College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
Kinematics of particles:
1- Rectilinear motion
b- Graph
Student will be able to determine position, s, velocity, 𝑣, and acceleration of a particle
using graphs
APPLICATIONS
1- In many experiments, a velocity versus position (𝑣 − 𝑠) graph for the tank truck, how can
we determine its acceleration at position s= 1500m?
2- The velocity of a car is recorded from a experiment. The car starts from rest and travels
along a straight track.
If we know the (𝑣 − 𝑡) plot, how can we determine the distance the car traveled during the
time interval 0 < t <30s or 15 < t <25s?
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
ERRATIC MOTION
Graphing provides a good way to handle complex motions that would be difficult to describe
with formulas.
Graphs also provide a visual description of motion and reinforce the calculus concepts of
differentiation and integration as used in dynamics.
The approach builds on the facts that slope and differentiation are linked and that integration
can be thought of as finding the area under a curve.
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
S-T GRAPH
Plots of position versus time can be used to find velocity versus time curves. Finding the slope of the line
𝑑𝑠
tangent to the motion curve at any point is the velocity at that point (or 𝑣 = ).
𝑑𝑡
𝑣
Area A Slope
Integration Differentiation
Therefore, the v-t graph can be constructed by finding the slope at various points along the s-t
graph.
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
V-T GRAPH
Plots of velocity versus time can be used to find acceleration versus time curves. Finding the
slope of the line tangent to the velocity curve at any point is the acceleration at that point (or a
= dv/dt).
Therefore, the acceleration versus time (or a-t) graph can be constructed by finding the slope at
various points along the v-t graph.
Also, the distance moved (displacement) of the particle is the area under the v-t graph during
time t.
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
A-T GRAPH
Given the acceleration versus time or a-t curve, the change in velocity (v) during a time period is the
area under the a-t curve.
So we can construct a v-t graph from an a-t graph if we know the initial velocity of the particle.
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
A-S GRAPH
more complex case is presented by the acceleration versus position or a-s graph. The area
under the a-s curve represents the change in velocity
(Recall ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 )
𝑠2
1 2
(𝑣1 − 𝑣02 ) = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎 − 𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
2 𝑠1
This equation can be solved for 𝑣1 , allowing you to solve for the velocity at a point. By doing
this repeatedly, you can create a plot of velocity versus distance.
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
V-S GRAPH
Another complex case is presented by the velocity versus distance or v-s graph. By reading the
velocity v at a point on the curve and multiplying it by the slope of the curve (dv/ds) at this
same point, we can obtain the acceleration at that point. Recall the formula
𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = 𝑣( )
𝑑𝑠
Thus, we can obtain an a-s plot from the v-s curve.
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
EXAMPLE 1: The v-t graph for a dragster moving along a straight road. Find the a-t graph and s-t graph
over the time interval shown.
Given:
Find:
Solution:
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
EXAMPLE 2: The v-t graph shown. Find the a-t graph, average speed, and distance traveled for
the 0-80s interval.
Given:
Find:
Solution:
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
EXAMPLE 3: By using the shown v-t graph, Find the s-t graph and the a-t graph for the motion.
Given:
Find:
Solution:
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
College of Engineering and Computer at AL-Qunfudhah
Dynamics
Chapter 2
Dynamics
