2024-12-16

PSC Preparation for Civil Sub-Engineers

(Orientation Class)

Er. Janak Raj Pant

 Senior Divisional Engineer (Government of Nepal)

 Msc. Geotechnical Engineering, Pulchwok Engineering Campus (2073 Batch)

 Bachelor in Civil Engineering, Paschimanchal Campus Pokhara (2066-2070)

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Foundation

Foundation is the lowermost part of structure

which transmits the superstructure load to the
ground.
The various types of structural foundation can be
broadly grouped into two categories, namely, (a)
Shallow foundation and (b) Deep foundation.

Factors affecting choice of foundation:

Location and depth criteria

 Bearing capacity criteria
 Settlement criteria
 Function and load carried by structure
 Subsurface condition
 Service life
Environmental considerations
 Need of client

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Subsoil exploration
The process of determining the layers of natural soil deposits that will underlie a
proposed structure and their physical properties.

Methods of soil exploration

• Open excavation method (Direct Methods): [Pit (or) trench
Soil can be inspected in their natural condition on pit of size [IS Code].
For depths greater than 6 m, bore holes are more economical than test pits.

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Methods of soil exploration

• Boring Method: [Auger, Wash, Rotary, Percussion Boring]
Auger Method
An auger is a device that is used for advancing a bore hole into the ground.
Types are hand augers [up to depth of 3-6m) and mechanical augers (up to depth 12
m).
 Easy & economical
Suitable for soft type of soil, clay, silts

Methods of soil exploration

• Boring Method: [Auger, Wash, Rotary, Percussion Boring]
Wash Boring
Wash boring is a method for advancing boreholes for site exploration and
geotechnical investigation in most types of soil.
 Change in color of soil
Highly disturbed sample

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Methods of soil exploration

Rotary drilling
Rotary technology uses a sharp, rotating drill bit and downward pressure to cut, or
crush, through the subsurface
Rotary drilling can be used in clay, sand & rocks.
This method is generally used to obtain the rock core samples.

Methods of soil exploration

Percussion Drilling
A hammering bit is attached to a long cable that is then lowered into a wide open
hole.
 Used for making holes in rocks, boulders and other hard strata.
For this method, a heavy drill bit is driven into the ground by repeated blows.

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Bogue’s compound
1. Generally hand augers are used when the depth is about ......
a) 6 m b) 12 m c) 25 m d) 37 m
2. The depth of exploration for square footing should be at least ...........
a) Width of footing b) 1.5 times width of footing
c) twice the width of footing d) 3 times width of footing

3. The minimum depth of exploration in case of gravity dam is

a) base of dam b) twice the base of dam
c) height of the dam d) twice the height of dam

4. Which type of boring is suitable for hard rock

a) Auger b) Rotary c) Percussion d) None

Bearing capacity of soil

The load carrying capacity of the foundation soil, which enables it to bear the loads of
the structure is called bearing capacity of the soil.

Factors affecting bearing capacity of soil:

• Types of soils (Coarse grained soils have higher bearing capacity than fine grained soil)
• Physical properties and structural arrangement of soils
• Position of water level and fluctuations in GWT
• Physical features of foundation (type, size, depth, shape etc.)

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Bearing capacity of soil

• Net ultimate bearing capacity: It is the minimum net pressure intensity at the base of
foundation in which soil fails in shear.

• Net safe bearing capacity: It is obtained by dividing net ultimate bearing capacity by
factor of safety.

Bearing capacity of soil

• Net safe settlement pressure : Net pressure which the soil can carry without
exceeding allowable settlement. It is also called unit soil pressure or safe bearing
pressure.

• Net allowable bearing pressure : At net allowable bearing pressure, No shear failure
and settlement within allowable range. It is used for design and is taken minimum of
Net safe bearing capacity & Net safe settlement pressure

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Type of foundation
Shallow foundation
The foundation whose depth is not more than its width is called shallow foundation.
 Isolated, strip, strap, mat, grillage.

Deep foundation
The foundation whose depth is greater than its width is called deep foundation.
Pile, Pier, Cassion foundation

Type of foundation
Strip foundation
The foundation whose length is considerably greater than its width is called strip or
continuous foundation.
Also called as wall footing, continuous footing
Suitable for load bearing wall

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Type of foundation
Isolated foundation
The footing which supports individual column load is called isolated footing (or spread
or pad footing).
Foundation that transfers load to the ground by means of spreading/ distributing it to
wider extent is called spread foundation.

