Organizing and Delivering a Manuscript Speech

Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of a manuscript speech;

⌂ write topics appropriate for a manuscript speech;

⌂ develop and deliver an effective manuscript speech;

When speaking from a manuscript, you write and deliver a speech word for word. The question is, for whom is the manuscript
method most advantageous?

1. Public figures. Since public figures are always constrained by a hectic schedule, they need ghost writers. Consequently, they
would have to read the text of the speech as it is. The President’s State of the Nation Address (SONA) is a concrete example of this
situation.

2. Media personalities. Speakers on radio and television always battle with time limits. For example, a televised panel discussion
about a social issue may require radio and TV anchors to critically choose and refine the words of their speech in advance.

3. Spokespersons for government and private organizations. This public speaking role requires a great deal of contemplation and
preparation. For example, we have speeches of different country’s spokespersons in an international seminar on climate change.

Potential Problems with the Manuscript Method

1. Since this type of speech follows a word-for-word method, you might be tempted to skip practicing the speech.

2. In relation to the previous point, if you fail to practice your speech and decide to read it during the time of delivery itself, you
might be glued to the speech all throughout. You may overlook making eye contact with your audience. Note that glancing at the
audience only at the end of a sentence is not sufficient to establish and maintain rapport during the speech.

3. Lastly, because everything is planned based on the time allotted, you will surely want to cover everything in your speech before
you run out of time. This might affect your connection with the audience, as there is a tendency to ignore the audience and
neglect responding to their feedback when busy with the speech. Pay attention and make sure to check and adjust if the audience
displays anxiety, impatience, or boredom.

Strategies in Organizing and Delivering the Manuscript Speech

1. Practice! Practice delivering the speech several times. Mark the text. Even if it’s a manuscript, know the speech by heart. Only if
you do these can you keep frequent eye contact with the audience.

2. Adapt! Even if you have a manuscript, feel free to modify the text when the situation demands it. If you observe that your
audience is bored, you may use shorter yet more vigorous words. If your audience is impatient, add words of strong motivational
power. If your audience is anxious, share personal anecdotes to lighten the mood.

Tips in Using the Manuscript Method

1. Prepare! Keep your text easy to use by neatly composing it in triple space.

2. Mark! Own your manuscript by highlighting key words and phrases. This way you will be guided during the speech delivery.

3. Practice! You can make a lot of notes on the draft of your manuscript during the first few rehearsals, but make sure to reprint
your script, especially if you make too many changes.

4. Practice some more! Read the text over and over orally. This will help you avoid mispronounced words, faulty starts, and wrong
pauses. As you practice, vary the volume, rate, and pitch of your voice during appropriate points in the speech.

5. Concentrate! Concentrate on keeping eye contact, but do not stare at only one section of the audience. It is best if you
familiarize yourself with the most important parts of your speech. If you do this, you will be more confident in looking at your
audience during the key points of the speech. 6. Act it out! Use a lectern or a podium when practicing the speech. If you can find
one before the actual speech delivery, practice using it so that you will be used to laying your notes flat on the podium and looking
at them once in a while.
Organizing and Delivering a Memorized Speech
Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of a memorized speech;

⌂ write topics appropriate for a memorized speech;

⌂ develop and deliver an effective memorized speech

A memorized speech requires you to commit the speech to memory so that you do not bring your notes when delivering
it. As with the manuscript speech, you also run the risk of sounding mechanical during a memorized delivery. For this reason, keep
your memorized speech short and work harder on your facial expressions and the tone of your voice.

When should you memorize?

Although keeping a speech in memory is needed only on very rare occasions, memorizing a speech can help you achieve a
smooth and effortless delivery. You do not need to focus on notes or a manuscript. You can concentrate on maintaining eye
contact with your audience, establishing rapport, and interacting with your audience.

Since memorizing can be very tough and mechanical, it is best that you memorize short speeches for special occasions. A
memorized speech works best for the introduction of a guest, acceptance of award or recognition, toast, eulogy, tribute, and the
like.

Disadvantages of the Memorized Speech

1. You might forget what you are supposed to say. Long pauses can create a very awkward moment between you and your
audience. 2. You might memorize the speech mechanically. This can result in a very unnatural delivery.

3. You might focus on content. Consequently, groping for the right words might make you look uptight and stiff.

4. You might be too tied to remembering your script. This will give you no chance to pay attention and respond to audience
feedback

Advantages of Delivering a Memorized Speech

1. You do not need notes anymore. Since the speech is memorized, you do not have to worry about when to read and when to
glance at your audience.

2. You can plan gestures, facial expressions, and movement. When you know the speech by heart, it will be easier for you to work
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3. You can concentrate on visual aids and props. A memorized speech will help you focus more on your props if you have any.

