaced. First of all replace the spark plug with a pulsed pressure
control valve which can create required pressure. Now the pulsed air firing in this valve is
controlled by controlling the supply of electrical signal to the plunger. For this we require
an electronic timing circuit which can control the flow of electrical supply to the plunger
of this valve. This can be achieved by using PLC circuit. Now speed of the engine will be
controlled by controlling this input signal.

3.1.4 BODY OF AIR CAR

The body is made up of fiber glass and injected foam. It is slightly costly but does
not cut like steel and aluminum. It does not rust and light weighted Flywheelapplications
range from large scale at the electrical grid level, to small scale at the customer level A
high power and capacity is reached by arranging flywheels in banks, rather than by using
large machines. The best and most suitable applications of flywheels fall in the areas of
high power for a short duration (e.g., 100 s of kW/10 s of seconds) when frequent charge-
discharge cycles are [Link] most common applications are power quality such as
frequency and voltage regulation, pulsed power applications for the military, attitude
control in space craft,UPS, load levelling, hybrid and electric vehicles, and energy storage
applications. As part of energy storage applications, flywheels perform storage
applications both at the grid, as well as at the customer level. A brief description of some
common applications associated with flywheel energy storage systems will now begiven.

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CHAPTER- 4
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

4.1. ADVANTAGES
 Refueling can be done at home using an air compressor or at service stations. The
energy required for compressing air is produced at large centralized plants,
making it less costly and more effective to manage carbon emissions than from
individual vehicles.
 Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production by about 20%,
because there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor, or
mufflers.
 The rate of self-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that deplete their charge
slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be left unused for longer periods of
time than electric cars.
 Expansion of the compressed air lowers its temperature; this may be exploited for
use as air conditioning.
 Compressed-air vehicles emit few pollutants, mostly dust from brake and tire
wear.
 Lighter vehicles would result in less wear on roads.

4.2. DISADVANTAGES
 Any conversion of energy between forms results in loss. For conventional

combustion motor cars, the energy is lost when oil is converted to usable foel -

including drilling, refinement, labor, storage, eventually transportation to the end-

user. For compressed-air cars, energy is lost when electrical energy is converted to

compressed air.

 Tanks get warm when filled rapidly. It would be difficult to cool the tanks

efficiently while charging and thus it would either take a long time to fill the

tanks, or they would have to take less than a foil charge (since heat drives up the

pressure).

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 Refoeling the compressed air container using a home or low-end conventional air

compressor may take as long as 4 hours though the specialized equipment at

service stations may fill the tanks in only 3 minutes.

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CHAPTER 5
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AIR POWERED CAR
The principle of compressed-air propulsion is to pressurize the storage tank and
then connect it to something very like a reciprocating steam engine of the vehicle. Instead
of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding
gases, compressed air vehicles (CAV) use the expansion of compressed air to drive their
pistons. Thus, making the technology free from difficulties, both technical and medical,
of using ammonia, petrol, or carbon disulphide as the working fluid. Manufacturers claim
to have designed engine that is 90 percent efficient. The air is compressed at pressure
about 150 times the rate the air is pressurized into car tyres or bicycle. The tanks must be
designed to safety standards appropriate for a pressure vessel. The storage tank may be
made of steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, kevlar or other materials, or combinations of the
above. The fiber materials are considerably lighter than metals but generally more
expensive. Metal tanks can withstand a large number of pressure cycles, but must be
checked for corrosion periodically. A company has stated to store air in tanks at 4,500
pounds per square inch (about 30 MPa) and hold nearly 3,200 cubic feet (around 90 cubic
meters) of air. The tanks may be refilled at a service station equipped with heat
exchangers, or in a few hours at home or in parking lots, plugging the vehicle into an on-
board compressor.
engine working To convert a conventional IC engine into an Air Powered one, few
components are to be replaced. First of all replace the spark plug with a pulsed pressure
control valve which can create required pressure. Now the pulsed air firing in this valve is
controlled by controlling the supply of electrical signal to the plunger. For this we require
an electronic timing circuit which can control the flow of electrical supply to the plunger
of this valve. This can be achieved by using PLC circuit. Now speed of the engine will be
controlled by controlling this input signal. Now fuel tank is to be replaced with air vessel,
as it requires pressurized air as [Link] two things are to be taken care while designing
air vessel:
1) First is its strength to withstand high internal pressure, which exists due to compressed
air. For this outer body of it should be made of a material, having high strength, like
carbon fiber.
2) Second is its capacity to store air and its weight. Now replace cam with a modified
cam. This is to be done, so that both the inlet and outlet valves open and close at the same

