The Language of Feminism and Its Impact on The Society

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...............................................................

2. Literature Review ........................................................

3. Theoretical Framework ................................................

4. Methodology ...............................................................

5. Analysis of So Long a Letter ........................................

6. Language and Feminism in So Long a Letter ..............

7. Impact of Feminism on Society .......................................

8. Conclusion .................................................................

9. Recommendations ........................................................

10. References ................................................................

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

The struggle for women’ right began in the 18th century during the period of
intense intellectual activity known as the Age of Enlightenment.
In traditional Africa the woman is an object of constant scorn, degradation and
physical torture. In the past, women did not exist as individuals with
personalities to defend. They rather existed as mere docile and exotic
accompaniments to the males. Throughout that period, women lacked a voice
to articulate their dilemma and their points of view. They, thus, accepted their
fate without resistance. Such passive stance results from societal conditioning
through questionable cultural practices. From birth, through childhood and
adolescence, to adulthood, Africans receive from society and others around
the messages and feedbacks which launch them into roles and behaviors
considered appropriate for males and females respectively. Most often, female
are accorded inferior roles and such long years of cultural suppression and
intimidation, unfortunately, misled the women into an underestimation of their
capabilities and self worth. Encased in such a cultural mystique, the African
women were particularly driven by a community sense since culture obviates
individualism. In those days, these women, in addition to experiencing the
same oppressive social condition as their male counterparts in a developing
world, were subjected to extra repressive burdens arising from the socio-
cultural structures of patriarchy and gender hierarchy. These years of
subjugation have, however, produced in today’s women relentless questioning
of the status quo. They protest against dehumanization, political enslavement
and social oppression. They rationalize that the running of the Africa world is
not the preserve for males and thus there should be absolute equality of both
sexes in all spheres of life. Such a reaction is termed feminism, which is an
ideology that urges, in simple terms, recognition of the claims of women for
equal rights with men.
According to Cora Kaplan (162) Literary text are constructed from within
ideology, and the reality they articulate is dependent on the historical culture
which surrounds them; so too are the literary critical claims about their
truthfulness or authenticity determined by the culture from which they arise.
Helen Chukwuma (xiv) specifically contends that African feminism is dedicated
and informed from within, from social realities that obtain. One of such
realities is the persistence of sexist socio-psychological paradigm despite the
efforts to overcome “the androcentricism which informs social life”. (Uko, 33)
The persistent sexism in Africa is, however, matched with women’s continued
aggressive demand for equal places in men’s former citadel of power and
privilege. The chorus African women say to men “whatever the case maybe,
you will never again hear us pronounce the words of the Virgin Mary, ‘thy will
be done’ while smiling at your despotic power”. (Josephine Felicite in Moses,
C.G. and Rabine, L. 308-309). They argue that it is better for men to desire from
them those noble and generous feelings which must exist between equals than
those mercenary feelings which a slave has for his master. Consequent upon
this quest and argument, there is a recent definition of womanhood in the
context of the African cosmic order: “A human being endowed with all the
capabilities and talents required to effectively function and make impact on all
levels of life within society” (Adeife Osemeikhiam, 21).
Notwithstanding the above stance, there still abounds in Africa, evidence of
gender stereotypes which simply means a collection of commonly held beliefs
or opinions about what are “appropriate” behaviors and activities for males
and those that are “appropriate” for females. As a result of this, even though
men support women’s condemnation of their (women) societal deprivations,
men’s language still betrays subtle inclination to sexist socialization.
The New Lexicon Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language,
Sexism is exemplified firstly as attitudes and institutions, often unconscious
that judge human worth on the grounds of gender or sex.
It is explained as prejudice or discrimination usually against women, based on
their gender. Sexist socialization, therefore, refers to the process by which
infants and children are brought up to imbibe attitudes and practices that
discriminate against women on the grounds of their gender.
This work examines So Long a Letter with a view to highlight its characteristic
language usage and as well as the psychological disposition that informs such
use of language. Research findings by anthropologists, educationists and
sociolinguistics show that traditionally, males use non-standard language;
females use the language of rapport while males use the language of report;
discursive language style is meant for women while men are given to the
language of theories and abstractions; females use polite language meant to
maintain harmony and strong relationship as well as to keep conversations
open whereas males use the language of assertiveness and insistence. Women
use the language of solidarity but men use the language of the expert.