4. You will feel more confident. If you know that you have committed the speech to memory, you will not be anxious about running
out of words or not knowing what to say.

Tips in Memorizing a Speech

1. Break it down! You cannot memorize a speech in one sitting. If your speech has four paragraphs, you should focus on one
paragraph at a time. Once you have memorized the first paragraph, focus on the next one.

2. Build it up! After memorizing the speech in snippets, you need to put them together. Recite the first paragraph and move on to
the second. After this, recite the first and second paragraphs and move on to the third. The next thing you know, you have
completed your speech.

3. Speak out! Do not memorize the speech silently. When you recite your speech over and over while memorizing it, your brain
multitasks and aids your memory retention.

4. Identify keys! Identify a key point in every paragraph. Even if you miss out some of the words in the actual speech delivery, you
can easily expound on the key points.

5. Have a break! After memorizing some parts of your speech, take a break for some hours or for a day. After this, recite the speech
again. This will test how well you can recall what you think you have memorized.
6. Record and listen! Record yourself delivering the speech and listen to it over and over again. Like a song, the speech will get
stuck in your head.

7. Use note cards! Write one key point on one note card. Bring these note cards wherever you go and take them out whenever you
have extra time to memorize, especially during idle times of the day.

Organizing and Delivering an Impromptu Speech

Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of an impromptu speech;

⌂ write topics appropriate for an impromptu speech;

⌂ develop and deliver an effective impromptu speech;

Impromptu speeches are delivered with little or no time for preparation. In most instances, you are called to speak at the
spur of the moment because you are expected to be knowledgeable about the subject.

For example, your teacher assigned you to read an article before the class starts. Then, during the class you were asked to
deliver an impromptu speech about what you have learned from the article. Another instance to illustrate an impromptu situation
is when you are asked by a friend or a relative about your current or planned vacation trip or when you are campaigning for a
position in school and you are asked by your fellow students to respond to their questions.

Strategies in Organizing and Delivering an Impromptu Speech

Below are some of the strategies that you can follow when you organize and deliver an impromptu speech.

1. Past, Present, Future

Example:

In the past, I was not comfortable in making impromptu speeches because I could not think right away of what to say;
maybe it was because of nervousness and lack of time to prepare. At present, however, I am enjoying it because I constantly
practice and keep on exposing myself to any speaking situation. In the future, I look forward to teaching others how to survive
impromptu speech situations.

2. Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point

Example:

3. Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher

Example:
 In some cases, you may find yourself unaware of or uninterested in the topic. This usually happens and it is inevitable.
Distinguished Toastmaster Craig Harrison (2010) shares the following strategies that can help you address the problem.

a. Bridging. This entails building a connection between what you do know and what you do not know.

b. Reframing. This means rephrasing or redefining the topic into something that you want to talk about. This usually occurs
if you think the topic is inappropriate or it is not meant for you.

If you are given a topic that you do not like or is not right for you, don’t despair. Simply reframe it as a topic you’d like to
respond to. Redefine the topic as you believe it should be, or at least the way you’d like it to be. Keep the structure but alter the
subject. Rephrase the question or even challenge it; you can even argue why the question given is not the right question at all.

c. Playing Devil’s Advocate. This refers to you standing on the opposite side.

Some Useful Tips in Effective Impromptu Speech Delivery

Before the Speech

1. Smile.
2. Relax by thinking about positive things. Keep telling yourself, “I am a brilliant speaker. I will nail this
presentation.”
 3. Identify your purpose. Is it to inform, to entertain, to welcome, to congratulate, to apologize, or to give
birthday greetings?
4. Think of one big word that can serve as your main point. If you think you have enough, think of the rule
of three.
5. Start outlining in your head. Focus on what to say first. Be reminded that your first few words are
crucial, so make them strong, powerful and catchy.
During the Speech

1. When you are called, keep composed. Walk slowly to the lectern or the center stage.

2. Shake hands with the one who introduced you, if necessary.

3. As you stand to deliver, establish eye contact, and begin right away with your opening statements. Part
of your opening is greeting your audience.

4. From your initial idea to the next, use appropriate transitional devices.

5. Observe appropriate and effective nonverbal cues.

6. Observe time limit. Remember, you barely have five minutes to say something.

After the Speech

1. Say thank you.

2. Return to your place comfortably

Organizing and Delivering an Extemporaneous Speech

Obejctives:

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of an extemporaneous speech;

⌂ write topics appropriate for an extemporaneous speech;

⌂ develop and deliver an effective extemporaneous speech

Definition of Extemporaneous Speech

An extemporaneous speech is a planned and prepared speech. Unlike memorized or manuscript speeches which are
delivered word-for-word, an extemporaneous speech is delivered with the help of short notes and a clear outline.