Type of foundation
Combined foundation
It supports two columns, and is provided when two columns are such closely spaced
that their individual column footing overlap, or when the property line is close to one
column.
 It can be either rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.

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Type of foundation
Strap foundation
When two or more isolated footings connected by a beam it is called strap foundation.
The strap acts as connecting beam and doesn’t take any soil reaction.
Strap is designed as rigid beam.
A strap footing is more economical than a combined footing when the allowable soil
pressure is relatively high and the distance between the column is large.
Suitable also for eccentric loading

Type of foundation
Mat foundation
• It is large footing which covers the entire area below a structure and supports the
arrangements of all column and wall.
Mat foundation is mainly provided when:
 Area of footings is more than 50% of total covered area
 When bearing capacity of soil is low
 Structure is heavy
Water table is near the base of structure etc.
They are useful in reducing differential settlement in non-homogenous soil or when
there is large variation of load on individual columns.

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Deep foundation
The foundation whose depth is greater than its width is called deep foundation. They are
used when firm strata is so deep that shallow foundation can’t reach it. They are
expensive than shallow foundation.
Pile foundation
 The foundation which is provided in soils incapable to transmit the structural load to
suitable stratum by inserting relatively slender structural elements (called piles) is
called pile foundation.

Deep foundation
Piles are further classified as:
On the basis of material [Steel, Concrete, Timber, Composite Piles]
On the basis of load transfer [End bearing, friction and combined piles]

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Deep foundation
Suitability of pile foundation
 When the soil near the ground surface or at a reasonable depth is too soft or loose.
 When the loads are so high that there is not enough plan area to accommodate the size
of foundation required.
Suitable for expansive and collapsible soil.
 Where there is possibility of erosion and scouring
Suitable for resist lateral load.

Pier foundation
It is a deep and cylindrical foundation large diameter that transfer large superimposed
load to a firm stratum below by means of bearing.

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Pier foundation

Cassion/Well foundation
It is type foundation in a shape of hollow prismatic box which is built above the ground
level and then sunk to required depth as a single unit.
Open Cassion - Pneumatic Cassion (close at top, close at bottom)- Floating Cassion
Suitable for foundation under lake, running water.

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Practice Question
1. Pile foundation are usually provided for
a) bridges b) high rise multistoried buildings c)runways d) residential buildings –
2. Two or more footings connected by beam, is called
a) Isolated footing b) strap footing c) strip footing d) pier footing
3. According to the I.S. code, the permissible values of total settlements of rafts on clays
and sands are…….
a) 65 mm and 40 mm b) 40 mm and 65 mm
b) c) 100 mm and 65 mm d) 65 mm and 100 mm
4. The load carrying capacity of pile depends upon
a) Skin friction b) Point resistance c) both of the above d) None

Shoring
 temporary structure to support temporarily an unsafe structure.

Underpinning, Scaffolding, Formworks

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Type of Shoring
Raking shoring
• In this method, inclined members known as rakers are used to give lateral supports to
walls

Type of Shoring
Flying shoring
• Flying shores is a system of providing temporary supports to the party walls of the two
buildings where the intermediate building is to be pulled down and rebuilt .
• Also called as horizontal shoring

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Type of Shoring
Dead shoring
Dead shore is the system of shoring which is used to render vertical support to walls and
roofs, floors, etc
when the lower part of a wall has been removed for the purpose of providing an opening
in the wall or to rebuild a defective load bearing wall in a structure

Dewatering
Dewatering is a term to describe the removal of groundwater or surface water from for
example a construction site.
Benefits of Dewatering
• Stable Soil and Work Area
• Worker Safety
• Protect Valuable Equipment
• Less Impact on Surrounding Environment

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Method of Dewatering
Broadly classified into mechanical (by machine like pump) and manual dewatering (like
drain).
Method
1. WellPoint System
 The wellpoint dewatering system consists of several small wells drilled into the ground
to a predetermined depth and appropriately spaced around the excavation.
 These wells are connected to the surface through pipes incorporating valves and
pumps to evacuate the water below the surface

Method of Dewatering
2. Sump Pump
Sump pumping is the simplest and most cost-effective dewatering method.
It uses sumps, or pits that are dug in the drainage area, to collect water, which is then,
removed using solids-handling pumps that pump it out to a discharge point

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Method of Dewatering
3. Electrosmosis
Very expensive

4. Chemical Consolidation
 silicates of soda and chloride is used.
Suitable for small works

Method of Dewatering
5. Sand drains
 suitable in marshy soils
Where pore water pressure is high

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Design of simple brick or stone masonry foundations

Calculation of Design Loads
Dead load of wall, column, floor, roof etc.
Live load on floor & roof
Wind load
EQ or seismic load

The design consists in calculating the

1) the depth up to which the foundation of the wall of the building should be taken below
the ground level,
(2) depth of concrete bed block and
(3) the width of foundation.