The struggle for women's rights has a rich and complex history that spans
centuries. The 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment, marked a
significant turning point in the history of feminism. This era saw the emergence
of influential thinkers such as Mary Wollstonecraft, who argued that women
were not inherently inferior to men and should be granted equal rights and
opportunities. However, in traditional Africa, women were subjected to scorn,
degradation, and physical torture, lacking a voice to articulate their dilemma
and points of view.

The oppressive societal conditioning that women faced in traditional Africa was
perpetuated through questionable cultural practices, instilling in women a
deep-seated sense of inferiority and subjugation. For instance, the practice of
female genital mutilation, which is still prevalent in some African countries, is a
stark example of the ways in which women's bodies were controlled and
regulated by patriarchal societies. Similarly, the custom of polygamy, which
allowed men to have multiple wives, reinforced the notion that women were
mere commodities that could be bought and sold.
The historical context of women's oppression in Africa provides a foundation
for understanding the evolution of feminist thought and its ongoing impact on
society. Feminist scholars such as Oyeronke Oyewumi and Ifi Amadiume have
challenged the dominant Western feminist discourse, arguing that African
women's experiences are unique and cannot be reduced to simplistic
narratives of oppression and liberation. Instead, they argue that African
women's struggles for equality and justice must be understood within the
context of colonialism, imperialism, and globalization.
In conclusion, the struggle for women's rights in Africa has a complex and
multifaceted history that spans centuries. Understanding this history is crucial
for developing effective strategies for promoting gender equality and social
justice in Africa today.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Men in Africa make women understand that they, the men, are the head of
the family that is, they are superior to women. They see women as being weak
and as a result, women have no say in the activities of the community. They
have no rights and are subjugated to do whatever he the men want them to do
especially in Africa. Women are made to feel inferior and this breeds some sort
of ill feelings in women.
Men in Africa make women understand that they are superior to women.
Women have no say in community activities, no rights, and are subjugated to
do whatever men want. This statement encapsulates the entrenched
patriarchal norms and discriminatory practices that perpetuate women's
subjugation and marginalization in Africa. The systemic inequality that women
face in Africa is reinforced by societal conditioning, which ingrains sexist
attitudes and biases in both men and women.

The consequences of this oppression are far-reaching, limiting women's

agency, autonomy, and potential, while perpetuating cycles of poverty,
inequality, and social injustice. Women in Africa are often denied access to
education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, making them vulnerable to
exploitation and abuse. The lack of representation and participation in
decision-making processes means that women's voices are silenced, and their
interests are ignored.
Addressing this problem requires a critical examination of the language and
discourse that underpin these oppressive systems. Language plays a crucial role
in shaping our perceptions of reality, and it is often used to justify and
perpetuate systems of oppression. By examining the ways in which language is
used to reinforce patriarchal norms and discriminatory practices, we can begin
to challenge and subvert these systems.
In conclusion, the statement of the problem highlights the entrenched
patriarchal norms and discriminatory practices that perpetuate women's
subjugation and marginalization in Africa. Addressing this problem requires a
critical examination of the language and discourse that underpin these
oppressive systems.
Objective of the Study

The aim of this is to identify how Mariama Ba uses language to portray

feminism – the reaction of females against the oppressive and discriminatory
culture experienced by them – in her novel So Long a Letter.

The primary objective of this study is to explore the language of feminism and
its impact on society, with a specific focus on Mariama Ba's novel, So Long a
Letter. This study aims to identify and analyze the linguistic strategies and
discursive practices employed by Ba to challenge patriarchal norms and
promote feminist ideals. By examining the ways in which language shapes and
reflects societal attitudes towards women, this study seeks to contribute to a
deeper understanding of the complex relationships between language, power,
and gender.

Mariama Ba's novel, So Long a Letter, is a seminal work of feminist literature

that explores the experiences of women in Senegal. The novel is written in the
form of a letter, which allows Ba to explore the inner lives and thoughts of her
female characters. Through this novel, Ba challenges patriarchal norms and
discriminatory practices, promoting feminist ideals and advocating for women's
rights.

