INTRODUCTION

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy sources can be classified

into 3 groups viz, Fossil, renewable, fissile. The fossil refers to an earlier geological
age. Fossil fuels were formed many years ago and are not renewable. The fossils
energy sources are petroleum, coal, bitumen, natural gas, oil shale and tar sands. The
renewable energy sources are biomass, hydro, solar (thermal and photo voltaic),
geothermal etc. The main fissile energy sources are uranium and thorium.
The majority of man kind's current energy demand is satisfied from
petrochemical, coal and natural gas sources which are non-renewable resources and
are estimated to approach depletion within next 50-100 years. And the internal
combustion engines have already become an indispensable and integral part,
particularly in the transportation and agricultural field. Ci engines are the most
trusted power sources which are preferred in the transportation industry also. Due
to the problems of fuel crisis and environmental pollution, the survival of these
engines has been threatened. Therefore, to protect the global environment, it's
become necessary to search an alternative energy source.
Alternative fuel derived from vegetable oil and animal fat have increasingly
important due to decreasing petroleum resources and increase in pollution
problems. Biodiesel is a cleaner fuel than petroleum diesel and an exact substitute
for existing compression engines. Biodiesel has received much attention in the past
decade due to its ability to replace fossil fuels, which are likely to run out with in a
century. Especially, the environmental issues concerned with the exhaust gases
emission by the usage of fossil fuels also encourage the usage of biodiesel, which has
proved to be eco-friendly for more than fossil fuels. Biodiesel is known as carbon
natural fuel because the carbon present in the exhaust was originally fixed from
atmosphere. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form are can be blended with diesel to
form different blends. It can be used in diesel engines with very little or no engine
modification. This is because it has properties similar to mineral diesel. Biodiesel is a
non-petroleum-based fuel defined as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters derived from
animal fats and it is used in diesel engines and heating systems.
INTRODUCTION TO BIOFUELS
Bio fuels are fuels derived from biomass. Biomass is organic matter taken from are
produced by plants and animals’ fats. It comprises mainly wood, agricultural
products, aquatic plants, forestry products, residues and animal wastes. Wood and
charcoal are widely used as fuels for domestic purposes such as cooking in the rural
areas of most developing countries. The fibrous material produced from sugarcane
processing is extensively used for steam and electrical power generation in raw sugar
mills. Examples of gaseous fuels include methane gas and producer gas. Methane gas
is produced from the anaerobic fermentation of animal waste, wastewater
treatment, sludge and municipal waste in landfills. On the other hand, producer gas
can be made from the paralysis or gasification of wood and agricultural wastes.
Examples of liquid bio fuels include methanol, ethanol, plant oils and methyl esters
produced from these oils commonly referred to as the liquid bio fuel are used
primarily as transport fuel. In particularly, it covers bio fuels from plant oils.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO FUELS

1. Castor oil: a tall, quick-growing perennial, woody shrub or small tree, with
large handsome leaves, naturalized in Sri Lanka. It is cultivated in all warm countries,
more particularly in India, southern Europe, southern united states, generally as an
annual but sometimes as perennial crop; often planned for ornament, sometimes for
shade, as in arid or desert region. It is suited to climate and soil.
2.0il palm: a stately, erect handsome palm, 18-21 metre height, with the stout
stem and large pinnate leaves, native of troop Africa, where it forms the principle
natural product.
 3.cottonseed oil: one of the most important sources of commercial oils is
cotton seed after it has been separated from the fibre. It is extracted from the seeds
of cotton plants. the best seed yields 20% or more of oil the oil is valuable as cooking
oil and the protein residue is a valuable animal feed
4. linseed oil; this valuable and well-known oil is obtained from the seed. The
plant is largely grown in India in yielding at the rate of about 400 to 450 kg per
hectare
5. mustard oil; it is grown where there is a constant temperature less than 30 degree
with good Water resources. The oil is extracted from mustard seeds it is mainly
edible but blended in the form of vanaspati instead of refined oil. North east region
of the country consumes mustard oil in large quantity.

DAIRY SCUM OIL:

Annual production of milk in India is 150 million tons per year. Thousands of large
dairies are engaged in handling this milk across the country. In large dairies while
cleaning the equipment’s, the residual butter related fats which are washed and get
collected in effluent treatment plant as a scum. Scum is a less dense floating solid
mass usually formed by a mixture fat, lipids, proteins packing material etc this scum
is collected in tanks by skimming. Most of the dairies dispose the scum in solid waste
disposal site or by incinerating. By doing so, it is economically wasteful and generates
pollutants. Further, scum cause direct as well as indirect operational difficulties for
effluent treatment.
Waste scum was collected from effluent area and scum oil is extracted from it.
Scum oil trans esterified to produce some, which have fuel properties similar to
diesel.
ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
*Biodiesel is nontoxic.
*Biodiesel is having four times faster biodegradability than diesel
*It helps to reduce carbon dioxide and other pollutants emission from engines
*Bio diesel is safer to handle compared to standard diesel
*Engine modification is not needed as it has similar properties as diesel fuel.
*Diesel engine performs better on biodiesel due to a high cetane number
*High purity of biodiesel would eliminate the use of lubricants.
*Biodiesel has shorter ignition delay compared to standard diesel
*Biodiesel has no sulphur content, and so it doesn't contribute to acid rain formation
*It comes from renewable sources where by people can grow their own fuel

DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
*Biodiesel has significantly less energy compared to standard diesel
*High specific fuel consumption due to high viscosity, high density and less energy
content
*Biodiesel could lead to food shortages and increases food prices. The end result of
these could be more hunger in the world
*Biodiesel is significantly more expensive compared to standard diesel
*Biodiesel can release nitrogen oxide which can lead to the formation of smog
OBJECTIVE
> Optimization of process for maximum biodiesel production.
> To prepare biodiesel from dairy scum oil.
> Produce biodiesel by transesterification process.
> To determine fuel properties of different blends of biodiesel derived from dairy
scum oil and optimum blend is to be selected based on these properties.
> To compare properties of different blends prepared from dairy scum oil with diesel
fuel.
> Test is conducted by varying load and maintaining constant speed.
> Perform analysis of a C.I engine using biodiesel and fuel.