Design of simple brick or stone masonry foundations

1) the depth up to which the foundation
 The depth at which the foundation should be located depends on the character of the
subsoil and the magnitude of load on the structure.
 For normal building, the depth of foundation below ground level is commonly
calculated by Rankin's formula.
 Rankine to this formula minimum depth is calcualated by

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Design of simple brick or stone masonry foundations

2. Width of footing
 The width of footing is obtained by dividing the total load per unit length of footing by
the safe bearing capacity of soil.

Design of simple brick or stone masonry foundations

3. Depth of concrete bed block
 The depth of foundation concrete bed block depends upon the type of concrete used,
the projection of the concrete block beyond the bottommost course of the wall and the
upward soil pressure below.

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Practice Question
1. Sometimes the structures are to be temporarily supported. This is achieved by what is
known as the _________
a) Scaffolding b) Shoring c) Underpinning d) Grouting
2. In ____________ shore arrangement, the inclined supports are given to the external
walls from the ground.
a) Raking shore b) Flying shore c) Dead shore d) Patented shore
3. The placing of new Foundation below and the existing foundation of the process of
strengthening the existing Foundation is known as the ___________ of foundation.
a) Shoring b) Underpinning c) Grouting d) Scaffolding
4. The minimum depth of foundation shall be
a) 800 mm b) 900mm c) 1000 mm d) 1200 mm
4. The minimum width of foundation shall be
a) 800 mm b) 900mm c) 1000 mm d) 1200 mm

Type of wall
1. Sometimes the structures are to be temporarily supported. This is achieved by what is
known as the _________
a) Scaffolding b) Shoring c) Underpinning d) Grouting
2. In ____________ shore arrangement, the inclined supports are given to the external
walls from the ground.
a) Raking shore b) Flying shore c) Dead shore d) Patented shore
3. The placing of new Foundation below and the existing foundation of the process of
strengthening the existing Foundation is known as the ___________ of foundation.
a) Shoring b) Underpinning c) Grouting d) Scaffolding
4. The minimum depth of foundation shall be
a) 800 mm b) 900mm c) 1000 mm d) 1200 mm
4. The minimum width of foundation shall be
a) 800 mm b) 900mm c) 1000 mm d) 1200 mm

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Brick and stone masonry

• Masonry is basically a wall material. Masonry wall can be divided into

• Load bearing wall-a wall designed to carry superimposed loads from floor and roof.
• Non load bearing wall-also known as panel wall, curtain wall or filler wall is a type of
wall which carries no superimposed load.
• Retaining wall-is a type of wall built to resist the pressure earth, granular material or
liquid filled behind if after is is built

Technical terms used in masonry

• Header- It is a full brick or stone which is laid with its length
perpendicular to face of the wall
• Stretcher-It is a full brick or stone which is laid with its length parallel to
face of the wall.
• Facing/Backing
• Bond-It is termed applied to overlapping of bricks or stones in wall in
alternate courses, to bind the whole wall together.
• Bed-It is a term used to indicate the lower surface of bricks or stones in
each course.
• Hearting-The portion of wall between facing and backing is term as
hearting.

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Technical terms used in masonry

• Toothing-Brick left projecting in alternate course for the purpose of
bonding future masonry.
• Bat-It is the portion of brick cut across the width or a brick cut by some
fraction of its length.
• The portion of the brick cut across its width and having its length equal
to that of a full brick is known as queen closer.
• The portion of the brick without a triangular corner equal to half the
width and half the length is called king closer.
• The portion of brick cut to form angles other than right angles in plan, is
known as squint brick.
• If the brick is rounded at one or two edges it is called bull nose brick.