This study will employ a critical discourse analysis approach to examine the
language and discourse of feminism in So Long a Letter. This approach will
allow us to analyze the ways in which language is used to shape and reflect
societal attitudes towards women. By examining the linguistic strategies and
discursive practices employed by Ba, we can gain a deeper understanding of
the complex relationships between language, power, and gender.

In conclusion, the objective of this study is to explore the language of feminism

and its impact on society, with a specific focus on Mariama Ba's novel, So Long
a Letter.
1.3 Significance of the Study

The topic Language in Feminist Literature: a study of Mariama Ba’s So Long a

Letter, will serve as a good research material to students and other researchers.
This work will throw more light on the language of feminism and its impact to
society.
This study is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it will serve as a valuable
resource for students and researchers interested in feminist literature and the
language of feminism. The study will provide a comprehensive analysis of the
linguistic and discursive strategies employed by Mariama Ba in her novel, So
Long a Letter, which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex
relationships between language, power, and gender.

Furthermore, this study has the potential to inform strategies for promoting
gender equality and social justice. By examining the ways in which language
can be used to challenge and subvert patriarchal norms, this study can provide
insights into the role of language in shaping and reflecting societal attitudes
towards women. This knowledge can be used to develop effective strategies for
promoting gender equality and challenging discriminatory practices.

In addition, this study has the potential to inspire new perspectives and
approaches to feminist scholarship and activism. By examining the language
and discourse of feminism in a specific literary text, this study can provide a
nuanced and detailed understanding of the complex relationships between
language, power, and gender. This knowledge can be used to inform feminist
scholarship and activism, and to develop new strategies for promoting gender
equality and social justice.

Overall, this study is significant because it contributes to a critical

understanding of the language of feminism and its impact on society. The
findings of this study have implications for our understanding of the complex
relationships between language, power, and gender, and can inform strategies
for promoting gender equality and social justice.
1.4 Scope of the Study

This project is restricted primarily to the study of the Language in Feminist

Literature in Mariama Ba’s So Long a Letter.

This study is focused specifically on the language of feminism in Mariama Ba's

novel, So Long a Letter. The scope of the study is limited to a critical analysis of
the linguistic and discursive strategies employed by Ba to challenge patriarchal
norms and promote feminist ideals. The study does not attempt to provide a
comprehensive overview of feminist theory or the broader social and cultural
contexts in which the novel is situated.

Instead, the study offers a nuanced and detailed analysis of the language and
discourse of feminism in a specific literary text. This approach allows for a
detailed examination of the ways in which language is used to shape and
reflect societal attitudes towards women. By focusing on a specific literary text,
this study can provide a rich and detailed understanding of the complex
relationships between language, power, and gender.

The study is restricted primarily to the study of the language in feminist

literature in Mariama Ba's So Long a Letter. This means that the study will not
examine other literary texts or genres, but will instead focus on a detailed
analysis of Ba's novel. This approach allows for a comprehensive and in-depth
examination of the language and discourse of feminism in a specific literary
text.

Overall, the scope of this study is limited to a critical analysis of the linguistic
and discursive strategies employed by Mariama Ba in her novel, So Long a
Letter. The study provides a nuanced and detailed understanding of the
complex relationships between language, power, and gender, and has
implications for our understanding of the language of feminism and its impact
on society.
Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Definition of Feminism

