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 RADIO TUBE

REFERENCE

BOOK

1937

Price $1.00
RCA RADIOTRON DIVISION
RCA Manufacturing Co., Inc.
CAMDEN NEW JERSEY
A Service of the Radio Corporation
of America

I 'orm No. 1400 Copyright 1936 by RCA Mfg. Co., Ino.

 Personal

Name
Residence

Business Address

In case of accident, please notify

T elephone
Accident Ins. Policy No..
Automobile Information:
License No
Motor No
Model No._
 Metal Tubes a Boon to Radio Industry
Typical of the leadership maintained by
j TCA in all branches of the radio art was the
ntroduction in the Spring of 1933 of the All-
Metal Radio Tube, the most radical advance
in tube design since RCA developed the a-o
tube.

i
Metal Tubes were an immediate success.
The public quickly realized that RCA Metal
Tubes were modern tubes. They demanded
Metal Tube radios. The radio trade recognized
Metal Tubes as a powerful stimulant to sales
'—and
:
they were not disappointed. Within a
1
'ew months Metal Tubes had definitely
damped themselves as the new order in tube
Mesign. Today, an overwhelming majority of
' ill American radio manufacturers use Metal
' Tubes—a tribute to the pioneering vision and
'perseverance of RCA in developing radio for
the best interests of the pubhe.
Glass has been used as the envelope of radio
cubes because of its ability to retain a vacuum
and because some of the manufacturing
blems of radio tubes were similar to those
amp bulbs. Radio tubes, however, did not
uire a transparent envelope as did lamp
bs but did require far greater precision in
spacing of elements.
'he Metal Tube awaited only the solv-
by the engineers of certain problems
jived in quickly making vacuum-tight
ds where the shell and base of tubes join,
in designing a vacuum-tight seal at the
point where the leads from the internal elec
trodes pass through the metal base to the pins.
The welding problem was solved by the use
of electronic tubes to provide accurate control
to a fraction of a second of a welding current
as high as 75,000 amperes. An alloy possessing
the same coefficient of expansion as glass is
used with a small amount of glass to create a
tight seal for the leads.
Metal, of course, can be worked with far
greater precision than glass, permitting small-
er tubes and better shielding. While most of
the metal types are less than half the size of
their glass counterparts, the reduction in size
is a result of compact design and a close-fitting
envelope rather than of miniature parts or de-
creased electrode clearances. Lead wires are
much shorter, making a better tube both
electrically and mechanically. The metal shell
provides almost perfect shielding and is posi-
tively grounded to a base pin. Finally, the new
Octal base, with its keyed center pin, makes it
far easier to insert a Metal Tube m its socket
It is worthy of note that the manner in
which the interests of both the radio trade and
the public were protected in the introduction
of the new tubes was also tynical of RCA's
acceptance of its responsibility as leader of the
industry. The world's greatest tube labora-
tories and factories at the RCA Radiotror.
plant worked for months before the new tubes
were announced so that a thoroughly reliable
product might be offered right from the start.
The tube characteristics were carefully stand-
ardized so that the number of types of Pp
Metal Tubes would be kept at the lo'
figure consistent with progress in radio des
Thus the interests of manufacturers, dea
and the public were safeguarded. Today, ■
almost two full years of production and
behind them, Metal Tubes stand as ano
major contribution of RCA to the progre
radio and to the prosperity of radio dei
and service engineers.
 U. S. POPULATION -RADIO SETS
aS <n 22P "P -SeeCO
5S 0"3 oo
City and
State gOg
goT 29 3 lo-SP
«.
P fa.S
ALABAMA 2,646.248 592.530 258,000 44
Birmingham 259,678 64,443 71,518 100
Mobile 68,202 16,909 14,642 73
Montgomery 66,079 17,195 13,524 79
ARIZONA 435.573 106,630 62,500 59 64
Douglas 9,828 2,397 1,627 100
13,869
Phoenix 48,118 12,666 8,647 100
Tucson 32,506 8,266
ARKANSAS 1.854.482 439,408 187,300 43
Fort 31,429 8,200 11,636 100
LittleSmith
Rock 81,679 20,123
20,760 5,549
19,767 100
6.639
98
Pine Bluff
CALIFORNIA 5,677,251 1,618,533 1,398,900 86
Berkeley 82,109 24,440 24,309 99 97
Fresno 52,513 14,556 22,380 14,131 100
Glendale 62,736 47,15319,324 45,556 97
Long Beach 142,032
1,238,048 370,462 368,094 97
Los Angeles
Oakland 284,063 83,350 83,916 100
Pasadena 76.086 23,068 22,612 98
Sacramento 93,750 24,886 24,686 99
San Diego 147,995 45,454 170,000 44,311 97 94
San Francisco 634,394 180,34616,872 17,894 100
San Jose 57.651
COLORADO 1,035,791 268.531 206,600 77
Colo. Springs 33,237 10,048 10,353 100 92
Denver 287.861 79,879 73,800
Pueblo 50,096 12,360 11,824 96
CONNECTICUT 1,606,903 389,596 372,200 96
Bridgeport 146,716 35,902 35,480 100 99
Hartford 164,072 40,796 40,922 15,595 100
New Britain 68,124 15,568 38,664 98
New Haven 162,655 39,647 22,447 97
Waterbury 99,902 23,125
DELAWARE 238.380 59,295 47,100 79
Dover 4,800 1,20C 821 68 73
New Castle 4,131 1,032 750
Wilmington 106,597 25,694 25,835 100
D.Washington
COLUMBIA 486,869 126,014 125,800 99
FLORIDA 1,468,211 377,822 233,900 62
Jacksonville 129,549 32.65c 33,552 100100
Miami 110,637 30,902< 31,065
12,094 95
St. Petersburg 40,42c 12,74 23,188 92
Tampa 101,16 25,11 f
GEORGIA 2,908.50 654,00 334.50C 61
Atlanta 270,36 68,02 65,95'" 97
Augusta 60,34 16,42 11,Se- 74
M^acon 53,82 13,93 ll,29c 81
Savannah 85,02 22,49 16.93f 75
3
 U. ;>. PUPULAHUM —KAUIU bhlb
G3
City and fio
State |"S o So-^rm

IDAHO 445.032 108,515 75,800

Jioise
Idaho Falls 21,544 5,931 6,114
9,429 2,300 2,096
Pocatello 16,471 4,164 4,055
ILLINOIS
Chicago 7,630,654 1.934,445
845.868 1,674,300
Cicero 3,376,438
66,602 16,276 819,201
16,609
Decatur
E. St. Louis 57,510 15,421 16,846
74,347 19,122 15,911
Evanston
Oak Park 63,338 16,472
17,021 19.578
Peoria 63,982
104,969 26,627 20,828
Rockford 85,864 22,187 22,51825,357
Springfield 71,864 18,799 15,290
INDIANA 3,238,503
102,249 844,463 616,800
22,854
Evansville 25,769
114,946 29,199 30,125
Ft.
GaryWayne 100,426 23,232 20,414
Hammond 64,560 98,841
15,513 16,661
Indianapolis 364,161 93,071
South Bend 104,193 25,682 22.579
Terre Haute 62,810 17,612 12,726
Cedar Rapids 2,470,939
56,097 636,905 503,100
16,216
Davenport 60,751 15,350 15,399
Des 16.706
SiouxMoines
City 142,559 38,190
79,183 20,051
38,588
20,026
Waterloo 46,191 11,957 11,469
KANSAS 1,880,999 488,055 348.000
Kansas City 121,857 31,657 31,987
18,586
Topeka
Wichita 64,120 30,021
111,110 17,468 30,819
KENTUCKY 2,614,589 610,288 313,800
Covington 65,252 17,271 14.380
Lexington 45,736 12,060 13,102
Louisville 307,745 80,297 78,181
LOUISIANA 2,101,593 486,424 260,000
Baton Rouge 30,720 7,600 101,123
7,454
New Orleans 458,762 112.329
Shreveport 76,655 20,087 21,834
MAINE 797,423 198,372 163,600
Bangor 28,749 6,906 7,812
Lewis ton 34,948 7,998 5,154
Portland 70,810 17,582 17,566
MARYLAND 1.631.526 386.087 320.000
194,491 211,300
Baltimore
Cumberland 804,874
37,747 8,909 7.553
Hageretown 30,861 7,701 5,667
MAS'ACHUS'TS
Boston 4,249,614 1,024,527 946,900
Brockton 781,188 180,451
16,724 170,220
63,797 16,517
4
 U. 5. POPULATION —RADIO SETS
aS 1 ■a CO * >-0
City and |3 §o 0 « OCC-H rs
State og S adl- .z: cs
§•».2 rt ci a« § M
bp P a.9
MASS.—Cont.
Cambridge
Fall River 113,643 27,524 25.268 92
Haverhill 115,274 27,077 25,466 94
Holyoke 48,710
56,537 12,764 10,858 85
Lawrence 85,068 14,010 12,687 91
Lowell 100,234 20,097 12,879 64
Lynn 102.320 23,805
26,001 21.841 92
Maiden 58,036 14.187 25,048 96
Medford 59,714 14.413 15,550 100
100
New Bedford 112,597 27,982 17,473 94
Newton 65,276 15,350 26.336 100
Plttsfleld 49,677 12,093 18,588 95
Quincy 71,983 18,343 11,540
23,242 100
Somerville 103,908 25,552 23,509 92
Springfield
Worcester 149,900 38.188 38,029 99
195,311 46,020 43,045 94
MICHIGAN 4,842,325
Bay City
Dearborn 47,355 1,183,157
11,457 936.600
8,540
79
75
Detroit 50.358
1,568,662 11,476 10,821 94
Flint
Grand Rapids 156,492 371,344
37,757 345,672
36,139 93
96
Hamtramck 168,592 43,567 41,657 96
Highland 56,268 11.303 4,703 42
Jackson Park 52,959
55,187 13,038
14,335 13,173
12,725
100
89
Kalamazoo
Lansing 54,786 13,807 13,349 96
Pontiac 78,397 20,182 18,355 91
64,928 15,189 12,236 81
MINNESOTA
Duluth 2,563,953
101,463 608,398 535,600 88
Minneapolis 23,984
464.356 117,777 23,522 98
St. Paul 271,606 113,291 96
67,999 76,810 100
MISSISSIPPI 2.009.821 472,354 166.400 35
Jackson 48,282 11,130 11,787 100
Meridian
Vicksburg 31,954 8,128 8,666 100
22,943 6,861 5,573 81
MISSOURI 3,629,367 941,821 708,500 75
Kansas City 399,746 109,242 108,795 99
St. Joseph 80,935
821,960 21,065 21,164 100
St. Louis 57,527 215,680 240,200 100
Springfield 15,667 9,471
537,606 137,010 60
MONTANA 39,532 91,700 67
Butte 28,822 10,352 9,850 95
Great Falls 14,657 7,374 6,439 87
Missoula 3,924 5,548 100
NEBRASKA 1,377,963
18,041 343,781 266,800 78
Grand
LincolnIsland 4,555 4,258 93
Omaha 75,933 20,229
214,006 20,893 100
54,845 50,431 92
.
 U. S. POPULATION — RADIO SETS
LOKci ©
^ 0 c0)0 o
2■ "SO"
City and s 2 62-
State sg«2.2 .2

NEVADA 91,058 25,730 21,700

1,429
Las 5,165 1,476
RenoVegas 18,529
4,508
5.093
1,288
5,220
1,118
Sparks
N. HAMPSHIRE 465,293 119,660 99,7006,289
Concord 25,228 6,181
76,834 18,832 18,332
Manchester 31.463 7,612 6,383
Nashua
NEW JERSEY 4,041,334 987,616 897,500
16,876
Atlantic City 66,198 16,986 15.065
18,564 26.967
Bayonne 88,979 27,874
Camden 118,700
68,020 19,077 21,609
E. Orange
Elizabeth 114,589 26,772 27,323
Hoboken 59,261 13,655 10,010
15,892
Irvington 56,733 15,106 74,054
Jersey 316.715 105,398
76,436 106,935
NewarkCity 442.337 11.221
14,847 34,404
62,959 35.556
Passaic
Paterson 138,513
Trenton 123,356 27,183 26,286
14,464
Union City 58,659 16,127
NEW MEXICO 423,317 98,820 48,300
7,143
Albuquerque 26,570 6,821 3,012
Roswell 11,173 2,860 2,748
Sante Fe 11,176 2.625
NEW YORK 12,588,066 3.162.118 2.993,100
Albany 127,412 34.186 33,894
19.222
Binghamton 18,880 139.725
76,662 140,215
Buffalo 673,076 15,361 18,959
Mt. Vernon 61,499 15,754
54,000 12,542 1,730.595
Now Rochelle 6.930.446 1,728.695
New York
Niagara Falls 75,460 17,969
17,626 82,185
Rochester 328,132 82.205 24.091
Schenectady 95,692 24,281 53.372
Syracuse 209,326 53.203
19,034 24,633
17,060
Troy 72,763 24,935
Utica 101,740
134,646 32.582 32.929
Yonkers
N.Asheville
CAROLINA 3,170,276 • 645,245 341.800
10,884
50,193 11,762
19.319 20.289
Charlotte 82.675 11,508 10.728
Durham 52,037
53,569 11,528 11,778
Greensboro 75.274 17,210 16,461
Winston-Salem
N.Fargo
DAKOTA 680,845 145,382 100,500
28,619 6,679 6,428
3,567
Grand Forks 17,112 4,032 3,948
Minot 16,099 3,639
 U. S. POPULATION-RADIO SETS
c
|as0)0 -si is DOS tii
OJSM
City and o— OO
State p .2 o.^nco
g ^ 6 o-a^r
g-CQ ^. M 03