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time. Main advantage of doing this is to achieve better scavenging system. Also this will
result in conversion of 4 stroke engine into 2 stroke air engines, which in turn gives us the
benefit of low mean effective pressure requirement in addition to other operational
benefits.
Detail working of engine The normal 4 stroke SI engine is shown as: International Journal
of Advance Research In Science And Engineering [Link] IJARSE, Vol.
No.4, Special Issue (01), March 2015 ISSN-2319-8354(E) 1559 |
Stage 1 of Operation operations: Initial torque is supplied from the DC exciter motor, and
then the engine operation starts. STAGE 1: When the piston is in the TDC, compressed
air is injected through the pulsed air firing valve, which pushes the piston to BDC.
Stage 2 of Operation stage 2: Due to the motion of the engine and its inertia, the piston
moves back to TDC, pushing the air out of the valves. Stage 3 of Operation The plunger
of the pulsed firing valve is controlled by a timing circuit which is specifically a PLC
programmed circuit . It supplies the electronic signals by which the plunger moves so that
it opens and closes the pulsed firing valve. Electric Control of Crank Shaft On comparing
it with the working of normal SI 4 stroke engine, we can say that: “Stage 1” of the air
engine comprises of the combined operation of “Suction stage” and “Power stage” of the
normal 4 stroke SI engine. “Stage 2” of the air engine comprises of the combined
operation of the“Compression stage” and “Exhaust stage” of the normal 4 stroke SI
engine.
To develop the air powers bike first is to convert a regular scooter to a compressed air
moped Arrangement of Air Engine on 2 Wheels Thishas been done by equipping the
scooter with a compressed air engine and air tank. The air bike is created by strapping two
high-pressure tanks onto the side of his Puch moped. The tanks are basically scuba tanks.
Heuses the electricity from his house to fill the tanks. Thepower is then "stored" there,
much like a battery, ready foruse. The tanks used are carbon-fiber tanks of the sort used
byfirefighters for oxygen. But still, they're far cheaper thaneven the lead acid battery used
in car now. Of course, thecompressor works on electricity, so that's not always a clean
power source but recharging options at night or off peak willenhance the chances to use
the power that would be wastedotherwise. The top speed is about 18 mph, and it can only
go7 milesbefore the air pressure runs out and a lot more powercould probably be pulled
by tweaking his configuration. Asmall gear on the end of the air drill, connected to the
chainof the bike would make a much more elegant solution. Several companies are

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investigating and producing prototypes, and others plan to offer air powered cars, buses
and trucks.
The compressed air is stored in carbon-fiber tanks that are built into the chassis. As the air
is released, the pressure drives pistons that power the engine and move the car, and the
pistons compress the air into a reservoir so that the process continues. After making a
revolution by producing the world’s cheapest car Tata nano, India’s largest automaker
(Tata Motors) is set to start producing the world’s first commercial air powered vehicle.
The “Air Car” will make use of compressed air, as opposed to the gas-and oxygen
explosions of internal-combustion models, to push its engine’s pistons. Zero Pollution
Motors (ZPM) (USA) also expects to produce the world’s first air-powered car for the
United States by 2010. An earlier version of the car is noisy and slow, and a tiny bit
cumbersome but then this vehicle will not be competing with a Ferrari or Rolls Royce and
the manufacturers are also not seeking to develop a Formula One version of the vehicle.
The aim of air powered vehicles is the urban motorist: delivery vehicles, taxi drivers, and
people who just use their vehicles to nip out to the shops. The latest air car is said to have
come on leaps and bounds from theearly model. It is said to be much quieter, a top speed
of 110 km/ h (65 mph), and a range of around 200 km before you need to fill the tanks up
with air.
WORKING DETAILS FOR 4 WHEELER Working of Engine in Car Air powered car is
worked on the compressed air instead of gasoline. Since the car is working on air there is
no pollution. A two cylinder compressed air engine, powers the car. The engine can run
either on compressed air alone or act as an internal combustion engine. The compressed
sir is stored in the fiber or glass fiber tanks at a pressure 4351 pounds per square inch. The
air is fed through an air injector to the engine and flows into a small chamber, which
expands the air. The air pushing down on the piston move the crankshaft, which gives the
vehicle power. The ar is also working on a hybrid version of their engine that can run on
the traditional fuel in combustion with air. The change of energy source is controlled
electronically. When the car is moving at a speed below 60kph, it runs onthe air and at a
higher speed it runs on a fuel such as gasoline diesel or a natural gas. Air tank is fixed to
the underside of the vehicle can holds about 79 gallons (300liters) of air. This compressed
air can fuel the car up to 200kms at a top speed of 96. 5kmh. When the tanks near empty
it can be refilled at a nearest air pump. The car motors requires a small amount of oil
0.8liters worth that have to change just every 50,000kms.