Feminism is a complex and multifaceted ideology that has evolved over time,
but at its core, it is a movement that advocates for the recognition of women's
claims for equal rights with men. This definition encompasses the fundamental
principle of feminism, which is to challenge and dismantle the systems of
oppression that have historically denied women equal access to resources,
opportunities, and power. Feminism recognizes that women's experiences and
perspectives have been marginalized and excluded from dominant discourses,
and seeks to create a more just and equitable society where women's voices
are heard and valued.
Feminism is not just about women's rights, but also about challenging the
societal norms, institutions, and power structures that perpetuate gender-
based oppression. It seeks to question and subvert the dominant ideologies
that have constructed women as inferior, submissive, and powerless. Feminism
argues that women's liberation is not just a matter of individual freedom, but
also a collective struggle for social justice and human rights. By advocating for
equal rights, feminism aims to create a society where women have equal
access to education, employment, healthcare, and political representation.
The definition of feminism as an ideology that urges recognition of women's
claims for equal rights with men is broad enough to encompass the diverse
perspectives and experiences of women from different cultures, races, classes,
and sexual orientations. Feminism recognizes that women's experiences are
not monolithic, and that different women face different forms of oppression
and marginalization. Therefore, feminism seeks to create a inclusive and
intersectional movement that addresses the multiple forms of oppression that
women face.
In conclusion, feminism is an ideology that advocates for the recognition of
women's claims for equal rights with men. It is a movement that seeks to
challenge and dismantle the systems of oppression that have historically
denied women equal access to resources, opportunities, and power. By
advocating for equal rights, feminism aims to create a society where women
have equal access to education, employment, healthcare, and political
representation, and where women's voices are heard and valued.
2.2 History of Feminism in Africa
The struggle for women's rights in Africa has a rich and complex history that
spans over a century. The 19th century marked the beginning of the women's
rights movement in Africa, with women like Queen Njinga of Ndongo and
Matamba in Angola, and Queen Ranavalona I of Madagascar, who fought
against colonialism and patriarchy. These women leaders played a crucial role
in shaping the early feminist movement in Africa, challenging traditional norms
and advocating for women's rights and empowerment.

During the colonial era, African women's lives were significantly impacted by
the imposition of European values and laws. Women were subjected to forced
labor, land dispossession, and cultural suppression. In response, women like
Adelaide Casely-Hayford of Sierra Leone and Huda Sha'arawi of Egypt emerged
as prominent feminist leaders, advocating for women's education, economic
empowerment, and political participation. They formed organizations like the
African Women's Association and the Egyptian Feminist Union, which provided
a platform for women to mobilize and demand their rights.

The mid-20th century saw a significant surge in feminist activism in Africa,

particularly during the decolonization era. Women like Funmilayo Ransome-
Kuti of Nigeria and Mame Madior Boye of Senegal played key roles in the
nationalist movements, advocating for women's rights and empowerment
alongside independence from colonial rule. The 1960s and 1970s also saw the
emergence of feminist writers like Mariama Ba of Senegal and Buchi Emecheta
of Nigeria, who used literature as a powerful tool to challenge patriarchal
norms and advocate for women's rights.
In recent years, the feminist movement in Africa has continued to evolve, with
a new generation of feminist activists, writers, and leaders emerging. The rise
of social media has also provided a powerful platform for African feminists to
mobilize, organize, and demand their rights. Today, African feminists are
advocating for a wide range of issues, including reproductive rights, economic
empowerment, and an end to violence against women. Despite the challenges
and setbacks, the history of feminism in Africa is a testament to the power and
resilience of African women, who continue to fight for their rights and
empowerment.
2.3 Language and Feminism
Language plays a vital role in shaping our perceptions of reality, and feminist
writers have long recognized the power of language in challenging patriarchal
norms and stereotypes. Language is not just a neutral medium of
communication, but a tool that reflects and reinforces societal attitudes and
power dynamics. Feminist writers have used language to subvert dominant
discourses, challenge sexist stereotypes, and create alternative narratives that
reflect women's experiences and perspectives.
Feminist writers like Virginia Woolf, Simone de Beauvoir, and Audre Lorde have
demonstrated the ways in which language can be used to challenge patriarchal
norms and stereotypes. They have employed a range of linguistic strategies,
including irony, satire, and metaphor, to expose the ways in which language
reinforces patriarchal power dynamics. For example, Woolf's use of stream-of-
consciousness narration in Mrs. Dalloway challenges the traditional notion of a
unified, rational self, while Beauvoir's concept of "the other" in The Second Sex
highlights the ways in which women are constructed as inferior to men.
In addition to challenging patriarchal norms and stereotypes, feminist writers
have also used language to create alternative narratives that reflect women's
experiences and perspectives. This has involved the creation of new words,
phrases, and linguistic structures that reflect women's lives and experiences.
For example, the term "herstory" was coined by feminist writers to challenge
the dominant narrative of "history," which has traditionally been written from a
male perspective.
Furthermore, feminist writers have also used language to challenge the notion
of a single, universal truth. Instead, they have emphasized the importance of
multiple perspectives and experiences, and have sought to create a more
inclusive and diverse literary canon. This has involved the promotion of
women's writing, as well as the creation of new literary forms and genres that
reflect women's experiences and perspectives.
In conclusion, language plays a crucial role in shaping our perceptions of reality,
and feminist writers have used language to challenge patriarchal norms and
stereotypes, create alternative narratives, and promote multiple perspectives
and experiences. By recognizing the power of language, feminist writers have
been able to challenge dominant discourses and create a more inclusive and
diverse literary canon.
2.4 Mariama Ba's So Long a Letter
Mariama Ba's novel, So Long a Letter, is a seminal work of feminist literature
that explores the themes of feminism, marriage, and identity. Written in the
form of a letter, the novel is a powerful and poignant exploration of the
experiences of women in Senegalese society. The novel's protagonist,
Ramatoulaye, writes a letter to her friend Aissatou, reflecting on their lives,
marriages, and struggles as women in a patriarchal society. Through
Ramatoulaye's narrative, Ba masterfully weaves together themes of feminism,
marriage, and identity, offering a nuanced and insightful portrayal of the
complexities of women's lives in Africa.