TENNESSEE 2,616,556 601,578 328,900 55

Chattanooga 119,798 29,252 27,005 92
105,802 24,381 92
Knoxville
Memphis 253,143 68,452 22,502
62,268 91
Nashville 153,866 39,501 39.558 100
TEXAS 6,824,716 1,383,280 862,100 62
87
Austin 53,120 12,815 11,089 77
Beaumont 57,732 14,512
67,376 11,186 100
Dallas
El Paso 260,475
102,421 24,564 72,421 100
Ft. Worth 163,447 25,968
43,167 45,825 100
Calves ton 52,938 13,635 15,200 100
Houston 292,352 75,681 100
Port Arthur 50,902 12,522 80,123
10,528 84
San Antonio 231,542 55,898 94
Waco 52,848 13,329 52,520
12,622 95
UTAH 507,847 116,254 85,000 73
Ogden 40,272 9,971 9,032 91
91
Provo 14,766 3,204 2,923
Salt Lake City 140,267 34,548 33,931 98
VERMONT 359,611 89.439 72,400 81
Burlington 24,789 6,028 6,521 100
Montpeller 7,837 1,959 1,850 94
Rutland 17,315 4,374 4,415 100
VIRGINIA 2,421,851 530,092 336,900 64
Lynchburg 40,661 10,416
9,357 34,331 100
Norfolk 129,710
182,929 31,991 100
Richmond 44,929 42,229 94
Roanoke 69,206 15,944 17,246 100
WASHINGTON 1,563,396 426,019 346,900 81
Seattle 365,583 101,794 101,419 99
99
Spokane 115,514 32,116 31,877
Tacoma 106,817 30,686 28,107 92
W.Charleston
VIRGINIA 1,729.205 374,646 240,000 64
60,408 14,128 14,236 100
Huntington
Wheeling 75,572 17,975 18,787 100
61,659 15,595 15,419 99
WISCONSIN 2,939,006 713,576 576,600 81
Kenosha
Madison 50,262 12,088 11,770 97
57,899 15,097 18,153 100
Milwaukee
Racine 578,249 143,879 145,760 100
67,542 16,845 15,104 90
WYOMING
Casper 225.565
16,619 57,218 44,600
4,965 78
4,663
4,590 5,174 100
100
Cheyenne
Sheridan 17,361
8,536 2,189 2,171 99
U. S. 122,775.047 29,980,146 22,869,000 76
♦Based
number upon number
of families perof1930
radio
U. homes as at
S. census, theJan.
latest1, authentic
1936 and
figures available. This accounts for the large number of cities
showing 100% (or better) in this column.
8
 U. S. POPULATION-RADIO SETS

, Census
'W

Census
ulation

o. of
S-ls

mllles
City and a OCO'-'