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Type of wall and their function

A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an-

• Area,
• Carries a load,
• Provides security/shelter/soundproofing,
• Is decorative

Type of wall and their function

1. Load Bearing Wall
It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including its own weight and
transfer it to the foundation.
These walls supports structural members such as beams, slabs and walls on above
floors above.
It can be exterior wall or interior wall.
• Retaining Wall, Masonry Wall (Stone, Brick), Shear wall (lateral load)

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Type of wall and their function

2. Non- Load Bearing Wall
• A wall which doesn’t help the structure to stand up and holds up only itself is known
as a non-load bearing wall
• It doesn’t support floor roof loads above
• Mostly they are interior walls whose purpose is to divide the structure into rooms
• They are built lighter and hence cost effective
• We can remove any non-load bearing walls without endangering the safety of the
building
 Panel wall, infill wall, partition walls

Type of wall and their function

3. Cavity wall
• It is a wall constructed in 2 leaves or skins with a space or cavity between them
• A type of building wall construction consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner
wall separated by an air space
• Cavity walls helps to prevent the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wall
• Cavity wall gives better thermal insulation than any other solid wall because space is
full of air and reduces heat transmission. Therefore these walls are fire resistant
• It is economically cheaper than other solid walls
• Cavity wall helps to keep out from noise

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Type of wall and their function

3. Shear Walls
• These are framed walls
• They are designed to resist lateral forces
• These lateral forces come from exterior walls, floor, and roofs to ground foundation
• The usage of the shear wall is important, especially in large and high-rise buildings
• They are typically constructed from materials like concrete or masonry. They have an
excellent structural system to resist earthquakes

Type of wall and their function

3. Panel Walls
• It is a non-bearing wall between columns or pillars
4. Veneered Walls:
• Masonry veneer walls are a single non-structural external masonry wall made of
brick, stone or manufactured stone
• It has an air space behind and is called as anchored veneer
• It is light weighted and the construction takes less time to complete

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Type of wall and their function

5. Faced Wall
Faced walls has the facing and backing of two different materials that are bonded
together to ensure common action under load

Brick Masonry
1. Stretcher bond: All the bricks when laid with their length in
longitudinal direction’s called stretcher bond.
 Suitable for half brick walls.
2. Header bond: All bricks when laid with their header towards
the face of wall are called header board.
 Suitable for one-brick wall only.
3 . English bond: The bond which contains alternate coarses of
stretches and headers, is called English bond.
 Stronger than Flemish bond.

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Brick Masonry
4. Single Flemish board
a) The bond in which in front face header and
stretches are laid alternately in the same courses
and back face is provided with English bond is
called single Flemish bond.
5. Double Flemish bond.
a) If back and front both contain Flemish bond
is called double Flemish bond

Practice Question
1. A type of bond in a brick masonry in which each course consists of alternate headers and
stretchers, is called
a) English bond b) Flemish bond c) stretching bond d) heading bond

2. A type of bond in a brick masonry in which each course consists of alternate headers and
stretchers, is called
a) English bond b) Single Flemish bond c) Double Flemish bond d) heading bond

3. A bond in brick masonry which contain header and stretcher alternatively laid in same
course
a) English bond b) Flemish bond c) stretching bond d) heading bond

4. A bond in brick masonry which contain alternate course of header and stretcher
a) English bond b) Flemish bond c) stretching bond d) heading bond

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Practice Question
5. In which bond brick is laid with its length in the direction of a wall?
a) Header b) Flemish c) Stretcher d) English

6. What should be placed at every header course in English bond to avoid vertical joint?
a) Queen closer b) Half bat c) Three fourth bat d) King closer

7. Which type of brick masonry bond is provided for heavy loads on masonry?
a) English bond b) Zigzag bond
c) Single Flemish bond d) Double Flemish bond

Classification of Stone Masonry

1. Rubble masonry
a) Uncoursed rubble masonry
• Poorest form of stone masonry.
• Stone to be used for the work are directly obtained from the quarry.
b. Random rubble masonry
• Is slightly superior to uncoursed rubble masonry.
• Stones used in the work are hammer or chisel-dressed.
• The face stones are of uniform colour and approximately equal in size.

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c. Coursed rubble masonry

• Commonly adopted in the construction of residential buildings, piers and abutments.
• Stone used are dressed and finished.
D. Dry rubble masonry
• The construction of this form is similar to that of ordinary rubble masonry without
mortar.

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2. Ashlar masonry: stones with accurate bedding and jointing.

a) Ashlar fine-all stones are fined tooled on all bed and side
b) Ashlar Roughed Tooled-the exposed faces of stone generally have a
fine dressed chisel drafting all round the edges.
c) Ashlar Rock, Rustic or Quarry Faced-similar to ashlar rough tooled
except that the exposed faces of face stones between the chisel
drafting are left rough.
d) Ashlar Chamfered-edge around the exposed faces of stones is
beveled or chamfered.
e) Ashlar facing-in this type of masonry the faces of stone are roughed
tooled and chamfered and the stones are provided in face work
only.

