ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere

gratitude to all those who helped me
complete this project successfully.

First, I would like to thank my class

teacher Mrs.Soniya Sayam (PGT.Physics)
for their constant support, valuable
guidance and encouragement
throughout the process.

I would also like to extend my thanks to

our school principal Mr.Ashish Mishra for
providing all the necessary facilities
required for this project.

Finally, I would like to thank my family

who motivated me and boosted my
morale when I was stressed.
Content:

 Collision
(5)

 Coefficient of restitution
(8)

 Types of collision:
(9)

1).Elastic Collision
2).Inelastic Collision
3).Perfectly inelastic
Collision
 Examples of collision In
real life (16)
 Collision
It is a short-duration interaction between two bodies or
more than two bodies simultaneously causing a change
in motion of the bodies involved due to internal forces
acting between them during this. In other words,
collision is a reciprocating interaction between two
masses for a very short interval wherein the
momentum and energy of the colliding masses
change. Collisions involve forces (there is a change in
velocity). The magnitude of the velocity difference just
before impact is called the closing speed. All collisions
conserve momentum. What distinguishes different
types of collisions is whether they also conserve kinetic
energy. The line of impact is the line that is collinear
to the common normal of the surfaces that are closest
or in contact during impact. This is the line along which
the internal force of collision acts during impact, and
Newton's coefficient of restitution is defined only along
this line.
For example:
1. The effect of a striker on coins when they collide.
2. Two balls when hit together.
3. A golf club and a ball
4. A hammer and a nail head
Collision involves two masses
m1 and m2 . The v1i is the speed
of particle m1 , where the
subscript ‘i’ implies initial. The particle
with mass m2 is at rest. In this case,
the object with mass m1 collides with
the stationary object of mass m2.
 As a result of this collision the masses m1 and
m2 move in different directions.

Coefficient of restitution ( e )
The elasticity of collision may be measured in terms of
a dimensionless parameter called the coefficient of
restitution (e).
 The coefficient of restitution with the measure of
the degree of restitution of a collision is defined as
the ratio of the magnitude of the relative velocity
of separation after collision to the magnitude of
relative velocity of approach to before collision.

Where:

 For an elastic collision e = 1

  For an inelastic collision 0 < e < 1
 For completely inelastic collision: e = 0

TYPES OF COLLISION
Generally, the law of conservation of momentum holds
true in the collision of two masses but there may be
some collisions in which Kinetic Energy is not
conserved.
Collisions are of three types:
1.) ELASTIC COLLISION:
In the elastic collision total momentum, the total
energy, and the total kinetic energy are conserved. The
kinetic energy before the collision is equal to the kinetic
energy after the collision. However, the total
mechanical energy is not converted into any other
energy form as the forces involved in the short
interaction are conserved in nature. Consider from the
above graph two masses, m1 and m2 moving with
speed u1 and u2. The speed after the collision of these
masses is v1 and v2 . The law of conservation of
momentum will give:

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

The conservation of Kinetic Energy says:
1 /2 m1u21 + 1/2 m2u22 = 1/2 m1v21 +1/2 m2v22

Example: The collision between subatomic particles.

Elastic Collision in One Dimension

Fig: Dimensional elastic collision between two balls.

Applying momentum conservation,

Pi = Pf

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 …(1)

m1u1-m1v1=m2v2-m2u2

m1(u1- v1) = m2(v2 – u2) …(2)

As it is elastic collision, kinetic energy is constant

2 2 2 2
1/2 m1u 1 + 1/2 m2u 2 = 1/2 m1v 1 +1/2 m2v 2
2 2 2 2
1/2 m1u 1 - 1/2 m1v1 2 = 1/2 m2v2 +1/2 m2u 2
 2 2 2 2
m1( u1 - v1 ) =m2( v2 - u2 )

m1(u1-v1)(u1+v1)=m2(v2-u2)(v2+u2) …(3)

(3) / (2) gives,

u1-u2=v1-v2 …(4)

Relative velocity approach = Relative velocity

separate

From (4) v2=u1-u2+v1- put in equation(1)

We get,

Special cases :
(i) When the particles have equal mass

m1 = m2 = m

we get, v1 = u2 and v2 = u1

(ii) Unequal masses m1 ≠ m2. Target at Rest: u2 =

v1 = v2 =

(a)When m >> m , we may ignore the mass of m2 in

1 2
comparison with m1. This lead to

v = u1and v = 2u , which means that m1maintains its

1 2 1
initial velocity u1 but it imparts double this value to m2.