.930

:930
State Zr^CQ c3
^. MHSE?,
^ fcfl
P &S
OHIO 6,646,697 1.700,877
62,689 1,396,900 82
Akron 225,040
104,906 26,365 60,974 97
Canton 451,160 122,832 25,836 98
Cincinnati 900,429 222.131 123,540 100
218,969
Cleveland 50,945 75,806
13,271 15,926 99
Cleveland Hts.
Columbus 290,564 52,839 76,983 100
Dayton 200,982 52,459 100
99
Hamilton 52,176 13,219 11,346 86
Lakewood 70,509 19,656 23,774 100
Springfield 68,743 18,237 16.459
Toledo 290,718 74,205 74,603 90
Youngs town 170,002 39,101 39,658 100100
OKLAHOMA 2.396,040 665,348
8,391 335,000 59
Muskogee 32.026 47,394
185,389 7,443 89
Oklahoma City 45,918
Tulsa 141,258 37,156 36,889 97 99
OREGON 953.786 267,690 216,400
Eugene 18,901 5,358 4,299 81
Portland 301,815 87,375 83.800 80
Salem 26,266 6,788 6,774 96 99
PEN'SYLVANIA 9,631,350 2,239,179 1,938,400 87
Alientown 92,563
82.054 22.838 32,718 100
Altoona 20,005
13,570 17,028
15,443 100 85
Bethlehem 57,892
69,164 13,579 13,024 96
Chester 115 967 28,252 25,828 91
Erie
Harrisburg 80,339 21,652 22,393 100
Johnstown 66,993 15,076 13,060 87
Lancaster 59,949 15,433 15,609 100
McKeesport 54,632 459.629
12,484 10,990 88
Philadelphia 1,950,961
669,817 155,519 430,300
159,623 100 94
Pittsburgh
Reading 111,171 27,706 29,146 100
Scran ton 143,433 32,988 33,168 100
Wilkes-Barre 86,626 18,752 16,815 90
RHODE ISLA'D 687,497 165,811 150,000 90
Pawtucket 77,149 19,121 19,304
Providence 252.981 61,628
49.376 11,253 57,470 100 93
Woonsocket 9,971 89
S. CAROLINA 1,738,765 366,265 174,600
Charleston 16,746
62,265 11.239 11,936 48
Columbia 51,581 10,867 71 97
Greenville 20,154 7,223 11,168 100
S. DAKOTA 692,849 161,332 107,000 66
Aberdeen
Pierre 16,465 4,058 3,382 83
Sioux Falls 3,659 851 876 100
33,362 8,248 7.442 90
 Technical Definitions*
"A" Power Supply A power supply device providing
heating current for the cathode of a vacuum tube.
Alternating Current A current, the direction of which
reverses at regularly recurring intervals, the alge-
braic average value being zero.
Amplification Factor A measure of the effectiveness
of the grid voltage relative to that of the plate voltage
in affecting the plate current.
Amplifier A device for increasing the amplitude of
electric current, voltage or power, through the con-
trol by the input power of a larger amount of power
supplied by a local source to the output circuit.
Anode An electrode to which an electron stream flows.
Antenna A conductor or a system of conductors for
radiating or receiving radio waves.
Atmospherics Strays produced by atmospheric con-
ditions.
Attenuation The reduction in power of a wave or a
current with increasing distance from the source of
transmission.
Audio Frequency A frequency corresponding to a
normally audible sound wave. The upper limit
ordinarily lies between 10,000 and 20,000 cycles.
Audio-Frequency Transformer A transformer for
use with audio-frequency currents.
Autodyne Reception A system of heterodyne recep-
tion through trie use of a device which is both an
oscillator and a detector.
Automatic Volume Control A self-acting device
which maintains the output constant within rela-
tively narrow limits while the input voltage varies
44 over a wide range.
B" Power Supply A power supply device connected
in the plate circuit of a vacuum tube.
Baffle A partition which may be used with an acoustic
radiator to impede circulation between front and
back.
Band-Pass Filter A filter designed to pass currents of
frequencies within a continuous band limited by an
upper and a lower critical or cut-off frequency and
substantially reduce the amplitude of currents of all
frequencies outside of that band.
Beat A complete cycle of pulsations in the phenomenon
of beating.
Beat Frequency The number of beats per second.
This frequency is equal to the difference between the
frequencies of the combining waves.
Beating A phenomenon in which two or more periodic
quantities of different frequencies react to produce a
resultant having pulsations of amplitude.
Broadcasting Radio transmission intended for general
reception.
By-Pass Condenser A condenser used to provide an
alternating-current path of comparatively low im-
pedance around some circuit element.
Q
•HJ" rower supply a power supply device con-
nected in the circuit between the cathode and grid of
a vacuum tube so as to apply a grid bias.
Capacitive Coupling The association of one circuit
with another by means of capacity common or
mutual to both.
Carbon Microphone A microphone which depends for
its operation upon the variation in resistance of car-
bon contacts.
Carrier A term broadly used to designate carrier wave,
carrier current, or carrier voltage.
Carrier Frequency The frequency of a carrier wave.
Carrier Suppression That method of operation in
which the carrier wave is not transmitted.
Carrier Wave A wave which is modulated by a signal
and which enables the signal to be transmitted
through a specific physical system.
Cathode The electrode from which the electron
stream flows. (See Filament.)
Choke Coil An inductor inserted in a circuit to offer
relatively large impedance to alternating current.
Class A Amplifier A class A amplifier is an amplifier
in which the grid bias and alternating grid voltages
are such that plate current in a specific tube flows at
all times.
Class AB Amplifier A class AB amplifier is an ampli-
fier in which the grid bias and alternating grid voltages
are such that plate current in a specific tube flows
for appreciably more than half but less than the
entire electrical cycle.
Class B Amplifier A class B amplifier is an amplifier
in which the grid bias is approximately equal to the
cut-off value so that the plate current is approxi-
mately zero when no exciting grid voltage is applied,
and so that plate current in a specific tube flows for
approximately one-half of each cycle when an alter-
nating grid voltage is applied.
Class G Amplifier A class C amplifier is an amplifier
in which the grid bias is appreciably greater than the
cut-off value so that the plate current in eacn tube is
zero when no alternating grid voltage is applied, and
so that plate current flows in a specific tube for
appreciably less than one-half of each cycle when an
alternating grid voltage is applied.
Note:—To denote that grid current does not flow
during any part of the input cycle, the suffix 1 may
be added to the letter or letters of the class identifi-
cation. The suffix 2 may be used to denote that grid
current flows during some part of the cycle.
Condenser Loud Speaker A loud speaker in which
the mechanical forces result from electrostatic re-
actions.
Condenser Microphone A microphone which de-
pends for its operation upon variations in capaci-
tance.
Continuous Waves Continuous waves are waves
in which successive cycles are identical under steady
state conditions.
10
conversion i ransconauctance is tne ratio ot tnc
magnitude of a single beat-frequency component
(fi + f2) or (fi — f2) of the output current to the
magnitude of the input voltage of frequency fi under
the conditions that all direct voltages and the magni-
tude of the second input alternating voltage f2 must
remain constant. As most precisely used, it refers to
an infinitesimal magnitude of the voltage of fre-
quency fi.
Converter (generally, in superheterodyne receiv-
ers.) A converter is a vacuum-tube which performs
simultaneously the functions of oscillation and
mixing (first detection) in a radio receiver.
Coupling The association of two circuits in such a way
that energy may be transferred from one to the other.
Cross Modulation A type of intermodulation due to
modulation of the carrier of the desired signal in a
radio apparatus by an undesired signal.
Current Amplification The ratio of the alternating
current produced in the output circuit of an amplifier
to the alternating current supplied to the input circuit
for specific circuit conditions.
Cycle One complete set of the recurrent values of a
periodic phenomenon.
Damped Waves Waves of which the amplitude of suc-
cessive cycles, at the source, progressively diminishes.
Decibel The common transmission unit of the decimal
system, equal to Vio bel.
1 bel=2 logio ili2 =2 logio 12
(See Transmission Unit)
Detection is any process of operation on a modulated
signal wave to obtain the signal imparted to it in the
modulation process.
Detector A detector is a device which is used for
operation on a signal wave to obtain the signal im-
parted to it in the modulation process.
Diaphragm A diaphragm is a vibrating surface which
produces sound vibrations.
Diode A type of thermionic tube containing two elec-
trodes which passes current wholly or predominantly
in one direction.
Direct Capacitance (C) between two conductors—
The ratio of the charge produced on one conductor by
the voltage between it and the other conductor,
divided by this voltage, all other conductors in the
neighborhood being at the potential of the first con-
ductor.
Direct Coupling The association of two circuits by
having an inductor, a condenser, or a resistor common
to both circuits.
Direct Current A unidirectional current. As ordina-
rily used, the term designates a practically non-pul-
sating current.
Distortion A change in wave form occurring in a
transducer or transmission medium when the output
wave form is not a faithful reproduction of the input
wave form.
11
Double Modulation The process of modulation in
which a carrier wave of one frequency is first modu-
lated by the signal wave and is then made to modu-
late a second carrier wave of another frequency.
Dynamic Amplifier The RCA Dynamic Amplifier is
a variable gain audio amplifier, the gain of which is
proportional to the average intensity of the audio
signal. Such an amplifier compensates for the con-
traction of volume range required because of re-
cording or transmission line limitations.
Dynamic Sensitivity of a Phototube The alternat-
ing-current response of a phototube to a pulsating light
flux at specified values of mean light flux, frequency
of pulsation, degree of pulsation, and steady tube
voltage.
Electro-Acoustic Transducer A transducer which is
actuated by power from an electrical system and sup-
plies power to an acoustic system or vice versa.
Electron Emission The liberation of electrons from
an electrode into the surrounding space. In a vacuum
tube it is the rate at which the electrons are emitted
from a cathode. This is ordinarily measured as the
current carried by the electrons under the influence
of a voltage sufficient to draw away all the electrons.
Electron Tube A vacuum tube evacuated to such a
degree that its electrical characteristics are due
essentially to electron emission.
Emission Characteristic A graph plotted between a
factor controlling the emission (such as the tempera-
ture, voltage, or current of the cathode) as abscissas,
and the emission from the cathode as ordinates.
Facsimile Transmission The electrical transmission
of a copy or reproduction of a picture, drawing or
document. (This is also called picture transmission.)
Fading The variation of the signal intensity received
at a given location from a radio transmitting station
as a result of changes occurring in the transmission
path. (See Distortion.)
Fidelity The degree to which a system, or a portion of
a system, accurately reproduces at its output the
signal which is impressed upon it.
Filament A cathode in which the heat is supplied by
current passing through the cathode.
Filter A selective circuit network, designed to pass
currents within a continuous band or bands of fre-
quencies or direct current, and substantially reduce
the amplitude of currents of undesired frequencies.
Frequency The number of cycles per second.
Full-Wave Rectifier A double element rectifier ar-
ranged so that current is allowed to pass in the same
direction to the load circuit during each half cycle of
the alternating-current supply, one element func-
tioning during one-half cycle and the other during
the next half cycle, and so on.
Fundamental Frequency The lowest component
frequency of a periodic wave or quantity.
Fundamental or Natural Frequency (of an anten-
na). The lowest resonant frequency of an antenna,
without added inductance or capacity.
12
 Gas Phototube A type of phototube in which a quantity
of gas has been introduced, usually for the purpose of
increasing its sensitivity.
Grid An electrode having openings through which
electrons or ions may pass.
Grid Bias The direct component of the grid voltage.
Grid Condenser A series condenser in the grid or
control circuit of a vacuum tube.
Grid Leak A resistor in a grid circuit, through which
the grid current flows, to affect or determine a grid
bias.
Grid-Plate Transconductance The name for the
plate current to grid voltage transconductance.
(This has also been called mutual conductance.)
Ground System (of an antenna) That portion of the
antenna system below the antenna loading devices or
generating apparatus most closely associated with the
ground and including the ground itself.
Ground Wire A conductive connection to the earth.
Half-Wave Rectifier A rectifier which changes alter-
nating current into pulsating current, utilizing only
one-half of each cycle.
Harmonic A component of a periodic quantity having
a frequency which is an integral multiple of the funda-
mental frequency. For example, a component the
frequency of which is twice the fundamental fre-
quency is called the second harmonic.
Heater An electrical heating element for supplying
heat to an indirectly heated cathode.
Heterodyne Reception The process of receiving radio
waves by combining in a detector a received voltage
with a locally generated alternating voltage. The
frequency of the locally generated voltage is com-
monly different from that of the received voltage.
(Heterodyne reception is sometimes called beat re-
ception.)
Homodyne Reception A system of reception by the
aid of a locally generated voltage of carrier frequency.
(Homodyne reception is sometimes called zero-beat
reception.)
Hot-Wire Ammeter, Expansion Type An ammeter
dependent for its indications on a change in dimen-
sions of an element which is heated by the current to
be measured.
Indirectly Heated Cathode A cathode of a thermionic
tube, in which heat is supplied from a source other
than the cathode itself.
Induction Loud Speaker is a moving coil loud
speaker in which the current which reacts with the
polarizing field is induced in the moving member.
Inductive Coupling The association of one circuit
with another by means of inductance common or
mutual to both.
Interelectrode Capacitance The direct capacitance
between two electrodes.
Interference Disturbance of reception due to strays,
undesired signals, or other causes; also, that which
produces the disturbance.
Intermediate Frequency, in Superheterodyne
Reception A frequency between that of the carrier
and the signal, which results from the combination
of the carrier frequency and the locally generated
frequency.
Intermodulation The production, in a non-linear cir-
cuit element, of frequencies corresponding to the
sums and differences of the fundamentals and har-
monics of two or more frequencies which are trans-
mitted to that element.
Interrupted Continuous Waves Interrupted con-
tinuous waves are waves obtained by interruption at
audio frequency in a substantially periodic manner of
otherwise continuous waves.
Kilocycle When used as a unit of frequency, is a thou-
sand cycles per second.
Lead-in That portion of an antenna system which
completes the electrical connection between the
elevated outdoor portion and the instruments or
disconnecting switches inside the building.
Linear Detection That form of detection in which the
audio output voltage under consideration is substan-
tially proportional to the modulation envelope
throughout the useful range of the detecting device.
Loading Coil An inductor inserted in a circuit to in-
crease its inductance but not to provide coupling
with any other circuit.
Loud Speaker A telephone receiver designed to radiate
acoustic power into a room or open air.
Magnetic Loud Speaker One in which the mechani-
cal forces result from magnetic reactions.
Magnetic Microphone A microphone whose electrical
output results from the motion of a coil or conductor
in a magnetic field.
Master Oscillator An oscillator of comparatively low
power so arranged as to establish the carrier fre-
quency of the output of an amplifier.
Megacycle When used as a unit of frequency, is a mil-
lion cycles per second.
Mercury-Vapor Rectifier. A mercury-vapor recti-
fier is a two electrode, vacuum-tube rectifier which
contains a small amount of mercury. During opera-
tion, the mercury is vaporized. A characteristic of
mercury-vapor rectifiers is the low-voltage drop in
the tube.
Microphone A microphone is an electron-acoustic
transducer actuated by power in an acoustic system
and delivering power to an electric system, the
wave form in the electric system corresponding to
the wave form in the acoustic system. This is also
called a telephone transmitter.
Mixer Tube (generally, in superheterodyne receiv-
ers.) A mixer tube is one in which a locally gener-
ated frequency is combined with the carrier-signal
frequency to obtain a desired beat frequency.
Modulated Wave A modulated wave is a wave of
which either the amplitude, frequency, or phase is
varied in accordance with a signal.
 Power Detection That form of detection in which the
power output of the detecting device is used to sup-
ply a substantial amount of power directly to a de-
vice such as a loud speaker or recorder.
Pulsating Current A periodic current, that is, current
passing through successive cycles, the algebraic
average value of which is not zero. A pulsating cur-
rent is equivalent to the sum of an alternating and a
direct current.
Push-Pull Microphone One which makes use of two
functioning elements 180 degrees out of phase.
Radio Channel A band of frequencies or wavelengths
of a width sufficient to permit of its use for radio
communication. The width of a channel depends upon
the type of transmission. (See Band of Frequencies.)
Radio Compass A direction finder used for naviga-
tional purposes.
Radio Frequency A frequency higher than those
corresponding to normally audible sound waves. (See
Audio Frequency.)
Radio-Frequency Transformer A transformer for
use with radio-frequency currents.
Radio Receiver A device for converting radio waves
into perceptible signals.
Radio Transmission The transmission of signals by
means of radiated electromagnetic waves originating
in a constructed circuit.
Radio Transmitter A device for producing radio-
frequency power, with means for producing a signal.
Rectifier A device haying an asymmetrical conduction
characteristic which is used for the conversion of an
alternating current into a pulsating current. Such
devices include vacuum-tube rectifiers, gas rectifiers,
oxide rectifiers, electrolytic rectifiers, etc.
Reflex Circuit Arrangement A circuit arrangement
m which the signal is amplified, both before and after
detection, in the same amplifier tube or tubes.
Regeneration The process by which a part of the out-
put power of an amplifying device reacts upon the
input circuit in such a manner as to reinforce the
initial power, thereby increasing the amplification.
(Sometimes called "feedback" or "reaction.")
Resistance Coupling The association of one circuit
with another by means of resistance common to both.
Resonance Frequency (of a reactive circuit)—The
frequency at which the supply current and supply
voltage of the circuit are in phase.
Rheostat A resistor which is provided with means for
readily adjusting its resistance.
Screen Grid A screen grid is a grid placed between a
control grid and an anode, and maintained at a fixed
positive potential, for the purpose of reducing the
electrostatic influence of the anode in the space
between the screen grid and the cathode.
Secondary Emission Electron emission under the in-
fluence of electron or ion bombardment.
10
 Modulation is the process in which the amplitude,
frequency, or phase of a wave is varied in accordance
with a signal, or the result of that process.
Modulator A device which performs the process of
modulation.
Monochromatic Sensitivity The response of a photo-
tube to light of a given color, or narrow frequency
range.
Moving-Armature Speaker A magnetic speaker
whose operation involves the vibration of a portion of
the ferromagnetic circuit. (This is sometimes called
an electromagnetic or a magnetic speaker.)
Moving Coil Loud Speaker A moving coil loud
speaker is a magnetic loud speaker in which the
mechanical forces are developed by the interaction
of currents in a conductor and the polarizing field in
which it is located. This is sometimes called an Elec-
tro-Dynamic or a Dynamic Loud Speaker.
Mu-Factor A measure of the relative effect of the volt-
ages on two electrodes upon the current in the circuit
of any specified electrode. It is the ratio of the change
in one electrode voltage to a change in the other
electrode voltage, under the condition that a specified
current remains unchanged.
Mutual Conductance (See Grid-Plate Transcon-
ductance.)
Oscillator Anon-rotating device for producing alter-
nating current, the output frequency of which is de-
termined by the characteristics of the device.
Oscillatory Circuit A circuit containing inductance
and capacitance, such that a voltage impulse will pro-
duce a current which periodically reverses.
Ppnrode A type of thermionic tube containing a plate,
athode, and three additional electrodes. (Ordi-
ly the three additional electrodes are of the
-e of grids.)
rage Modulation The ratio of half the differ-
v between the maximum and minimum ampli-
t. bf a modulated wave to the average amplitude,
e:^ .essed in per cent.
Phonograph Pickup An electromechanical transducer
actuated by a phonograph record and delivering
power to an electrical system, the wave form in the
electrical system corresponding to the wave form in
the phonograph record.
Phototube A vacuum tube in which electron emission
is produced by the illumination of an electrode. (This
/ has also been called photo-electric tube.)
Plate A common name for the principal anode in a
vacuum tube.
Power Amplification (of an amplifier)—The ratio of
the alternating-current power produced in the output
circuit to the alternating-current power supplied to
the input circuit.
15
Selectivity The degree to which a radio receiver ia
capable of differentiating between signals of different
carrier frequencies.
Sensitivity The degree to which a radio receiver re-
sponds to signals of the frequency to which it is
Sensitivity of a Phototube The electrical current rc-
cu^uh^o a^specified amount^^ Idn^of^sht^ It ia

the sensitivity depends upon the tube voUage, flux

intensity, and spectral distribution of the flu .
Service Band A band of frequencies allocated to a
"yen class of radio comniumcation service
Side Bands The bands of frequencies, one on eiflier
side of the carrier frequency, produced by the process
Signal0The Vnte'lligonce, message or effect conveyed m
Sinale-Side-Band Transmission That method of
operation in which one side band is tiansmitted and
the other side band is suppressed. The carrier wave
may be either transmitted or suppressed.
Static Strays produced by atmospheric conditions.
Static Sensitivity of a Phototube dhe direct current
response o a pho totube to a light flux of specified va ue.
Stooping Condenser A condensered used to intro-
duce a comparatively high ™P ^c1fm?tn:I1®0tIg®
branch of a circuit for the purpose of limiting the
flnw of low-frequency alternating current or direct
current without materially aflecting the flow of
high frequency alternating current. _
Stravs Electromagnetic
tion other disturbances
than those produced radio recep-
in transmitting
by radio
Suoerheterodyne Reception—Superheterodyne re-

hequlcr^h "is0 a nplifiod

SvvinX06n'rh®e™P™®nt'ary variation in frequency of a

TeYephone" Receiver An electro-acoustic transducer
actuated by power from an electrical system and
supplying power to an acoustic system',.the.^?y®
form" in the acoustic system corresponding to the
wave form in the electrical system. _
Television The electrical transmission 01 a succession
of images and their reception in s"ch .a^'aytahs
a substantially continuous reproduction of the object
or scene before the eye of a distant observer.
Tetrode A type of thermionic tube con5aim,^ ?• p'aJm
a cathode and two additional electrodes. (Ordinarily
the two additional electrodes are of the nature of
grids.)
17
Thermionic Relating to electron emission under the
influence of heat.
Thermionic Emission Electron or ion emission under
the influence of heat.
Thermionic Tube An electron tube in which the elec-
tron emission is produced by the heating of an
electrode.
Thermocouple Ammeter An ammeter dependent
for its indications on the change in thermo-electro-
motive force set up in a thermo-electric couple which
is heated by the current to be measured.
Total Emission The value of the current carried by
electrons emitted from a cathode under the influence
of a voltage such as will draw away all the electrons
emitted.
Transconductance The ratio of the change in the cur-
rent in the circuit of an electrode to the change in
the voltage on another electrode, under the condi-
tion that all other voltages remain unchanged.
Transducer A device actuated by power from one sys-
tem and supplying power to another system. These
systems may be electrical, mechanical, or acoustic.
Transmission Unit A unit expressing the logarithmic
ratios of powers, voltages, or currents in a trans-
mission system. (See Decibel.)
Triode A type of thermionic tube containing an anode,
a cathode, and a third electrode, in which the current
flowing between the anode and the cathode may be
controlled by the voltage between the third electrode
and the cathode.
Tuned Transformer A transformer whose associated
circuit elements are adjusted as a whole to be
resonant at the frequency of the alternating current
supplied to the primary, thereby causing the secon-
dary voltage to build up to higher values than would
otherwise be obtained.
Tuning The adjustment of a circuit or system to secure
optimum performance in relation to a frequency;
commonly, the adjustment of a circuit or circuits to
resonance.
Vacuum Phototube A type of phototube which is
evacuated to such a degree that the residual gas
plays a negligible part in its operation.
Vacuum Tube A device consisting of a number of
electrodes contained within an evacuated enclosure.
Vacuum-Tube Transmitter A radio transmitter in
which vacuum tubes are utilized to convert the ap-
plied electric power into radio-frequency power.
Vacuum-Tube Volt-Meter A device utilizing the
characteristics of a vacuum tube for measuring alter-
nating voltages.
Voltage Amplification The ratio of the alternating
voltage produced at the output terminals of an
amplifier to the alternating voltage impressed at the
input terminals.
Voltage Divider A resistor provided with fixed or mov-
able contacts and with two fixed terminal contacts;
18
 current is passed between the terminal contacts, and
a desired voltage is obtained across a portion of the
resistor. (The term potentiometer is often erroneously
used for this device.)
Wave a. A propagated disturbance, usually periodic,
as an electric wave or sound wave,
b. A single cycle of such a disturbance, or,
c. A periodic variation as represented by a
graph.
Wavelength The distance traveled in one period or
cycle by a periodic disturbance.
*Most of these definitions are based on I.R.E. Standards.