2. Ashlar masonry
- The work built from carefully dresses stones with accurate bedding
and jointing.
- Different types of Ashlar masonry
a) Ashlar fine-all stones are fined tooled on all bed and side joints and
the faces are rendered perfectly true to the pattern desired. The
height of the courses is never less than 30 cm and generally all the
courses are kept of the same height throughout the work.
b) Ashlar Roughed Tooled-the exposed faces of stone generally have a
fine dressed chisel drafting all round the edges.
c) Ashlar Rock, Rustic or Quarry Faced-similar to ashlar rough tooled
except that the exposed faces of face stones between the chisel
drafting are left rough.
d) Ashlar Chamfered-edge around the exposed faces of stones is
beveled or chamfered.

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Few Points
• The minimum thickness of random rubble masonry wall varies from 30 to
38 cm.
• The length of the stone shall not exceed three times the height and the
breadth on base shall not be greater than three-fourth of the thickness of
wall nor less than 150 mm. The height of stone for rubble masonry may be
up to 300 mm.
• Bond Stones shall be provided at 1.2 m apart clear m every course and at
minimum 600 mm distance vertically
• There should be at least one bond stone (also called ‘through stone’) for
every 0.5 m2 of wall surface.
• Stones shall be sufficiently wetted before lying to prevent absorption of
water from mortar.
• The stone shall be laid so that the pressure is always perpendicular to the
natural bed.

Choosing wall Thickness/Minimum Wall thickness

Floor Min. Wall Thickness (mm)
Two storied construction
Load-Bearing Brick Masonry in Cement Mortar Attic 230
First 230
Ground 350
Load-Bearing Stone Masonry in Cement Mortar Attic 350
First 350
Ground 350
One storied construction
Load-Bearing Brick Masonry in Cement Mortar Ground 230

Load-Bearing Stone Masonry in Cement Mortar Ground 350

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Height to length ration

 The ratio of effective height to thickness of masonry wall shall not exceed 20.

 The maximum unsupported length of wall shall be 12t (12 times the thickness)

Bands in walls

• Plinth Band should be provided in all masonry buildings.

• A continuous sill band shall be provided through all walls below openings (especially, just
below windows).
• A continuous lintel band shall be provided through all walls just above openings.
• Roof band shall be provided at the eave-level of trussed roof.
• Parapet band shall be provided at the top of parapet walls.
• Masonry gable ends must have the triangular portion of masonry enclosed in a band.

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Bands in walls

Bands in walls

Band/Beam Minimum Thickness Min No. of bars Min Dia. of Bars (mm)

Plinth 150 4 12

Sill/Parapet 75 2 10

Lintel 75 2 12
Roof 75 2 12
Dowel
75 2 8
(Stitch)

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Use of Scaffolding

 Scaffolding is a temporary structure that is typically made from metal poles and wood
planks and used to support construction workers (mason), inspectors, cleaners, and
others who need to work at height.
 Also called as staging

Advantages
Access.
Ease of construction.
Safety.
Construction/Maintenance/Inspection

Type of Scaffolding
1. Single Scaffolding/Brick Layer Scaffolding
 Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry.
 Consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs etc., which is parallel to the wall at a distance of
about 1.2 m.
 Distance between the standards is about 2 to 2.5 m.
 Ledgers connect the standards at vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
 Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one end of the ledgers. Putlogs
are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.

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Type of Scaffolding
2. Double Scaffolding/Mason Scaffolding
also called as independent scaffolding.
 Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry so, it is also called as mason’s
scaffolding.
 Two rows of scaffolding is constructed to make it strong.
 The first row is 20 – 30 cm away from the wall and the other one is 1 to 1.5 m away from
the first row.

Type of Scaffolding
3. Trestle Scaffolding
 The working platform is supported on movable tripods or ladders.
 This is generally used for work inside the room, such as paintings, repairs etc., up to a
height of 5m.

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Type of Scaffolding
4. Suspended Scaffolding
 The working platform is suspended from roofs with the help of wire ropes or chains etc

5. Gantry/Cranes
 For heavy construction

Practice Question
1. The temporary framework construction used in demolition, maintenance or repair
works.
a) Underpinning b) Shoring c) Scaffolding d) Grouting

2. ___________ is the most common type of scaffolding and is widely used in the
construction of brickwork.
a) Suspended scaffolding b) Single scaffolding
c) Trestle scaffolding d) Steel scaffolding

3. The vertical members of the scaffolding and they are either supported on the ground or
embedded into the ground.
a) Ledgers b) Standards c) Putlogs d) Rakers

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Frame and Shutters of door and window

Frame and Shutters of door and window

Jambs: Vertical sides of finished opening for
door and window.
Reveals: Exposed vertical surfaces left out
door and window has been fixed.
Size of post: 75 mm thick and 100m wide for
singe shutters and 75 mm thick and
width 125 mm for double shutters.