Most people who speak in public often prefer the extemporaneous method of delivery. Although it might look more
challenging than the manuscript or memorized speeches, it is more spontaneous and personal.

Three Steps in Studying your Extemporaneous Topic

1. Identify the type of extemporaneous question that you have to answer.

• Is it a question of fact?

This type of question is typically answerable by “Yes” or “No.” It revolves around whether something is true or not,
existent or not.

Example: Q Is Syria’s crisis a problem of the whole world?

• Is it a question of value?

It is centered on whether a topic is good or bad, moral or immoral, just or unjust.

Example: Q Is it better for the European nations to step in and aid Syria or ignore the country’s civil crisis?

• Is it a question of policy? It is focused on what policy or rule should be followed.

Example: Q Should European countries enforce laws to accommodate Syrian refugees?

2. Determine the purpose appropriate to your topic.

3. Stick to your topic and look at all of the sides and angles of the problem.

Steps in Preparing for a Successful Extemporaneous Speech

1. Reinforce! You may explore other main points, but always refer back to your thesis. This will greatly help your audience
remember your message.

2. Capture! State the central idea of your extemporaneous speech in one declarative sentence. Keep your sentence
specific. Ask yourself what you want your audience to know exactly.

3. Develop! Now that you have a clear central idea, you are ready to map out the supporting points in an outline.

4. Introduce! In the introduction, make sure you:

• grab the attention of the audience with a striking one-liner.

• give a short background by explaining why they have to listen.

• state your thesis.

5. Check! Develop at least three main points and check each of them with these questions:

• Does each point have one single idea?

• Does each point reiterate the thesis statement?

• Does each point prepare the discussion of the next main point?

6. Supply! Make sure that each main point has enough examples, testimonies, statistics, or cases. In doing this, you give
the audience new information or views to learn from.

7. Conclude! Reinforce your introduction by coming up with a closing attention-getter that is related to your opening.
Connect the needs and interest of your main points.

Sample Outline for an Extemporaneous Speech

I. Introduction
A. Opening attention-getter
B. The need to listen
C. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Main Point 1
1. Subpoint 1
a. Evidence
b. Statistics
2. Subpoint 2
a. Evidence
b. Statistics
B. Main Point 2
1. Subpoint 1
a. Evidence
b. Statistics
2. Subpoint 2
a. Evidence
b. Statistics
III. Conclusion
A. Closing attention-getter
B. Restatement of thesis or review of main points
Organizing and Delivering an Entertainment Speech
Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of an entertainment speech;

⌂ write topics appropriate for an entertainment speech;

⌂ develop and deliver an effective entertainment speech;

Aims of an Entertainment Speech

An entertainment speech aims to share goodwill, joy, and pleasure to the audience. The purpose of an entertainment
speech is not to educate, inform, or inspire because the primary goal is to make the audience relax, enjoy, and even laugh. This
means that you, the speaker, are expected to be friendly and relaxed, but still courteous during the speech delivery. Moreover, you
should know your audience well in order to entertain them effectively.

How to Make your Speech Entertaining

To make your speech entertaining, you may:

• tell jokes;

• share funny stories;

• dramatize experiences; and

• recall a scary story

Steps in Writing an Entertaining Speech

1. Choose! Choose a light topic. Remember, you are there to give the audience a good time.

2. Enjoy! If you exude confidence and you obviously enjoy the moment, the audience will enjoy your presence, too.

3. Simplify! Simplify the flow of your speech. Your audience does not need a mentally exhausting message.

4. Visualize! Your words should be highly descriptive. Use vivid words and keep them flowing to make your audience feel
as if they were in your story.

5. Surprise! Astonish your audience with unexpected twists in your presentation. The more you surprise them, the more
entertaining your speech will become.

Suggested Outline

1. Introduction

1.1 Open with an anecdote or funny story which captures the interest of the audience.

1.2 Introduce the main message of your speech.

1.3 Provide a sneak peak of the content of your entertaining speech.

2. Body (you may use any of the techniques below)

2.1 Talk about the series of events that made you think of your main message.

2.2 Use a humorous quote which highlights your message.

2.3 Share related stories and anecdotes of others.

3. Conclusion

3.1 Recall the main points you talked about in your speech.

3.2 Recount your main message.

3.3 Make a final statement which connects to the opening anecdote

Organizing and Delivering an Informative Speech
Types of Informative Speeches

Generally, there are four types of informative speeches which vary depending on the topic. These are speech about
objects or people, speech about processes, speech about events, and speech about concepts

Organizational Patterns

An informative speech can follow different patterns of organization to arrange and frame the details effectively.