New RCA Check-Up

A
wealth of brand new sales helps—a new
lU-pomt offer and new window displays are but
a few of the many new features of the RCA
Cheok-Up for 1937. Not only does the new
Check-Up have greater customer appeal, but it
enables the service engineer to make attractive
combination offers which build up a greater
dollar volume for him.
The RCA Check-Up, which now enters its
tnira year of highly successful operation, is a
simple means by which a service engineer or
radio dealer may get in touch with customers
who ordinarily would not call for a radio service
engineer. It features a special 10-point job at a
fiat price. The job, which has obvious benefits
lor the customer, nevertheless costs little to per-
form and opens the way for the sale of tubes
parts or accessories. The service engineer is
assured the flat price which more than covers
any a.ctual expense. Experience has shown that
practically always additional merchandise is
sold, all of which makes the RCA Check-Up a
valuable, business-building program.
. RCA Radio Tube Distributors are now featur-
ing the 1937 RCA Check-Up on a number of
attractive plans. They will be glad to show you
the many unusual mailing pieces, the new win-
dow displays and many other important sales
helps, bee your distributor at once.
19
 RCA Three-Point Service System
The RCA Three-Point Service System oSers the
service engineer or radio dealer help in the three
fundamental phases of his business—the tech-
nical, the promotional and the accounting. Those
aids are based on actual experience and roach the
basic needs of everyone engaged in the radio or
service retail field.

wv

The RCA Service Tip File is a collection of

service tips, indexed both as to symptoms and
set manufacture. Two hundred cards are in-
cluded with the initial equipment and additional
packets of twenty tips each are available for
supplementing the file.
"101 Service Sales Ideas" is a unique booklet
containing 101 actual selling ideas that have
been used successfully in the radio service and
retail business. While all the ideas will not apply
to all organizations, nevertheless there are many
that everyone can use.
"Radio Service Business Methods," by John
F. Rider and J. Van Newenhizen, is a 220-page
book that covers every phase of operating a
radio business. It shows how to properly arrive
at the cost of operation, how to compute over-
head, and many other items of selling and serv-
ice expense. Supplementing this book is a com-
plete series of forms, supplied at low prices and
imprinted with your name.
. RCA Radio Tube Distributors are now featur-
ing each unit of the RCA Three-Point Service
System on unusually liberal terms. See your
distributor at once.
 Receiver Circiii+ Analysis
All receivers are built around the vacuum tube used
as amplifier, detector, rectifier or oscillator. Whenever
an open or short occurs in the filament, plate, Srld or
screen-grid circuit of a vacuum tube, it will have a
definite effect upon the voltage and current readings
obtained at these different tube elements with an ana-
lyzer.
The analyzer is designed to indicate the variations
caused by such opens or shorts, and thus enables the
service man to determine in which tube circuit the
abnormal condition exists. Having done this the an-
alyzer has done all that it is possible for an instrument
to do It now remains for the service man to decide (by
analytic reasoning based on previous experience and
thought on trouble shooting problems) in which portion
of that particular tube's circuits the trouble is.
On the following pages will be found 4 fundamental,
schematic diagrams of the complete filament, grid and
screen-grid circuits for:
1. Filament type triodes and screen-grid tubes.
2. Heater-cathode type triodes and screen-grid tubes.
3. Filament type pentodes (voltage or power ampli-
fiers.) , ,
4. Heater-cathode type pentodes (voltage or power
amplifiers.)
The various circuits are numbered as:
Example:
1 = grid return from grid of tubes to negative C in grid
circuit.
2 = plate circuit from positive B on voltage divider to
plate of tube.
On a following page will be found a chart listing the
effects noted (as compared to the normal readings) when
the various circuits or parts are open or shorted, liy the
use of this chart, knowing what normal conditions are,
and how the abnormal conditions compare with them,
it is possible for a service man to narrow his tracing ot
the suspected tube circuit, down to the testing of one
or two of the parts of that circuit.
Diagrams No. 1 and No. 2 apply equally as well to
triodes of the filament and cathode-heater types by
omitting circuit No. 13 and condenser No. 7 which
apply to screen-grid types only.
It will be noted that circuit No. 14 in diagrams
No. 3 and No. 4 applies only to a pentode. It represents
the connection between the suppressor grid (located
between the space charge or screen-grid and plate) and
the cathode, or to a point in the circuit whose potential
is more negative than the cathode. Since the suppressor
grid serves the same purpose (i. e., to practically eh"?1"
nate the effects of secondary emission) whether the
tube be a radio-frequency pentode, such as the 5/, or
whether it be a power-output pentode, such as the 47,
21
 Receiver Circuit Analysis
diagrams No. 3 and No. 4 apply equally as well to both
types of tubes. The effects upon normal voltage read-
ings when this circuit opens are listed under circuit
No. 14 on the following chart. In certain tube types,
such as the 47, circuit No. 14 is made within the tube,
as indicated by the dotted lines in Fig. 3. An open in
this internal connection will cause the same analyzer
readings as those noted under circuit No. 14 in the
accompanying chart.
Diagram No. 4 applies to triple-grid amplifiers, such
as the 89, when used as a pentode power amplifier.
When this tube is used as a class A or B amplifier, it
would then be classified as a triode, and in this case
diagram No. 2 would apply. For information on the
operation and connections of the grids of a triple-grid
amplifier when used in class A or B amplifier circuits,
refer to the set manufacturer's service notes.
Example:
If it is found that the readings at one tube socket
show Eci = above normal, B = o, E6=»o, Ea/s= above
normal; referring to the chart we see that when this
condition exists it indicates a short in No. 6—(the plate
by-pass condenser)—when its return is connected to
positive side of grid-bias resistor No. 4, or it indicates
an open in the cathode circuit through conductor No. 3
or grid-bias resistor No. 4.
The meaning of the symbols used in the reference
chart are as follows:—
Eci=Grid voltage or control S= Shorted.
grid on S. G. tubes. L= Leaking.
Ea/= Cathode voltage on cath- Op= Open.
ode heater tube. 0= Zero voltage or current.
E6= Plate voltage. Lo= Below normal.
Eci= Screen grid voltage. Hi= Above normal
Ecs=Suppressor grid voltage. Nor= Normal.
16= Plate current. F= Fluctuating.
Note: In servicing modern receivers it is extremely
desirable that the service man use the set manufac-
turer's service notes. These will be found to be of great
assistance in locating troubles and applying the correct
remedy. Most radio set manufacturers will gladly
furnish responsible service men with service notes on
any model of their receivers upon a written request
to the manufacturer's service department.
 Receiver Circuit Analysis

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Fig. 2
23
Receiver Circuit Analysis

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Fig. 3

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24
 Receiver Circuit Analysis
Cir- Con-
cuit di- Eci Ec2 IC2 lb Eb Ekf Eca
No. tion
1 Op 0 Lo Hi Hi Lo Hi
* 2 Op 0 Nor Hi 0 0 0
t 3 Op Hi 0 0 0 0 Hi
4 Op Hi 0 0 0 0 Hi
5 S 0 Lo Hi Hi Lo 0
5 L F or Lo Nor Nor For Hi F or Lo F or Lo
5 Op Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor
t 6 s Hi 0 0 0 0 Hi
6 L For Hi F or Lo F or Lo F orLo F or Lo For Hi
6 Op Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor
t 7 s Hi 0 0 0 Lo Hi
7 L F or Hi F or Lo F or Lo F or Lo F or Lo For Hi
7 Op Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor
8 Op Hi Hi Hi Hi Hi Hi
9 Op 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 s 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Op Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor Hum
12 Op Nor Nor Nor Nor Nor 0 Hum
13 Op 0 0 0 0 Hi 0
14 Op Nor Nor Hi Lo Nor Nor Hi
Exceptions:
*Eci= 0 when Individual Bias Resistor.
Eci=Lo when Common Bias Resistor, or S, G. Tube.
fEci & Ekf = Hi when Individual Bias Resistor.
Eci & Ekf= Lo when Common Bias Resistor.
JEci and Ekf= 0 when condenser return is to neg. end No. 4 oi
Neg. Rectifier.
25
 How The Caihode-Ray Tube Works
Since the cathode-ray tube is comparatively new in
he field of electronic devices, information concerning
ts functioning may be of interest. The schematic
liagram shows the essential parts of a typical cathode-
'ay tube of the electrostatic-deflection type.

// // F0CUS9I
CUCCTRONSJ Aunnr f»tAr£S FOR
HOPJZOMTfvl-
IHTPNSJTY
CONTROL. ANOPC
fiRlO
RCA Cathode-Ray Tube
Electrons emitted by the catlmde are attracted by
the positive voltages on the focusing anode and on the
high-voltage anode. Some of these electrons pass
through the two anodes, which are hollow cylinders,
and flowing down the length of the tube, form a con-
centrated electron beam. The inner surface of the large
end of the bulb is coated with a layer (called the screen)
of a material which fluoresces wherever electrons strike
it. Hence the beam of electrons flowing down the tube
produces a spot of light on the screen at the end of the
tube. Focusing of the spot is accomplished by adjusting
the ratio of the anode voltages. The brightness of the
spot is controlled by the negative voltage applied to the
control grid, which regulates the amount of current in
the electron beam. The voltages on the focusing anode
and on the control grid are usually adjusted simul-
taneously so that the spot is sufficiently bright and of
small size.
The position of the spot on the fluorescent screen is
controlled by the voltages on the deflecting plates.
When a voltage is connected across one of the sets of
deflecting plates so that one plate is positive with
respect to the other, the electrons in the beam are at-
tracted toward the positive plate. Hence, the electrons
in the beam are deflected and the position of the spot
on the screen changes. One set of plates provides hori-
zontal deflection of the beam; the other provides
vertical deflection.
When the cathode-ray tube is used to observe an
alternating voltage, the voltage under observation is
applied to give vertical displacement of the light spot.
A "linear sweep" voltage is applied to give horizontal
displacement. With this arrangement, the spot traces
on the screen a curve which shows the waveform of the
voltage being observed.
The Cafhode-Ray Oscillograph
A cathode-ray oscillograph consists of a cathode-ray
tube and its associated apparatus, conveniently as-
26
 sembled with all necessary controls and switches. Thi
associated apparatus usually consists of a "saw-tooth
oscillator, which provides the linear sweep voltagt
vertical and horizontal amplifiers for increasing th
image size on low input voltages, and the necessar
power supply equipment. The RCA Oscillograph is a
example of the better types of oscillographs now on th
market.
Applications of the Oscillograph
For quickly disclosing the source of trouble in a radi
receiver, the cathode-ray oscillograph is ideal. How
ever, the service engineer must have an understandin
of the use of the oscillograph to be able to take fu
advantage of its capabilities.
First, the oscillograph should be recognized as an ir
strument that shows effect, rather than cause. Fc
example, numerous troubles can be identified an
isolated in a particular section of the circuit with th
oscillograph, but the actual testing of the parts mus
be done with other equipment.
Distortion and Hum. In a receiver having objec
tionable distortion, the cause of the distortion can easil;
be located with the aid of an oscillograph. One way t
do this is to apply the output of a signal generator t
the input of the receiver and observe on the oscillograph
the output of successive stages. If, for instance, th
waveform appears undistorted at the input of the fira
audio stage but is distorted at the output of this stage
distortion obviously is being produced in this stage
Similarly, a method of locating the source of hum in
set is to examine the waveform of the output of sue
cessive filter sections.
Aligning Receivers. Perhaps one of the most spec
tacular uses of the eiathode-ray oscillograph is the visua
alignment of receivers. In this application, a tes
oscillator is controlled by a frequency modulator so tha
the output voltage of the oscillator varies in frequency
This voltage of varying frequency is applied to th
input of the stage being checked. The cathode-ray tub
is connected to show the curve of gain-vs.-frcquency fo

I I
I. F. Curve Showing Double Image Method
of Alignment
the stage. With this curve in view, the operator cai
easily adjust the trimmers to give peak gain at the cor
rect frequency in each stage as it is checked. In th(
more advanced instruments, the r-f frequency is swepi
in both directions and a double curve is shown on th<
screen, adjustment being made with the trimmej
capacitors until the curves coincide.
27
 Measuring Percenfage Modulation.
Modulation may be quickly checked with the oscillo-
graph, either for percentage or for distortion. This is
done by impressing the modulated r-f signal on the verti-
cal plates and the linear timing voltage on the horizontal

f EliAX.
EMIH.