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Frame and Shutters of door and window

Frame and Shutters of door and window

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Frame and Shutters of door and window

Frame and Shutters of door and window

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Frame and Shutters of door and window

Frame and Shutters of door and window

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Frame and Shutters of door and window

Frame and Shutters of door and window

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Window
 Placed generally 80 cm above the floor level.

Window

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Window

Practice Question
1. Mullion in door frame used for…..
A. dividing door vertically B. dividing door horizontally
C. dividing door in inclined direction D. any one of the above

2. A bay window is a multi-panel window, which:

a) Is provided at corners b) Runs parallel to the wall
c) Embeds inside wall d) Projects outside wall

3. The doors mainly adopted for entrance of shops, garages and showrooms are
a) Sliding door b) Rolling steel door c) Swing doors d) Both (a) and (b)

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Timber Construction of Uppers Floors

 Single floors-up to 4 m span
 Double floors- 4 to 7.5 m span
 Framed floors- > 7.5 m span

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Design and Construction of Staircase

1. Wooden joists provided in single joist timber floors are called as __________
a) Separating joists b) Bridging joists c) Binding joists d) Breaking joists

2. Which of the following is not a type of timber floors?

a) Half joist timber floors b) Single joist timber floors
b) c) Double joists timber floors d) Triple joists timber floors

3. Which of the following is not an element of triple joists timber flooring?

a) Floorboards b) Bridging joists c) Separating joists d) Girders

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Design and Construction of Staircase

 Tread: The upper horizontal portion of the step over which foot is placed during ascending
or descending a stairway is known as tread. (Minimum 250 mm)
 Riser: The vertical member of the step is known as riser. It is used to support and connect
successive treads. (Maximum 175 mm)
 Step: It is a combination of tread and riser which permits ascent and descent from one
floor to another. (Maximum number of step 12 and minimum 3)

Design and Construction of Staircase

 Flight: A continuous series of steps without any break between landings or landing and
flooring is known as flight (Residential 90 cm, Public 1.8 m)

 Landing: A horizontal platform between two successive flight of a stair is called landing,
width equal to width of flight.

 Pitch or Slope: The vertical angle made by nosing line of the stair with the horizontal is
known as pitch or slope of the stair. (25 to 45 degree).

 Head Room: The vertical height between the tread of one flight and the ceiling of the
overhead construction. (Minimum 2.14 m)

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Type of Staircase
1. Straight stairs
 Runs straight between two floors.
 This stair may consists of either one single flight or more than one flight with a landing.

Type of Staircase
2. Dog-legged stairs
 This stair types consist of two straight flights of steps with direct turns between them.
 Dog-legged stair is very useful where the total width of the stair is just twice the width of
the steps.

3. Open Newel Stair

 This type of stairs consists of two or more flights arranging a well or opening between the
backward and forward flights

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Type of Staircase
4. Bifurcated Stair
 flight at the start which is sub-divided into narrow flights at the mid-landing.

5. Spiral Stair
 Individual steps or treads, connecting to a center column.
 The overall diameter of the stair may range from 1 to 2.5 m.

Practice Question
1. If the height of floor is 2.7 m and height of the riser is 150 mm. Calculate the number of
tread in the staircase.
a) 17 b) 18 c) 19 d) 20
2. The vertical portion between each tread on the stair is called:
a) Going b) Nosing c) Winder d) Riser
3. The structure having a series of steps and acts as a connector between two floors is
known as
a) Footing b) Stair c) Columns d) Beam
4. The horizontal platform that connects two flights of a stair is known as
a) Roof b) Landing c) Connector d) Base
5. The under surface of a stair is called
a) Scotia b) Waist c) Spandrel d) Soffit
6. The minimum number of steps in a flight should be at least
a) 2 b) 3 b) 4 c) 10

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Practice Question

1. Calculate the number of tread in the doglegged staircase in a building with vertical
distance between the floor is 3.6m. The height of riser is 15 cm
a) 22 b) 23 c) 24 d) 25

For any inquiries:

Janak Raj Pant

Email: janakpant2007@gmail.com
Whatsapp/Viber: 9846388794

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