(b)When m1 << m we may ignore m1in comparison

2
with m2. We then find that v1 = -u1 and v2= 0. Thus,

m1 reverses its velocity, leaving m2 essentially

unmoved .
2). Inelastic Collision:

In an inelastic collision, the objects stick to each other or

move in the same direction. The total kinetic energy in

this form of collision is not conserved but the total

momentum and energy are conserved. During this kind

of collision, the energy is transformed into other energy

forms like heat and light. Since during the phenomenon,

the two masses follow the law of conservation of

momentum and move in the same direction with the

same speed v we have:

m u + m u = (m + m )v
1 1 2 2 1 2
v= (m u + m u )/(m + m )
1 1 2 2 1 2
(i) The kinetic energy of the masses before the collision

is:

K.E = 1/2 m u2 + 1/2 m u2

1 1 1 2 2
(ii) While kinetic energy after the collision is:

K.E = 1/2 (m + m ) v2
2 1 2
(iii) But according to the law of conservation of energy:
 1/2 m u2 + 1/2 m u2 = 1/2 (m + m )
1 1 2 2 1 2
v2 + Q

(iv) ‘Q’ here is the change in energy that results in the

production of heat or sound.

EXAMPLES:

1). The ball is dropped from a certain height and it is unable

to rise to its original height.

2).When a soft mudball is thrown against the wall, it will stick

to the wall.

3).The accident of two vehicles.

4).A car hitting a tree.

3). Perfectly Inelastic Collision:

The special case of inelastic collision is known as a perfectly

inelastic collision. Here, two objects stick together after

collision and move as a single object. The reduction of total

kinetic energy is equal to the total kinetic energy before the

collision in a centre of momentum frame with respect to the

system of two particles, because in such a frame the kinetic

energy after the collision is zero. In this frame most of the

kinetic energy before the collision is that of the particle with

the smaller mass. In another frame, in addition to

the reduction of kinetic energy, there may be a transfer of

kinetic energy from one particle to the other; the fact that

this depends on the frame shows how relative this is.

Example: When a wet mudball is thrown against a wall, the

mudball sticks to the wall.

Examples of collisions analysed

numerically:-

Animal locomotion

Collisions of an animal's foot or paw with the underlying

substrate are generally termed ground reaction forces.

These collisions are inelastic, as kinetic energy is not

conserved. An important research topic in prosthetics is

quantifying the forces generated during the foot-ground

collisions associated with both disabled and non-disabled

gait. This quantification typically requires subjects to walk

across a force platform (sometimes called a "force plate") as

well as detailed kinematic and dynamic (sometimes termed

kinetic) analysis.

Collisions used as an experimental

tool:-

Collisions can be used as an experimental technique to

study material properties of objects and other physical

phenomena.

Space exploration:-

An object may deliberately be made to crash-land on

another celestial body, to do measurements and send

them to Earth before being destroyed, or to allow

instruments elsewhere to observe the effect. See e.g.:

• During Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and

Apollo 17, the S-IVB (the rocket's third stage) was

crashed into the Moon in order to perform seismic

measurement used for characterizing the lunar core.

• Deep Impact

• SMART-1 - European Space Agency satellite

• Moon impact probe - ISRO probe and LCROSS with its

spent Centaur Upper Stage - NASA Probe

Attack using a deliberate collision:-

Types of attack by means of a deliberate collision include:

• Striking with the body: unarmed striking, punching,

kicking

• Striking with a weapon, such as a sword, club, or

axe

• Ramming with an object or vehicle, e.g.:

• Ram-raiding, the practice of driving a car into a

building in order to break in

• A battering ram, the medieval weapon used for

breaking down large doors, also a modern version is

used by police forces during raids.

• An attacking collision with a distant object can

be achieved by throwing or launching a projectile.

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