R. F. Modulated at 1000 Cycles

Timing Axis Supply: 500-Cycle Saw-Tooth
t-.Per cent, Modulation
, i ,. = EMax.— EMin.__ t-X 100
EMax. -j- EMin.
plates. The true wave shape of the r-f envelope will
appear and an appreciable lack of symmetry or other
irregularities will be immediately apparent, indicating
distortion. The percentage modulation is determined as
shown in the illustration.
Max.
RCA CATHODE-RAY Anode Cath-
Type TUBES Elec- No. 2 ode
trodes Volts Volts
904 5 In., Electrostatic-
Magnetic Deflection,
High-Vacuum 5 4,600 2.5
905 5flection.in., Electrostatic-De-
High-Vacuum
906 3 in,, Electrostatic De- 4 2,000 2.5
flection, High-Vacuum 4 1,200 2.5
907 5flection,in., Electrostatic
High-Vacuum,De-
908 3Short in., Persistence Screen
Electrostatic
flection, High-Vacuum,De- 4 2,000 2.5
Short Persistence
909 5 in.. Electrostatic De- Screen 4 1,200 2.5
flection, High-Vacuum,
Long Persistence Screen
910 3flection,
in.. Electrostatic De- 4 2,000 2.5
High-Vacuum,
Long Persistance Screen 4 1,200 2.5
911 3flection,
In., Electrostatic
High-Vacuum,De-
Medium Persistence
Screen, with Gun Un-
usually
netizationFreeEffects
from Mag-
912 5 in.. Electrostatic De- 4 1,200 2.5
flection, High-Vacuum,
Medium Persistence
Screen 4 15,000 2.5
28
 Calculalion and Use of Shunfs and
Multipliers
Primarily, all electric meters of the indicating type
having only two terminals are essentially current meas-
uring devices and in fact are ammeters or milliammeters,
as it is only the current flowing through the meter that
causes mechanical motion and deflection of the needle.
However, we may calibrate the meter scale so that the
needle deflection will accurately read ohms, volts,
microfarads, etc., or any one of the electrical factors
which if varied would create a change in current flow
provided the other characteristics of the circuit would
remain constant.
Let us consider a DC milliammeter (0-1) which gives
full scale deflection when 1 milliampere flows through
the meter. We desire to use this meter as a multirange
voltmeter having scales (0-10) (0-100) (0-500) and
(0-1000) volts respectively. The
resistance of many such meters
in cqmmercial use ranges from
20 to 50 ohms. In the extreme
case considering a meter of 50
ohms resistance the voltage
drop across the meter at full
scale current would be, accord-
ing to Ohms Law, Em = RmXlm,
Rm = resistance of meter = 50
FIG. 1 ohms Im = full scale current =1
milliampere = .001 ampere Em =
50 x .001 =0.05 volts.
As the maximum voltage drop across the meter is only
1/20 volt under extreme conditions we can disregard
this in our calculations as the error will be negligible.
Referring to Figure 1 wo see that the meter can be
used as a 0-10 voltmeter if a resistance or multiplier is
connected in series with it. The resistance must be of
such value that if 1 milliampere of current (which is full
scale deflection of the meter) flows through it the volt-
age across the resistance will be 10 volts. Figure 1.
The multiplier, Ri = y =• =» 10,000 ohms.
Half scale deflection means that H milliampere is
flowing through the meter, therefore half scale deflec-
tion indicates
E = R I = 10,000 x .0005 = 5 volts.
Accordingly any fractional indication on the 0-1
mil scale will read the corresponding fraction of 10
volts which means the milliammeter scale is multiplied
by 10 to get the actual reading in volts.
29
 Similarly the multiplier for the (0-100) volt scale
R2 = J = - 100,000 ohms.
and the milliammeter scale readings are multiplied by
100.
Likewise the multipliers for the (0-500) and (0-1000)
volt scales would be 500,000 and 1,000,000 ohms re-
spectively and the scale multiples would be correspond-
ingly 500 and 1000.
If a 0-10 milliammeter was used in place of the 0-1 the
multipliers in each case would of course be only 1/10 of
their respective values in the previous example. This
would also apply to the scale multiples. However, the 10
milliammeter would consume appreciable current in it-
self and may in certain circuits introduce a considerable
error particularly where the resistance of the multiplier
is not considerably higher than
the voltage supply system.More-
over, the regulation of the volt-
age supply system may be
—^— seriously affected when it is
called upon to supply an addi-
tional 10 milliamperes to
-WWWvW-
R operate the voltmeter which
SHUNT would perhaps introduce a large
FIG. 2 error.
This emphasizes the impor-
tance of a high resistance volt-
meter; in the first example the resistance was 1000
ohms per volt while in the second instance it was only
100 ohms per volt. For the proper degree of accuracy in
radio work a 1000 ohm per volt voltmeter will be quite
suitable.
To use the 0-1 milliammeter as a higher scale
milliammeter, it is necessary to provide a shunt as in
Figure 2. In this case it is essential to know accurately
the resistance of the meter. Assuming that it has a re-
sistance of 27 ohms and that we want to have a scale
reading of 0-10 mil (0-50) (0-100) (0-500) milliampere.
Referring to Figure 2 it is evident that to use the
meter for 0-10 mil measurements the meter would
carry 1/10 of the total current and the shunt 9/10 or the
shunt resistance would be 1/9 of the meter resistance. If
the meter resistance was 27 ohms the shunt resistance
would be 3 ohms; correspondingly the shunt resistance
for use as an 0-50 milliammeter would be 1/49 x 27 =
.551 ohms. For 0-100 and 0-500 scales the shunt resist-
ance must be 0.2727 ohms and 0.0541 ohms respec-
tively.
The general formula is
-¥} Rm x Im
I-Ln
where R=re8istance of shunt in ohms
Rm=resistance of meter in ohms
Im =■ full scale current for meter
I = full scale current for now calibration
30
 miuiamperes
VOLTS

Fig. 3 METER

Figirre 3, one meter ca^b^userfn'6 sYTltc8'1a as Bll w

o n ii
voltmet<,r
mUUammeter at any desired ranmTTlf
ehart shows the resistanre of the 1' 1®or ompanym(<>■
tn shunt acc
the case may be muitrplier al

Shunf and Multiplier Values

27 Ohm (0-1) Milllammeter

Scale Use as Uhms of Resistance i tJ Multiply

Series or in Shunt old scale
with Meter by
0-10 Voltmeter
0-50 10,000 10
0-100 50,000 50
0-250 100,000 100
0-500 250,000 250
0-1000 500,000 500
1,000,000 1000
0-10 Milliamzneter 3
0-50 0.551 10
0-100 0.272 50
0-500 0.0541 100
500
35 Ohm (0-1.5) Milliammeior
0-15 Voltmeter 10,000
0-150 100,000 10
0-750 500,000 100
500
0-15 Milllammeter 3.89
0-75 0.714 10
0-150 0.354 50
0-750 0.0701 100
500
 Grid Bias Resistor Calculations
The radio service man often finds it necessary to
replace the grid bias resistor in receivers employing a
self-biasing arrangement for obtaining the proper
grid voltage. When the resistance value is not known,
it may be calculated by dividing the grid voltage re-
quired at the plate voltage at which the tube is oper-
ating, by the plate current in amperes plus the screen
current in amperes times the number of tubes passing
current through the resistor. _ . .
Under the above rule, the grid bias resistor value is
given by the following formula:
_ _Eci
_
x 1,000
(Ib -f- IC2) n
where: R = Grid bias resistor value in ohms.
Eci = The grid bias required in volts.
Ib =■= The plate current of a single tube \n milliamperes.
IC2 = The screen-grid current of a single tube in
milliamperes. . , . ,
n= The number of tubes passing current through the
resistor.
Example; ,
It is desired to determine the value of bias resistor
used to obtain the proper value of grid bias on three
type '35 tubes working in the radio frequency stages of
a receiver. First determine the plate and screen voltages
employed in this set. Suppose, in this case, it is found
that the plate supply voltage is 250 and the screen
voltage is 90. Looking in the characteristics chart, it
is found that the proper grid bias for the '35 under these
conditions is —3.0 volts. In addition, the plate cur-
rent is 6.5 milliamperes and the screen current is 2.5
milliamperes. Substituting in the formula,
^11= 3.0. x, 1,000o= 111 ohms
, -
(6.5+2.5)
0 3
The value of grid bias resistors can be calculated in
this manner for any type and any number of tubes.
In the case of triodes, the screen current term drops out
entirely. . * ■ 1 xr
Be sure to determine the plate voltage at which the
tubes are working, the number of tubes being supplied
from the bias resistor, the screen voltage, (if a tetrode
or pentode), the correct value of grid bias voltage re-
quired (whether the tube cathode is operated from A.C.
or D.C. will affect the value of bias voltage), and the
plate and screen current for the given plate voltage.
In the case of resistance-coupled amplifiers which
employ high resistance in the plate circuit, it must be
remembered that the plate voltage is equal to the plate
supply voltage minus the voltage drop in the plate
load resistance caused by the plate current. The net
plate voltage alone determines the correct value of grid
bias.
The foregoing methods of calculations cannot be
used in connection with receivers employing a bleeder
circuit to obtain grid bias.
32
 RMA Sfanciard Color Coding
for Resistors
The Radio Manufacturers Association has standard-
ized on the following color coding for resistance value
identification:
Ten colors are assigned to the figures as shown in the
following table:
Figure Color Figure Color Figure Color
0 Black 4 Yellow 7 Violet
1 Brown 5 Green 8 Gray
2 Red 6 Blue 9 White
3 Orange
The body (A) of the resistor is colored to represent
the first figure of the resistance value. One end (B) of
the resistor is colored to represent the second figure.
A band, or dot (C) of color, representing the number of
ciphers following the first two figures, is located within
the body color.The two diagrams illustrate two interpre-
tations of this standard method of coding resistance
value.

mk
77777fT.
1

ABC
NOTE: The problem of coding two resistors of the same
nominal value when tolerances are different is solved
in a practical manner by using the next higher or lower
coded value for the unit with the larger tolerance. For
example: if the nominal values of two resistors are 2,500
ohms, one with 10% tolerance and the other with 20%.
The unit with 10% tolerance will be 2,500 ohms and be
coded as such. The unit with 20% tolerance will bo
assigned a nominal value of either 2,400 ohms or
2,600 ohms and be so coded. A similar system for coding
fixed condensers is in general use. Three colored dots
are employed to show the capacity in micromicrofarads.
The dots are read from left to right with the condenser
held so that the brand name is upright. The correspond-
ence between colors and digits is the same as in the
resistance coding.
33
 t

Series Resisfances, Parallel Capacities

R=Ili+R2+R3 etc.
C=Ci+C2+C3 etc.
Where: R and C equal the total resistance or capacity.

Parallel Resistances, Series Capacities

Chart
too-* 50 rlOO
A UNITS
3o\ 45- •
eA
60 \ -40 r
1-60
73 \ h5
7o\ 35- ho
(?,.(*
N UWT5 65\toA\
Ci /65 l?2CCC2
■30 / IN INTS
33\ Z60
53
/
soX 23- /so
\ 20 p

A '15- r
25 r
■10
u
\ \
\o\ 5- to
A !■
\

TMs chart suffices for both resistances in parallel and ca-

oacilies in series since the formula for each is the same.
o Lay a straightedge
unit desired on rightfrom unitline.
oblique desired
Pointonatthewhich
left straightedge
oblique line
\ntersects the vertical line is the resultant value in units.
To increase range of the scale multiply or divide all values by
he factor desired, such as one thousandth, one hundredth, one
enth; ten, one hundred or one thousand, etc.
34
 DIAMETER, WEIGHTS AND RESISTANCE
OF COPPER WIRE
1

Weight, Resistance at
Diam- Area, Bare Wire 250C. (770F.)
AWG.
No.

eter Cir-
Mils cular Pounds
per Pounds
per
Ohms Ohms Feet
per per per
Mils 1000 1000 Mile
Ft. Mile Ft. Ohm
11

0000 460. 211,600. 641. 3385. 0.0499 0.2638 20,040.