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CHAPTER 6
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The first piston takes in ambient air and compresses it to approximately 300 psi
and 200f in the compression chamber during the first cycle of the engine. The first piston
takes in ambient air and compresses it to approximately 300 psi and 200f in the
compression chamber during the first cycle of the engine. Shortly before the valve to the
exhaust cylinder is opened, a high-speed shutter connects the compression and expansion
chambers. The sudden pressure and temperature difference between the low chambers
creates pressure waves in the expansion chamber, thereby producing work in the exhaust
chamber that drives the piston to power the engine.
The air tanks for storing the compressed air are localized underneath the vehicle. They are
constructed of reinforced carbon fiber with a thermoplastic liner. Each tank can hold
3,180 ft of air at a pressure of up to 4,300 psi. When connected to a special compressor
station, the tanks can be recharged within 3-4 minutes. They can also be recharged using
the onboard compressor 3-4 hours after connecting to a standard power [Link] new
vehicles incorporate various innovative and novel systems such as storing energy in the
form of compressed air, using new materials such as fiberglass to build the car and
vegetable oil for the motor lulubricatio Numerous innovations have been integrated in the
engine design. As an example, there is a patented system of artarticulate cnrods that allow
the piston to pause at top dead center. The following graph indicates this movement of the
pistpiston relation to the driving shaft rotation.

6.1 TYPE OF ENERGY MODE

 Single energy mode : It use only compressed air. The max speed is 60Kmph
 Dual energy mode : It uses compress air as well as fissile fuel. It speed over
50Kmph, the enginr will swith to fuel mode
 Three modes for fuelling tank
 Air stations
 Domestic electric plug
 Dual energy mode

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CHAPTER 7
DEVELOPER AND MANUFACTURES
Various companies are investing in the research, development and deployment of
compressed air cars. Overoptimistic reports of impending production date back to at least
may 1999. For instance, the mdi air car made its public debut in south africa in 2002 and was
predicted to be in production "within six months" in january 2004. As of january 2009, the
air car never went into production in south [Link] of the cars under development also
rely on using similar technology to low-energy vehicles in order to increase the range and
performance of their cars.
7.1 MDI
MDI has proposed a range of vehicles made up of AIRPod, OneFlowAir,OneFlowAir,
CityFlowAir, MiniFlowAir and [Link] of the main innovations of this company
is its implementation of its "active chamber", which is a compartment which heats the air
(through the use of a fuel) in order to double the energy [Link] 'innovation' was first
used in torpedoes in 1904.
7.2 TATA MOTORS
As of January 2009 Tata Motors of India India had planned to launch a car with an
MDI compressed air engine in 2011. In December 2009 Tata's vice president of engineering
systems confirmed that the limited range and low engine temperatures were causing
problems. Tata Motors announced in May 2012 that they have assessed the design passing
phase 1, the "proof of the technical concept" towards full production for the Indian market.
Tata has moved onto phase 2, "completing detailed development of the compressed air
engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications"In February 2017 Dr. Tim Leverton,
president and head at Advanced and Product Engineering at Tata revealed was at a point of
"starting industrialisation" with the first vehicles to be available by 2020. Other reports
indicate Tata is also looking at reviving plans for a compressed air version of the Tata
Nano,which had previously been under consideration as part of their collaboration with MDI
7.3 PEUGEOT/CITROEN
Peugeot and Citroën announced that they intended to build a car that uses compressed
air as an energy source. . However, the car they are designing uses a hybrid system which
also uses a gasoline engine (which is used for propelling the car over 70 km/h, or when the
compressed