A. Chronological Pattern. This can be used if you want to present the history, evolution, or development of your topic in a
sequential order, from past to present or beginning to end.

B. Spatial Pattern – this pattern is used when you want to talk about the physical structure of an object or the way things
fit together in a certain space (Glendale Community College; University of Washington Tacoma). Topics that deal with geography fit
this pattern best.
 C. Topical/Categorical Pattern. This can be used if you want to inform your audience about the main features,
descriptions, or categories of your topic.

D. Cause-Effect Pattern. This can be used if you want to show the causal relationship of events or phenomena.

E. Comparison-Contrast. This can be used if you want to compare objects, events, or concepts underscoring their
similarities and differences. Your outline may follow either a block or point-by-point format.

Organizing and Delivering a Persuasive Speech

Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of a persuasive speech;

⌂ write topics appropriate for a persuasive speech;

⌂ develop and deliver a persuasive speech;

Definition of Persuasive Speech

Persuasive speaking is the form of communication that people of diverse backgrounds mostly engage in. This kind of
speech can center on any arguably interesting topic under the sun. When you deliver your persuasive speech, your primary goal is
to influence the thoughts, feelings, actions, and behaviors or attitudes of your listeners (Gamble & Gamble, 2012). Likewise, you
also aim to change their perception and convince them that your argument is more important, practical, attainable, or feasible. In
essence, you—as a persuasive speaker—advocate for whatever your message is.

Qualities of an Effective Persuasive Speech

Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech

1. Speech that Questions Fact

 This type questions the existence of a particular event or happening. In this case, the persuasive speaker poses
questions of fact, derives conclusions from different sources of information, and attempts to convince the audience to believe in
his/her ideas.

Below are a sample argument and a sample outline.

Argument: Death penalty as a punishment is not effective, as it does not deter crime.

A. Purpose: To persuade listeners that the death penalty is ineffective as a punishment as it does not deter crime.

B. Main Point: Death penalty does not work as an effective punishment because it does not deter crime.

C. Supporting Idea: In a survey of various experts from the American Society of Criminology, the Academy of
Criminal Justice Sciences, and the Law and Society Association, it was found that majority of the experts did not see death penalty
as a deterrent to homicide (Radelet & Lacock, 2009).

2. Speech that Questions Value

This type focuses on questions of value regarding topics on the self, family, friendship, religion, government,
freedom, love, and money, among others. In this case, the persuasive speaker (1) makes a statement or claim which reflects
his/her judgment, (2) attempts to convince his/her audience of his/her judgment, and (3) justifies it based on standards.

Below are a sample argument and a sample outline.

Argument: Sentencing criminals to death is wrong.

A. Purpose: To persuade listeners that the death penalty is wrong.

B. Main Point: Sentencing criminals to death is wrong because human life is precious; no man has the right to sentence a
fellow human being to death, and even so there is no fair way of meting out this punishment.

C. Supporting Idea: Criminals might be sentenced to death based on other external factors, such as their race. In fact a
study by the American Civil Liberties Union (2003), found that there is a racial bias in the application of the death penalty.

3. Speech that Questions Policy

This type questions the current state of things which can impact the future. In this case, the persuasive speaker
asks relevant questions that can help in making a decision on whether or not something should be implemented, observed, or
done.

Below are a sample argument and a sample outline:

Argument: The government should not revive death penalty.

A. Purpose: To persuade listeners that the death penalty should not be revived by the government.

B. Main Point: The government should not revive death penalty as it does not directly decrease the crime rate.

C. Supporting Idea: In the United States, it was found that states with no death penalty have lower murder rates compared
to those which have death penalty in place (Bonner & Fessenden, 2000).

Organizational Patterns:

The following are some of the suggested patterns that you can use to organize your persuasive speech.

1. A. F.O.R.E.S.T. (anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical questions, emotive language, superlatives, tripling)

Below are the rules in applying this pattern.

(1) Anecdotes. Begin your speech with a personal story, observation, or experience.

(2) Facts and figures. Provide striking statistics that can support your ideas.

(3) Opinion. Add in your opinion. You can begin your statement with, “I believe that…”.

(4) Rhetorical questions. Think of and add engaging rhetorical questions (i.e., questions which do not intend to elicit
answers, but to make a point).

(5) Emotive language. Appeal to your audience’s emotion.

(6) Superlatives. Use superlatives to exaggerate an idea.

 (7) Tripling. The rule of three in the English writing principle simply entails using three words together to reinforce your
point. This may add to the effectiveness of your persuasion. A classic example is Julius Caesar’s statement: “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came,
I saw, I conquered).