000 410. 167,800. 508. 2683. 0.0630 0.3325 15,870.
00 364.8 133,100. 403. 2126. 0.0794 0.419 12,590.
0 324.9 105,500. 319.5 1687. 0.1003 0.529 9,980.
1 289.3 83,700. 253.3 1337. 0.1262 0.666 7,930.
2 257.6 66,400. 200.9 1061. 0.1591 0.840 6,290.
3 229.4 52,600. 159.3 841. 0.2008 1.062 4,980.
4 204.3 41,700. 126.4 668. 0.2533 1.338 3,950.
6 181.9 33,100. 100.2 529. 0.3193 1.685 3,134.
6 162.0 26,250. 79.5 419. 0.403 2.127 2,485.
7 144.3 20,820. 63.0 332.6 0.507 2.682 1,971.
8 128.5 16,510. 50.0 264.0 0.640 3.382 1,562.
9 114.4 13,090. 39.63 208.3 0.807 4.26 1,238.
10 101.9 10,380. 31.43 165.9 1.017 5.37 983.
11 90.7 8,230. 24.92 131.6 1.284 6.78 779.
12 80.8 6,530. 19.77 104.3 1.618 8.55 618.
13 72.0 5,180. 15.68 82.8 2.040 10.77 490.
14 64.1 4,110. 12.43 65.6 2.575 13.60 388.2
15 57.1 3,257. 9.86 52.1 3.244 17.13 308.4
16 50.8 2,583. 7.82 41.3 4.09 21.62 244.3
17 45.3 2,048. 6.20 32.73 5.16 27.24 193.9
18 40.3 1,624. 4.92 26.00 6.51 34.34 153.7
19 35.89 1,288. 3.899 20.57 8.20 48.3 121.9
20 31.96 1,022. 3.092 16.33 10.34 54.6 96.6
21 28.46 810. 2.452 12.93 13.04 68.9 76.6
22 25.35 642. 1.945 10.27 16.44 86.9 60.8
23 22.57 509. 1.542 8.14 20.75 109.5 48.2
24 20.10 404. 1.223 6.46 26.15 138.1 38.2.
25 17.90 320.4 0.970 5.12 33.00 174.3 30.31
26 15.94 254.1 0.769 4.06 41.6 219.5 24.0'
27 14.20 201.5 0.610 3.220 52.4 276.8 19.0'
28 12.64 159.8 0.484 2.556 66.01 349.2 15.1;
35
 DIAMETER, WEIGHTS AND RESISTANCE OF
COPPER WIRE

1
Weight, Resistance at
Area, Bare Wire 250C. (770F.)
Diam- Cir- Pounds Pounds Ohms Ohms Feet
eter cular per per per per per
Mils Mils 1000 Mile 1000 Mile Ohm
Ft. Ft.
29 11.26 126.7 0.3836 2.025 83.4 441. 11.98
30 10.03 100.5 0.3042 1.606 105.4 556. 9.48
31 8.93 79.7 0.2413 1.273 132.6 700. 7.55
32 7.96 63.2 0.1913 1.011 167.2 883. 5.98
33 7.08 50.1 0.1517 0.807 210.8 1113. 4.74
34 6.30 39.75 0.1203 0.636 265.8 1403. 3.762
35 5.61 31.52 0.0954 0.504 335.5 1772. 2.980
36 5.00 25.00 0.0757 0.400 423.0 2232. 2.366
37 4.45 19.83 0.0600 0.3168 533. 2814. 1.877
38 3.965 15.72 0.0476 0.2514 673. 3553. 1.487
39 3.531 12.47 0.03774 0.1991 847. 4470. 1.180
40 3.145 9.89 0.02993 0.1579 1068. 5640. 0.936

ALLOWABLE CARRYING CAPACITIES OF

COPPER WIRE AND CABLE
[Regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters)
Amperes Amperes
No. Circular Rub- Other Circular Rub- Other
AWG Mils ber Insu- Mils ber
Insu- lation Insu- Insu-
lation lation lation
18 1,624 3 5 250,000 250 850
16 2,583 6 10 300,000 275 400
14 4,107 15 20 350,000 300 450
12 6,530 20 25 400,000 325 500
10 10,380 25 30 450,000 362 550
8 16,510 35 50 500,000 400 600
6 26,250 50 70 600,000 450 680
4 41,740 70 90 700,000 500 760
2 66,370 90 125 800,000 550 840
1 83,690 100 150 1,000,000 650 1000
0 105,500 125 200 1,250,000 750 1180
00 133,100 150 225 1,500,000 850 1360
000 167,800 175 275 1,750,000 950 1520
0000 211,600 225 325 2,000,000 1050 1670
 TEMPERATURE CORRECTIONS FOR
COPPER WIRE
(Based on A.I.E.E. Standards)
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance. At a temper-
ature of 25 degrees Centigrade the "constant mass"
temperature coefficient of resistance of standard an-
nealed copper, measured between potential points
rigidly fixed to the wire is 0.00385 or 1/259.5 per
Centigrade degree.
Resistance values of copper wire given in table on
preceding pages may be corrected for any temperature
by means of the formula given below.
Correction for Change in Temperature
Rt = R25 [1 + 0.00385 (t — 25)], where
Rt = the resistance in ohms at a temperature, t.
R25 = the resistance in ohms at 25 degrees, Centigrade
t = the temperature of wire in degrees, Centigrade
Temp. C.=5/9 (Temp. F.—32)
Temp. F.=9/5 (Temp. C.)+32.
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF METALS AND ALLOYS
AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURES
bpecmo Specific
Resist- Rela- Resist- Rela-
ance tive SUB- ance tive
SUBSTANCE Mi- Con- STANCE Mi- Con-
crohms duct- crohms duct-
per Cm. ance per Cm. ance
Cube Cube
Aluminum . . 2.94 54. Lead . . . 20.8 6.64
Brass .... 6-9 26-17 Manganin . 43. 3.7
Climax .... 87. 1.83 Mercury . . 95.7 1.66
Cobalt .... 9.7 16.3 Molybdenum 4.8 33.2
Constantan . . 49. 3.24 Nickel . . 10.5 11.8
Copper, U.S. std. 1.78 89.5 Nichrorae . 110. 1.45
Copper, annealed 1.59 100. Platinum . 10.8 14.6
Ger, Silver (18X) 39-40 5.3-4 Silver . . . 1.5 106.
Iron, pure . . 9. 17.7 Superior 23. 86. 1.85
Iron, wrought . 13.9 11.4 Tungsten . 5.4 28.9
USEFUL CONVERSION RATIOS
Multiply by to obtain
Diam. Circle 3.1416 Circumference Circle
Diam. Circle 0.886 Side Equal Square
U. S. Gallons 0.8333 Imperial Gallons
U. S. Gallons
Inches Mercury 0.1337 Cubic Feet
Feet of Water 0.4912 Pounds per Sq. In.
Cubic Feet 0.4335 Pounds per Sq.
62.4 In.
U. S. Gallons 8.343 Pounds of Water
Pounds of Water
U. S. Gallons 3.785 Liters
Knots 1.152 Miles
Inches 2.540 Centimeters
Yards
Miles 0.9144 Meters
Cubic Inches 1.609
16.39 Kilometers
Ounces 28.35 Cubic Centimeters
Pounds Grams
0.4536 Kilograms
37
 ding Turns per Linear Inch
Gau
B&
Nc Enamel o. 8. o. |,0.8.0 or D. C C
S. C. C. 1
8 7.6 7.4
9 8.6 8.2
10 9.6 9.3
11 10.7 10.3
12 12.0 11.5
13 13.5 12,8
14 15.0 14.2
15 16.8 15.8
16 18.9 18.9 17.9
17 21.2 21.2 19.9
18 23.6 23.6 22.0
19 26.4 26.4 24.4
20 29.4 29.4 27.0
21 33.1 32.7 29.8
22 37.0 36.5 34.1
23 41.3 40.6 37.6
24 46.3 45.3 41.5
25 51.7 50.4 45.6
26 58.0 55.6 50.2
27 64.9 61.5 55.0
28 72.7 68.6 60.2
29 31.6 74.8 65.4
30 )0.5 83.3 71.5
31 II. 92.0 77.5
32 3. 101. 83.6
33 110 90.3
34 120. 97.0
35 132 104.
36 143.
37 3. 154.
38 (. 166.
39 S. 181.
40 > 194,
36
 Standard American Taps Used in Radio Manufacture
Size of Outside Dia. Pitch Dia. Root Dia. Tap Drill Tap Drill Tap Drill
Screw in Inches in Inches in Inches Steel Cast Iron Commercial
2—56 .0860 .0744 .0628 No. 49 (.0730) No. 49 (.0730) No. 50 (.0700)
3—48 .0990 .0855 .0719 No. 44 (.0860) No. 44 (.0860) No. 47 (.0785)
4—40 .1120 .0958 .0795 No. 42 (.0935) No. 43 (.0890) No. 43 (.0890)
5—40 .1250 .1088 .0925 No. 34 (.1110) No. 35 (.1110) No. 38 (.1015)
6—32 .1380 .1177 .0974 No. 32 (.1160) No. 33 (.1130) No. 36 (.1065)
8—32 .1640 . 1437 .1234 No. 27 (.1440) No. 28 (.1405) No. 29 (.1360)
10—24 .1900 .1625 . 1359 No. 21 (.1509) No. 22 (.1570) No. 25 (.1495)
10—32 .1900 .1697 .1494 No. 19 (.1660) No. 20 (.1610) No. 21 (.1590)
12—24 .2160 .1889 .1619 No. 16 (.1770) No. 17 (.1730) No. 16 (.1770)
H—20 .2500 .2175 1850 No. 7 (.2010) No. 8 (.1990) No. 7 (.2010)
 Conversion
Factors for conversion — alphabetically
arranged.
Multiply By To Get
Amperes X 1,000,000,000,000 micromicroamperea
Amperes X 1,000,000 microamperes
Amperes X 1,000 milliamperes
Cycles X .000,001 megacycles
Cycles X .001 kilocycles
Farads X 1,000,000,000,000 microraicrofarads
Farads X 1,000,000 microfarads
Farads X 1,000 millifarads
Henrys X 1,000,000 microhenrys
Henrys X 1,000 millihenrys
Kilocycles X 1,000 cycles
Kilovolts X 1,000 volts
Kilowatts X 1,000 watts
Megacycles X 1,000,000 cycles
Mhos X 1,000,000 micromhos
Mhos X 1,000 millimhos
Microamperes X .000,001 amperes
Microfarads X .000,001 farads
Microhenrys X .000.001 henrys
Micromhos X .000,001 mhos
Micro-ohms X .000,001 ohms
Microvolts X .000,001 volts
Microwatts X .000,001 watts
Microraicrofarads X .000,000,000,001 farads
Microraicro-ohms X .000,000,000,001 ohms
Milliara peres X .001 amperes
Millihenrys X .001 henrys
Millimhos X .001 mhos
Milliohms X .001 ohms
Millivolts X .001 volts
Milliwatts X .001 watts
Ohms X 1,000,000,000,000 micromicro-ohms
Ohms X 1,000,000 micro-ohms
Ohms X 1,000 milliohms
Volts X 1,000,000 microvolts
Volts X 1,000 millivolts
Watts X 1,000,000 microwatts
Watts X 1,000 milliwatts
Watts X .001 - kilowatts
40
 METRIC EQUIVALENTS
Length
Cm. = .3937 In. In. =2.54 Cm.
Meter =3.28 Ft. Ft. = .305 Meter
Meter = 1.094 Yd. Yd. = .914 Meter
Kilom. = .621 Mile Mile = 1.61 Kilom.
Area
Sq. Cm. = 0.1550 Sq. in. Sq. in. =6.452 Sq. Cm.
Sq. M. = 10.764 Sq. ft. Sq. ft. = .0929 Sq. M.
Sq. M. = 1.196 Sq. yd. Sq. yd. = .836 Sq. M.
Hectare = 2.47 Acres Acre = 0.405 Hectare
Sq. Kilom. = .386 Sq. mi. Sq. mi. = 2.59 Sq. Kilom.
Volume
Cu. Cm. = .061 Cu. in. Cu. in, = 16.4 Cu. Cm.
Cu. M. =35.31 Cu. ft. Cu. ft. = .028 Cu. M.
Cu. M. = 1.308 Cu. yd. Cu. yd. = .765 Cu. M.
Capacity
Litre = .0353 Cu. ft. Cu. ft. = 28.32 Litres
Litre = .2642 Gal. (U. S.) Gal. = 3.785 Litres.
Litre = 61.023 Cu. In. Cu. in. = .0164 Litre
Litre = 2.202 lb. of fresh water at 62° F.
Weight
Gram = 15.423 Grains Grain = .0684 Gram
Gram = .0353 Ounce Ounce = 28.35 Gram
Kilogram = 2.205 Lb. Lb. = .454 Kilog'm
Kilogram = .0011 Ton(Sht) Ton(Sht) = 907.03 Kilog'm
Met. Ton= 1,1025 Ton (Sht) Ton(Sht) = .907 Met. Ton
Ton (Sht) =2,000 Lb.
Pressure
Kilograms
inch. por square centimeter = 14,225 pounds per square
Pounds per square inch = .0703 kilograms per square cm.
Kilograms per square meter = .205 pounds per square foot.
Pounds per square foot = 4.88 kilograms per square meter.
Kilograms per square centimeter = .968 atmosphere.
Atmosphere = 1.033 kilograms per square cm.
Miscellaneous
Kilogrammeter = 7.233 foot pounds.
Foot pound = .1383 kilogrammeter.
Metric horse power = .986 horse power.
Horse power = 1.014 metric horse power.
Litre per second = 2.12 cubic feet per minute.
Litre per second = 15.85 U. S. gallons per minute.
41
 METRIC AND DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
OF COMMON FRACTIONS
Deci- Milli- Fractions Deci- Milli-
Fractions mals
of an inch an of mals of
inch meters of an inch an inch meters
s
% .0156 0.397 ,7 % .5156 13.097
.0313 0.794 ^ .5313 13.494
% .0469 1.191 .5469 13.891
14 .0625 1.588 % .5625 14.287
s % .0781 1.985 'Vv .5781 14.684
4 .0938 3.381 .5938 15.081
% .1094 2.778 .6094 15.478
H .1250 3.175 4 .6250 15.875
% .1406 3.572 H .6406 16.272
% .1563 3.969 'Hi 4 .6563 16.688
.1719 4.366 u Hi .6719 17.085
% .1875 4.762 4 4
.6875 17.462
.2031 5.159 Hi .7031 17.859
Vn .2188 5.556 4 .7188 18.256
.2344 5.953 Hi .7344 18.653
M .2500 6.350 H 4 .7500 19.050
9 .2656 6.747 Ht .7656 19.447
/i2 .2813 7.144 .7813 19.843
5 .2969 7.541 "Hi .7969 20.240
4 21 .3135 7.937 .8125 20.637
^ .3281 8.334 .8281 21.034
"4 2 .3438 8.731 .8438 21.430
% .3594 9.128 .8594 21.827
.3750 9.525 Va .8750 22.224
13 .3906 9.922 2 .8906 22.621
4 27 .4063 10.319 % .9063 23.018
^ .4219 10.716 .9219 23.415
% .4375 11.12 l5
4 .9375 23.812
l5 .4531 11.509 .9531 24.209
4 .4688 11.906 3
H .9688 24.606
.4844 12.303 .9844 25.003
H .5000 12.700 1.0000 25.400

