BP102T.

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (Theory) 45 hours

Scope
This course deals with the fundamentals of analytical chemistry and principles
of electrochemical analysis of drugs.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course a student shall be able to understand -
 The principles of volumetric and electrochemical analysis.
 Carry out various volumetric and electrochemical titrations.
 Develop analytical skills.
COURSE CONTENT
UNIT-1
a) Pharmaceutical analysis - Definition and scope
i. Different techniques of analysis
ii. Methods of expressing concentration 05 hours
iii. Primary and Secondary standards.
b) Errors : Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors,
accuracy, precision and significant figures
UNIT-II
a) Acid base titration: Theories of acid base indicators, classification of acid
base titrations and theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very
weak acids and bases, neutralization curves. Preparation and
10 hours
standardization of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid,
Estimation of ammonium chloride
b) Non aqueous titration: Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titrations,
and estimation of sodium benzoate.
UNIT-III
a) Precipitation titrations: Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method, Modified
Volhard’s method, Fajans method, and estimation of Sodium Chloride I.P.
b) Complexometric titration: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking
12 hours
and demasking reagents, and estimation of Calcium gluconate I.P.
c) Gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis. Purity
of the precipitate: co-precipitation and post precipitation, and estimation of
Barium sulphate I. P.
UNIT-IV
Redox titrations
i. Concepts of oxidation and reduction
08 Hours
ii. Preparation and standardization of Potassium Permanganate I. P., Ceric
Ammonium Sulphate I. P./B. P. and Sodium Thiosulphate I. P./B. P.
iii. Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications) : Permaganometry,
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 Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry, Titrations
with Potassium Iodate I. P.
UNIT-V
a) Electrochemical methods of analysis
i. Conductometry - Introduction, Conductivity cell, Conductometric
titrations, applications.
ii. Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell, construction and working of
reference (Standard Hydrogen Electrode, Silver Chloride Electrode and
10 hours
Calomel Electrode) and Indicator Eectrodes (Metal electrodes and
Glass Electrode), methods to determine end point of potentiometric
titration and applications.
iii. Polarography - Principle and llkovik Equation.
b) Refractometry - Introduction, refractive index, specific and molar
refraction, measurement of RI, Abbe’s refractometer and applications.

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 BP108P. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (Practical)
4 Hours/week

I. Preparation and standardization of

(1) Aq. Sodium Hydroxide I. P.

(2) Aq. Sulphuric Acid I. P./ Aq. Hydrochloric Acid I. P.

3 turns
(3) Aq. Sodium Thiosulfate I. P.

(4) Aq. Potassium Permanganate I. P.

(5) Aq. Ceric Ammonium Sulphate I. P.

II. Assay of the following compounds along with Standardization of Titrant

(1) Ammonium chloride by acid-base titration

(2) Sodium benzoate I. P. by non-aqueous titration

(3) Sodium chloride I. P. by precipitation titration

8 turns
(4) Calcium gluconate I. P. by complexometry

(5) Hydrogen peroxide I. P./B. P. by Permanganometry

(6) Ferrous sulphate I. P. by cerimetry

(7) Copper sulphate I. P. by iodometry

III. Determination of Normality by electro-analytical methods

(1) Conductometric titrations of strong acid against strong base

(2) Conductometric titration of strong acid and weak acid against strong base 3 turns

(3) Potentiometric titration of strong acid against strong base (Using Sigmoidal
and First order derivative plot)

IV. Measurement of refractive index of some samples

1 turn
(Glycerol, Water, Rectified Spirit, Castor Oil I. P.)

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Recommended Books
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Controller of
Publications Edition, New Delhi.
2. British Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia Commission, London, 2015.
3. Beckett, A.H. and Stenlake J. B., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol I, Stahlome
Press, University of London.
4. Vogel, A. I., A Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Thames Polytechnic,
London, Longman Group, UK Ltd.
5. Connors K. A., A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Third Edition, John Wiley and
Sons.
6. Christian G. D., Analytical Chemistry, 6/Ed, John Wiley & Sons.
7. Mahadik K. R., Wadodkar S.G., More H. N, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Vol. I and II,
Nirali Prakashan.
8. Kar Ashutosh, Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis, Minerva Press, New Delhi.
9. Day R. A. & Underwood A. L. Quantitative Analysis. 5/Ed., Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd.
New Delhi.
10. Skoog, A. D. West, D. M. et al. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. 8/ Ed. Thomson
Brookslcole.
11. Willard Merit. Dean Settle, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7/Ed, CBS Publisher &
Distributor.
12. Sharma, B. K. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, Goel Publishing House.

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