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air tank has been depleted). ). In January 2015, there was "Disappointing news from France:
PSA Peugeot Citroën has put an indefinite hold on the development of its promising-
sounding Hybrid Air powertrain, apparently because the company has been unable to find a
development partner willing to split the huge costs of engineering the system." Development
costs are estimated to 500 million Euro for the system, which would apparently have need to
be fitted to around 500,000 cars a year to make sense. The head of the project left Peugeot
iPeugeot
7.4 ENGINEAIR PTY LTD
The rotary piston engine is an Engine that works with compressed air or refrigerant
phase change materials. The objective with this idea is to implement vehicles that consume
the minimum amount of energy to do an amount of work, in contrast to an internal
combustion engine with its senseless idling at traffic lights;our engine has no need to do so.
Furthermore an internal combustion engine in a vehicle requires acceleration around 600 to
1500 rpm to initiate movement to the vehicle, compared with Engineair’s motor which is
capable to do so at just one revolution, this exercise is normally repeated many times in
congested traffic wasting a significant amount of energy at a considerable cost to our
environment. In a perfect world every one of us should be able to afford an appropriate
vehicle and the energy to power them. This is possible with Engineair technology as we can
manufacture vehicles that require fewer components and therefore less weight, enabling us to
transport the intended object or person with minimal energy instead of wasting huge amount
of energy to power current massive vehicles. Affordable, sustainable and non-polluting
vehicles will create new employment opportunities and improved urban life style, we can
produce vehicles for everyone in the world with considerable less impact on the environment,
there’s no need for the vehicle to be small but just constructed more intelligently and lighter,
style and comfort will still be included. There’s definitely no need for us to accelerate to 100
km/h in 3 seconds, I am sure most of us will be happy to begin our journey10 second earlier
and still get there at the same time.

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CHAPTER 8
AIR ENGINE
. The Air Driven Engine is an eco-friendly engine which operates with compressed air.
This Engine uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons of the engine. An Air
Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed air.
There is no mixing of fuel with air as there is no combustion. An Air Driven Engine makes
use of Compressed Air Technology for its operation The Compressed Air Technology is
quite simple. If we compress normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy
within it. This energy can be utilized for useful purposes. When this compressed air expands,
the energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to
displace a piston. Compressed air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems,
e.g., battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of system is
called hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also be
used in conjunction with this system
8.1 CLASSIFICATION
8.1.1 LINEAR
In order to achieve linear motion from compressed air, a system of pistons is most
commonly used. The compressed air is fed into an air-tight chamber that houses the shaft of
the piston. Also inside this chamber a spring is coiled around the shaft of the piston in order
to hold the chamber completely open when air is not being pumped into the chamber. As air
is fed into the chamber the force on the piston shaft begins to overcome the force being
exerted on the [Link] more air is fed into the chamber, the pressure increases and the
piston begins to move down the chamber. When it reaches its maximum length the air
pressure is released from the chamber and the spring completes the cycle by closing off the
chamber to return to its original position.

8.1.2 ROTARY VANE MOTOR

A pneumatic motor (air motor), or Rotary vane motor, is a type of motor which
does mechanical work by expanding compressed air. Pneumatic motors generally convert
the compressed air energy to mechanical work through either linear or rotary motion.
Linear motion can come from either a diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion
is supplied by either a vane type air motor, piston air motor, air turbine or gear type

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[Link] motors have existed in many forms over the past two centuries, ranging
in size from hand-held motors to engines of up to several hundred horsepower. Some
types rely on pistons and cylinders; others on slotted rotors with vanes (vane motors) and
others use turbines. Many compressed air engines improve their performance by heating
the incoming air or the engine itself. Pneumatic motors have found widespread success in
the hand-held tool industry,but are also used stationary in a wide range of industrial
applications. Continual attempts are being made to expand their use to the transportation
industry. However, pneumatic motors must overcome inefficiencies before being seen as
a viable option in the transportation industry.

8.1.3 TURBINE MOTORS

Air turbines spin the burr in high-speed dental handpieces, at speeds over 180,000
rpm, but with limited torque. A turbine is small enough to fit in the tip of a handpiece without
adding to the weight.