EQUIVALENTS OF ELECTRICAL UNITS

1 kilowatt = 1000 watts.
1 kilowatt = 1.34 H. P.
1 kilowatt = 44,257 foot-pounds per minute.
1 kilowatt = 56.87 B. t. u. per minute.
1 horse power = 746 watts.
1 horse power = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute.
1 horse power = 42.41 B. t. u. per minute.
1 B. t. u. (British thermal unit) = 778 foot-pounds.
1 B. t. u. = 0.2930 watt-hour.
1 joule = 1 watt-second.
42
 Self-Indicating Resistance Chart
RESISTANCES-IN-OHMS
10—10.000—5.000—3.333—2.500—2.000—1.665—1.428—1.250-1.111—1.001

9— 9.000—4.500—3.000—2.250—1.800—1.500—1.285—1.125—1.000— 901
8— 8.000—4.000—2,666—2.000—1.600—1.333—1.142—1,000— 838— 80i

7— 7,000—3,500—2.333—1.750-1.400—1.166—1.000— 875— 777— 70i

O 6— 6.000—3,000—2.000—1.500—1.200—1.000— 857— 750— 666— 601

^ 5— 5.000—2.500—1.666—1.250—1.000— 833— 714— 625— 555— 501
!□ 4— 4.000—2.000—1,333—1,000— 800— 666— 572— 500— 444— 401
^ I I I I I I I I I I
3— 3,000—1.500—1.000— 750— 600— 500— 428— 375— 333— 30C
I I I I I I I I I I
2— 2.000—1,000— 666— 500— 400— 333— 286— 250— 222— 20!
I I II I I I I I I
I—UOOO— 500 — 333— 250— 200— 166— H3—125 — III— IK

.001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008 .009 .011
CURRENT-IN-AMPERES
When volts and amperes are known, inter-
section of voltage and current lines gives resist-
ance in ohms. To extend scales: When multi-
plying voltage by any factor with current
remaining fixed, multiply resistance by sanu
factor. When multiplying current, voltage re-
maining fixed, divide resistance by same factor.
When dividing voltage by any factor, current
remaining fixed, divide resistance by sanu
factor. When dividing current by any factor,
multiply resistance by same factor.
43
Capacity, Frequency & Inductance Chart
B A B
150 2^ -x- 2000
500-
2000 - - 200
400 ■
2500- 250
300- 3000- 300
3500 - •350
4000- 100
5000 •
6000 ■ ■600 5-^-500
7000 ■ ■700 -400
3000 ■600
S000 •900
■1000 3--300
5
^ 15000

25000■
30000'

50000
60000

Knoioing capacity in micromicrofarads and the frequency

in
thekilocycles
inductanceto be coveredforby aa coil
required condenser
may beatfound
maximum capacitya
by running
straight
kilocycle line fromthetheline
column, micromicrofarads
intersecting the column through
inductance the
column.
Knoioing the condenser capacity and the Inductance of the
coil, the frequency
running a line fromtothewhich the coil will tune
micromicrofarads can tobethe
column found by
micro-
henrys column, the point of intersection on the kilocycle
column will bethethekilocycles
Knoioing frequencyandofthe
coilinductance,
and condenser.
the size of con-
denser to be usedindicated;
same manner to cover that frequency
extension of acan be found
straight lineinfrom
the
microhenrys through kilocycles will terminate on the micro-
 Conversion Table — Frequency fo
Wavelength
300,000
Wavelength) Frequency in Kilocycles
in >= or
Meters ) 300
Frequency in Megacycles
Long-Wave Short Waves
Broadcast Band
Frequency Wavelength Frequency Wavelengtl
Kilocycles Meters Megacycles Meters

550 545 1.5 200

600 600 2 150
650 461 3 100
700 429 4 75.0
750 400 5 60.0
800 375 6 50.0
850 353 7 42.9
900 333 8 37.5
950 316 9 33.3
1000 300 10 30.0
1050 286 11 27.3
1100 273 12 25.0
1150 261 13 23.1
1200 250 14 21.4
1250 240 15 20.0
1300 231 16 18.8
1360 222 17 17.6
1400 214 18 16.7
1450 207 19 15.8
1500 200 20 15.0
45
 Frequency Assignments in the High
Frequency Radio Spectrum
For United States
(Radiophone Stations Only)

Standard Broadcast 530 to 1600 kilocycles

Short Wave Broadcast—49 meters— 6000— 6150 kc.
31 meters— 9500— 9600 kc.
25 meters—11700—11900 kc.
19 meters—15100—15350 kc.
16 meters—17750—17800 kc.
13 meters—21450—21550 kc.
11 meters—25600—26600 kc.
Police 1600—1720 kc. (mostly State
Police)
2300—2500 kc. (Municipal
Police)
31000—41000 kc. (Municipal
Police)
Aviation 2600—3500 Night
4700—5700 Day
Amateur Phone 160 meters— 1800— 2000 kc.
80 meters— 3900— 4000 kc.
20 meters—14150—14250 kc.
10 meters—28000—28500 kc.
5 meters—56000—60000 kc.
Time Signals
NAA, Washington, D.C. 64, 113, 690, 4525, 8410,
9050, 12615, 16820
NPG, San Francisco 42.8, 108, 8590. 12885
W9XAM, Elgin. III. 4797

Sales Aids That Help You Sell

Sales aids listed below : ! only a few of the many
designed to tie in your si e with RCA Radio Tube
advertising and to enable u to share RCA prestige.
Metal Flange Sign Service Order Pads
Electric Clock Business Cards
Tube Test Stickers Repair Tickets
New Travel-log Billheads
Shop Coats and Shirts Letterheads
Direct Mail Cards
Guarantee Certificates and many others
These aids may be ob ned through your RCA
Radiotron Distributor.
 U. S. BroadcasHng Stations ■
Station Location Station Location
KDKA Pittsburgh, Pa. KPO S. Francisco, Calif.
KDYL Salt Lake Cy, Utah 1290 KPRC Houston, Texas 920
KECA Los Angeles, Calif. 1430 KQW San Jose, Calif. 1010
KEX Portland, Oregon 1180 KRLD Dallas, Texas 1040
KFAB Lincoln, Nebr. 770 KROW Oakland, Calif. 930
KFAC Los Angeles, Calif. 1300 KSCJ Sioux City, Iowa 1330
KFBB Great Falls, Mont. 1280 KSD St. Louis, Mo. 550
KFBI Abilene, Kans. 1050 KSFO S. Francisco, Calif. 560
KFBK Sacramento, Calif. 1490 KSL Salt Lake Cy, Utah 1130
KFDY Brookings, S. D. KSOO Sioux Falls, S. D. 1110
KFEQ St. Joseph, Mo. KSTP St. Paul, Minn. 1460
KFH Wichita, Kans. 1300 KTAR Phoenix, Ariz. 620
KFI Los Angeles, Calif. 640 KTAT Fort Worth, Texas 1240
KFKU Lawrence, Kans. 1220 KTBS Shreveport, La. 1450
KFOX Long Beach, Calif. 1250 KTFI Twin Falls, Idaho 1240
KFPY Spokane, Wash. 890 KTHS Hot Springs, Ark. 1060
KFRC S. Francisco, Calif. 610 KTRH Houston, Texas 1290
KFSD San Diego, Calif. 600 KTSA San Antonio, Tex. 550
KFWB Hollywood, Calif. 950 KTW Seattle, Wash. 1220
KFYR Bismarck, N. D. 550 KUOA Fayetteville, Ark. 1260
KGA Spokane, Wash. 1470 KVI Tacoma, Wash. 570
KGB San Diego, Calif. 1330 KVOO Tulsa, Okla. 1140
KGBZ York, Nebr. 930 KVOR Colo. Springs, Colo. 1270
KGDM Stockton, Calif. 1100 KWK St. Louis, Mo. 1350
KGER Long Beach, Calif. 1360 KWKH Shreveport, La. 1100
KGGF CofTeyville, Kans. 1010 KWSC Pullman, Wash. 1220
KGHL Billings, Mont. 780 KWTO Springfield, Mo. 560
KGIR Butte, Mont. 1340 KXYZ Houston, Texas 1440
KGNC Amarillo, Texas 1410 KYA S. Francisco, Calif. 1230
KGNF N. Platte, Nebr. 1430 KYW Philadelphia, Pa. 1020
KGO S. Francisco, Calif. 790 WAAF Chicago, 111. 920
KGVO Missoula, Mont.' 1260 WABC New York, N. Y. 860
KGW Portland, Oregon 620 WADC Tallmadge, Ohio 1320
KHJ Los Angeles, Calif. 900 WAPI Birmingham, Ala, 1140
KHQ Spokane, Wash. 590 WAVE Louisville, Ky. 940
KIDO Boise. Idaho 1350 WBAL Baltimore, Md. 1060
KJR Seattle, Wash. 970 WBAP Fort Worth, Texas 800
KLRA Little Rock, Ark. 1390 WBBM Chicago, 111. 770
KLX Oakland, Calif. 880 WBBR Brooklyn, N. Y. 1300
KLZ Denver, Col. 560 WBEN Buffalo, N. Y. 900
KMA Shenandoah, Iowa 930 WBOQ New York, N. Y. 860
KMBC Kansas City, Mo. 950 WBRC Birmingham, Ala. 930
KMMJ Clay Center, Nebr. 740 WBT Charlotte, N. C. 080
KM OX St. Louis, Mo. 1090 WBZ Boston, Mass. 990
KMTR Los Angeles, Calif. 570 WBZA Springfield, Mass. 990
KNX Los Angeles, Calif. 1050 WCAE Pittsburgh, Pa. 1220
KOA Denver, Col. 830 WCAL Northfield, Minn. 1250
KOAC Corvallis, Ore. 550 WCAU Philadelphia, Pa. 1170
KOB Albuquerque. N. M. 1180 WCBD Waukegan, 111. 1080
KOIL Council Bluffs, la. 1260 WCCO Minneapolis, Minn. 810
KOIN Portland, Oregon 940 WCFL Chicago, 111. 970
KOL Seattle, Wash. 1270 WCKY Covington, Ky. 1490
KOMA Oklahoma City, WCSH Portland, Maine 940
Okla. 1480 WDAE Tampa, Fla. 1220
KOMO Seattle, Wash. 920 WDAF Kansas City, Mo. 610
47
 1000 Watts or More
Station Location Station Location
WDAY Fargo, N. D. 940 WKY Okla. City, Okla.
WDBJ Roanoke, Va. 930 WKZO Kalamazoo, Mich.
WDBO Orlando, Fla. 580 WLAC Nashville, Tenn.
WDGY Minneapolis,Minn. 1180 WLB Minneapolis, Minn.
WDOD Chattanooga,Tenn. 1280 WLBL Stevens Pt., Wise.
WDRC Hartford, Conn. 1330 WLS Chicago, 111.
WDSU New Orleans, La. 1250 WLW Cincinnati, Ohio
WEAF New York, N. Y. 660 WLWL New York, N. Y.
WEBC Superior, Wis. 1290 WMAQ Chicago, 111.
WEEI Boston, Mass. 590 WMAZ Macon, Ga.
WEEU Reading, Pa. 830 WMBF Miami, Fla.
WENR Chicago, 111. 870 WMBI Chicago, III.
WESG Elmira, N. Y. 850 WMC Memphis, Tenn.
WEVD New York, N. Y. 1300 WMT Cedar Rapids, la.
WEW St. Louis, Mo. 760 WNAC Boston, Mass.
WFAA Dallas, Texas 800 WNAD Norman, Okla.
WFAB New York, N. Y. 1300 WNAX Yankton, S. Dak.
WFBC Greenville, S. C. 1300 WNBX Springfield, Vt.
WFBL Syracuse, N. Y. 1360 WNEW Newark, N. J.
WFBM Indianapolis, Ind. 1230 WNOX Knoxville, Tenn.
WFIL Philadelphia, Pa. 560 WNYC New York, N. Y.
WFLA Clearwater, Fla. 620 WOAI San Antonio, Texas
WGN Chicago, 111. 720 WOI Ames, Iowa
WGR Buffalo, N. Y. 550 WOR Newark, N. J.
WGST Atlanta, Ga. 890 WORK York, Pa.
WGY Schenectady, N. Y. 790 WOV New York, N. Y.
WHA Madison, Wis. 940 WOW Omaha, Nebr.
WHAM Rochester, N. Y. 1150 WOWO Fort Wayne, Ind.
WHAS Louisville, Ky. 820 WPG Atlantic City, N. J.
WHB Kansas City, Mo. 860 WPTF Raleigh, N. C.
WHBI Newark, N. J. 1250 WQAM Miami, Fla.
WHDH Boston, Mass. 830 WQBC Vicksburg, Miss.
WHIG Dayton, Ohio 1260 WREC Memphis, Tenn.
WHK Cleveland, Ohio 1390 WREN Lawrence, Kans.
WHN New York, N. Y. 1010 WRUF Gainesville, Fla.
WHO Des Moines, Iowa 1000 WRVA Richmond, Va.
WIBA Madison, Wis. 1280 WSAI Cincinnati, Ohio
WIBW Topeka, Kans. 580 WSAR Fall River, Mass.
WIND Gary, Ind, 560 WSAZ Huntington, W.Va.
WINS New York, N. Y. 1180 WSB Atlanta, Ga.
WIOD Miami, Fla. 1300 WSM Nashville, Tenn.
WIP Philadelphia, Pa. 610 WSPA Spartanburg, S. C.
WIS Columbia, S. C. 560 WSPD Toledo, Ohio
WJAG Norfolk, Nebr. 1060 WSUN Clearwater, Fla.
WJAS Pittsburgh, Pa. 1290 WTAM Cleveland, Ohio
WJAX Jacksonville, Fla. 900 WTAQ Eau Claire, Wise.
WJDX Jackson, Miss. 1270 WTCN Miuneapolis,!Minn.
WJJD Chicago, 111. 1130 WTIC Hartford, Conn.
WJR Detroit, Mich. 750 WTMJ Milwaukee, Wis.
WJSV Alexandria, Va. 1460 WTOC Savannah. Ga.
WJZ New York, N. Y. 760 WWJ Detroit, Mich.
WKAR E. Lansing, Mich. 850 WWL New Orleans, La.
WKBH La Crosse, Wis. 1380 WWNC Asheville, N. C.
WKBW Buffalo, N. Y. 1480 WWVA Wheeling, W. Va.
WKRC Cincinnati, Ohio 550 WXYZ Detroit, Mich.
48
 IMPORTANT SHORT-WAVE STATIONS

Station Meters Meg. Location Time of Broadcast (EST)

XEBT 50.00 6.00 Mexico City, Mex. Daily 10 a.m.-Midnight
COCO 49.92 6.01 Havana, Cuba Daily 9:30-11:30 a.m. & 4-11 p.m.
DJC 49.83 6.02 Berlin, Germany Daily 12 N-4:30 p.m. 85 5:30-10:45 p.m.
GSA 49.59 6.05 London, England Daily 6-8 p.m.
DJM 49.35 6.08 Berlin, Germany Daily 7-10 p.m.
I2R01 49.30 6.09 Rome, Italy Mon., Wed. & Sat. 1:30-5:15 85 6-7:30 p.m.
CRCX 49.26 6.09 Toronto, Canada Daily 4 p.m.-Midnight
GSL 49.10 6.11 London, England Daily 12:15-5:45 p.m.
COCD 48.94 6.13 Havana, Cuba Daily 6-10 p.m.
CJRO 48.74 6.15 Winnipeg, Man,, Canada Daily 8 p.m.-Midnight
YV5RB 48.74 6.15 Caracas, Venezuela Daily 10:30 a.m.-l:30 p.m. 85 4:30-10 p.m.
PRF5 31.58 9.50 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Daily 5:20-6:15 p.m.
GSB 31.55 9.51 London, England Daily 12:15-2:30 a.m. 85 12:15-5:45 p.m.
VK3ME 31.52 9.51 Melbourne, Australia Sun. thru Fri. 4-7 a.m.
DJN 31.45 9.54 Berlin, Germany Daily 12 M-ll a.m. 85 5-10:45 p.m.
DJA 31.38 9.56 Berlin, Germany Daily 12 M-4, 8-11 a.m. & 5-10:45 p.m.
GSC 31.32 9.58 London, England Daily 12:15-5:45, 6-8 85 10-11 p.m.
VK3LR 31.32 9.58 Melbourne, Australia Mon. thru Sat. 11 p.m.-2 a.m. & 4-7 a.m.
VK2ME 31.28 9.59 Sidney, Australia Daily 1-2, 3-8:30 85 10:30-11:30 a.m.
T-TRT. 9fi Q 50 Geneva. Switzerland Sat. 5:30-6:15 p.m.
 IMPORTANT SHORT-WAVE STATIONS
Station Meters Meg. Location Time of Brosdcast (EST)
TPA-4 25.61 11.71 Paris, France Daily 6:15-10 p.m. & 12 m.-l a.m.
CJRX 25.60 11.72 Winnipeg, Man., Canada Daily 8 p.m.-Midnight
PHI 25.58 11.73 Huizen, Holland Thurs. thru Mon. 8-11 a.m.
GSD 25.53 11.75 London, England Daily 6-8:45 a.m.; 12:15-5:45, 6-8 &
DJD 25.49 11.77 Berlin, Germany 10-11 p.m.
I2R04 25.40 11.81 Daily 11 a.m.-11 p.m.
Rome, Italy Daily 8:15-9, 9:15-11 a.m. & 11:30 a.m
HJ4ABA 25.40 11.81 Medellin, Colombia Daily 12:15 p.m.
GSN 25.38 11.82 London, England 11 a.m.-l p.m. & 6-11 p.m.
TPA-3 25.24 11.88 Daily 12:15-2:30 a.m.
Paris, France Daily 4-5 a.m. 85 11:15 a.m.-6 p.m.
f djl 19.85 15.11 Berlin, Germany Daily 6-8 a.m.
HVJ 19.84 15.12 Vatican City, Italy Daily 10:30-10:45 a.m. ; 5-5:15 p.m.
GSF 19.82 15.14 London, England Daily 9 a.m.-12 Noon
PCJ 19.71 15.22 Huizen, Holland Wed. 6-11 a.m.
TPA-2 19.68 15.24 Paris, France Daily 7-11 a.m.
LRU 19.62 15.29 Buenos Aires, Argentina Daily 2-6:50 p.m.
HAS3 19.52 15.37 Budapest, Hungary Sun. 8-10 a.m.
/dje 16.89 17.76 Berlin, Germany Daily 8-11 a.m.
I GSG 16.86 17.79 London, England Daily 6-8:45 a.m. t 9 a.m.-12 Noon
GSJ 13.93 21.53 London, England Daily
 Interchangeable Tube Types
tU
S type
tube general, the are
number ^ty^^atlon
the sigmncd ^ . In theThne. case
the RCA-27 is interchangeable with the V ^ eXampie. the
of a suffixed letter, the
RCA-n-A^U ^a_ce the UX^m A^oi ^ ^ ^ munu. 171^ of'our manufacture
and also the _
facturers. , Include the following types, for
_ * e do to
Exceptions — this ™ejncmoe^^^^^^ type: kr-20,
KR-22, 59-B,
3K:il5At^e|?mh«
usually be replaced by theRCAtyp hi lding is Important.
with a close fitting tube
^ifhes having
numbers with the suffix ^ a glass *ulh and .m 0^
i base use the suffix
closed in a metal shleld, ana a octa be replaced by
MG.
thp corresponding RCA an meuwi-j-v without
Both the G aiffi MG types ca .n a change
pentagrid in
the receiver. When
converter or mixer stage it maythe rep a be necess ary to realign
_ ing condenser, the
oscillator tuning condenser with r fo[tunjnterchangeabll-
ity^It showsthe
SS-Thc
aiipprsfide earlier fis?tube
roll^Swe
models. numbers o. tubesi2CA which
■ RCA
Radio Other Radio
MavS/actuTers' JF^o iV u
M anu/acwrers'
TVV^o. rl%%0
Typo
2A3H No. 1VV%
2 A3 - e^A. 39/44'
6Z3 1"/ 67. .37*
.37*
6Z4 »4 6 7-A .. .38*
25zlMG;:;;isz6 68..••
68-A. .38*
•71..• . 71-A
•71-B. ,. .83**
.71-A
■ 12 112-A •SOM. ..83**
•13 ' ....80 88 . . . . 2A5
'13-B 80 95. . . . .84
'16 182A ., .71-A
.71-A
'16-B
104. ....8124-A 4 82A . .50
268 . . . . 1B5/ 258 585. . .50
27HM 66 586
•36-A 3« P-861 84 4
•37-A 37 961
986 1®
? *,
AD I"/
•SS-A 39/44 AF
AG |2
83v
43MG
.44 25AU
39/44 KR-1 l-.
6 .
14250 1? 23 KI1-6 A4
35 K11-25 2A5
rfi_A 76* KR-28 84
6A4
57_A 6C6* LA 47
58-A
64 6D6*
36* c
P7-H 2A6
amtional
filament current. 51
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61
KEY TO TERMINAL DESIGNATIONS OF SOCKETS (Bottom Views)
BPF == Bayonet Alphabetical subscripts D, P, and T indicate, respectively, diode unit, pentode
FilamentPin
GH == Heater
Grid unit, and triodc unit in multi-unit types.
NCK=
P
Cathode
== No Connection
Plate
Numerical subscripts arc used (1) in multi-grid types to indicate relative position
Pbf of grids to cathode or filament, and (3J in mulli-UHil types to differentiate be-
TA == Target
Beam Forming Plate trvc-c-n two Identical electrodes which would otherwise have the same designation.
 RCA G-TYPE RADIO TUBES (Octal-Base, Glass-Bulb Types)
In addition to the types of tubes shown on pages 52 to 58, the following octal-base, glass-bulb types are also available. These
are indicated below,bytogether
types are Identified the letter
with"G" following
socket the typeand
connections number.
overallFor each of these
dimensions. types, the corresponding
Characteristic data for the G-typesglass orare
metal
the types
same
as those for the corresponding types on pages 52 to 58.
G-Series Corresponding Socket Max. Overall Dimensions
Type Gloss Type Metol Type Connections Length x Diara.
1E7-G t 8C** 4^" x lA"
1J6-G 19t 7AB** 414"
6V4-G 83-v 5L** 4%* xx lA" IH"
5X4-G 5Z3 5Q**
6T»* 5A" x 2^"
5Y3-G 80 8A* 4%" x IH"
6A8-G 6A8 6Q* 44H"" xx lA" 1 is "
6C5-G 6C5
6F5 6M#
6F5-G 6F6 78# 4H'
4%" x IH" x l-h"
6F6-G
CH6-G 6K6
0J7-G 6J7 7Qir
7R# 414
44XBA""" xxx \-h"
1 -h "
6K6-G 7S** lA"
6K7-G 6K7 7R* 411"
6L6-G 6L6
6L7
7AC*
7T* 5 A" Xxx 21-ft"
4il"
1^"
it;"
6L7-G 6N7 8B* 4''A" x 1H"
6N7-G
6Q7-G 6Q7 7V* 4^1" x 1A"
6R7-G 6R7 7 V*
6S* 4H" x 1A"
6X5-G 6X5
25A6 7S* 414" xx HI"
4A" 1A"
25A6-G 25ZG 7Q*
25Z6-G 414" x 1A'
** Except that Pin No. 1 has no connection. t Except that filament current is 0.24 ampere.
* Except that Pin No. 1 has no connection. j Two lF4,s in the same bulb.
1 Except that Pin No. 1 is connected to shield between diode units. # Except that Pin No. 11s connected to shield external to plate.
 RADIO LOG
Call Letters Location Dial Setting

64
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