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CHAPTER 9
MODELS OF AIR POWERED CAR

9.1 MODELS
9.1.1 FAMILY CAR

Fig 9.1 Family Car

Descripition : A spacious car with seat which can face different direction. The
vechanical design is based on needs of typical family
Feature : Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats

9.1.2 VAN

Fig 9.2 Van

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Description : Design for daily use in industrial urban or rural enviroment whose
primary drivers Would be tradesen farmers and delivery drivers
Feature : Airbag, air conditioning, 2 seats

9.1.3 TAXI

Fig 9.3 Taxi

Description : Inspired by london taxi with numerous ergonomic and confort avdantages for
the passenger as well as drives.
Feature : Air bag, air conditioning, 6 seats

9.1.4 PICK UP CAR

Fig 9.4 Pick up car

Description : The pleasure car designed for excursion out door sports of water sports Also
suitable for small business and tradesmen
Feature : Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats

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9.1.5 MINICAT

Fig 9.5 Minicat

Description : The smallest and most innovative : three seats, minimals dimensions With the
boot of a saloon : a great challenge for such a small car which run on com Pressed air.
Feature : Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 3 seats

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CONCLUSION
From all the disruption made one can say that by using air car there is reduction in
air pollution. The emission benefits of introducing this zero emission technology are
obvious. Also, the aim of project is to cut cost, create job locally. Also air car provides an
answer to the shortage of fuel and high price of fuel. With petrol and diesel prices going
up and the price of oil subjects to fluctuation for motorist, , this becomes headache; use of
air motor is only the solution. All know that there will be shortage of gasoline (petrol,
diesel), in future, engine that runs on compressed air is only the alternative for it.

The Air Vehicle is an efficient mode of transportation that can be applied to light vehicles.
Because its speed, range, and power are now limited, future research could yield more
effective results. This technology can be used immediately in the market to convert IC
Engine bikes into Air Bikes at a low cost. Because a large number of processes can be carried
out in a single, simple unit. It is both effective and cost-effective. We can conclude that the
cost of modification is low, and that beneficial outcomes can be obtained. Because IC
engines maintain higher pressures and temperatures than air-driven engines, heavy metal
alloys are employed in IC engines, whereas light alloys can be used in air-driven engines. By
employing aluminium and other light metals, the engine's weight can be lowered. Also, the
new modified engine and chassis, which are cast from light alloys and designed for the air
engine, can be lighter. The use of a heater and the reuse of exhaust air increases the vehicle's
efficiency. This project was a success since we were able to start a four-stroke petrol car that
runs solely on compressed air.

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REFERENCES
[1] Evrin R.A., Dincer I., Experimental investigation of a compressed air vehicle prototype
with phase change materials for heat recovery, Energy Storage (2020). DOI:
10.1002/est2.159
[2] "Compressed air cars for urban transportation". advancedsciencenews. 7 September 2020.
Retrieved 2020-09-07.
[3] Kevin Bonsor (2005-10-25). "How Air-Powered Cars Will Work". HowStuffWorks.
Retrieved 2006-05-25.
[4] Marc Carter. "Peugeot Announces Plans to Release a Hybrid Car That Runs on
Compressed Air by 2016". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
[5] Matt Campbell (November 3, 2011). "The motorbike that runs on air". Sydney Morning
Herald. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-07
[6] Evrin, Reza Alizade; Dincer, Ibrahim (2020). "Experimental investigation of a
compressed air vehicle prototype with phase change materials for heat recovery". Energy
Storage. [Link]. 2 (5). doi:10.1002/est2.159. S2CID 219020514. Retrieved
2020-04-27.
[7] "Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine". APUQ. Archived from the
original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
[8] Fansilber, Maxime Amiot Denis (November 1, 2015). "PSA : la révolution de l'Hybrid
Air n'aura pas lieu". Les Echos (in French). Retrieved 2018-10-29.
[9] Duff, Mike (January 26, 2015). "Deflated: Peugeot Citroen Shelves Its Air Hybrid
Technology". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2018-10-29
[10] Marc Carter. "Peugeot Announces Plans to Release a Hybrid Car That Runs on
Compressed Air by 2016". Retrieved 30 May 2015

Department of Mechanical Engineering, JBCMET