One of the primary themes of the novel is feminism, which Ba explores through
Ramatoulaye's experiences as a wife, mother, and woman. Ramatoulaye's
marriage to Modou is marked by infidelity, neglect, and disappointment,
highlighting the ways in which patriarchal norms can lead to the oppression
and marginalization of women. Through Ramatoulaye's story, Ba critiques the
societal expectations placed on women, particularly in regards to marriage and
family. The novel shows how women are often forced to sacrifice their own
desires, aspirations, and identities in order to conform to societal norms.

Marriage is another significant theme in the novel, which Ba portrays as a

complex and often fraught institution. Ramatoulaye's marriage to Modou is
marked by tension, conflict, and ultimately, betrayal. Through this portrayal, Ba
highlights the ways in which marriage can be both a source of comfort and
support, as well as a site of oppression and marginalization. The novel also
explores the theme of identity, particularly in regards to women's experiences.
Ramatoulaye's narrative is marked by a search for self and identity, as she
navigates the complexities of marriage, motherhood, and womanhood.
Overall, So Long a Letter is a powerful and thought-provoking novel that offers
a nuanced and insightful portrayal of the experiences of women in Senegalese
society. Through its exploration of themes such as feminism, marriage, and
identity, the novel provides a rich and complex understanding of the
complexities of women's lives in Africa. Ba's masterful storytelling and nuanced
characterization make So Long a Letter a landmark work of feminist literature
that continues to resonate with readers today.
Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework
3.1 Social Constructivist Theory
The Social Constructivist Theory posits that reality is constructed through social
interactions and language, suggesting that our understanding of the world is
not an objective reflection of reality, but rather a subjective interpretation
shaped by our social and cultural contexts. This theory emphasizes the role of
language in constructing reality, as it is through language that we assign
meaning to objects, events, and experiences. Social interactions also play a
crucial role, as we learn to assign meaning to things through our interactions
with others, developing shared understandings of the world. These shared
understandings are not objective truths, but rather subjective interpretations
that are shaped by our social and cultural contexts. The Social Constructivist
Theory has been influential in various fields, including sociology, psychology,
and philosophy, and has been used to challenge dominant discourses and
power structures, particularly in the context of feminist theory, where it has
been used to expose the ways in which women's experiences and perspectives
have been marginalized and excluded. By recognizing that reality is constructed
through social interactions and language, we can begin to challenge and
subvert dominant discourses, creating new and more inclusive understandings
of the world.
3.2 Feminist Theory
Feminist theory posits that women's experiences and perspectives are
systematically marginalized and excluded from dominant discourses, resulting
in a lack of representation and recognition of women's lives and contributions.
This exclusion is not accidental, but rather a deliberate attempt to maintain
patriarchal power structures and reinforce male dominance. Feminist theorists
argue that dominant discourses, such as politics, economics, and culture, are
constructed from a male perspective, with women's experiences and
perspectives relegated to the margins. This marginalization is evident in the
lack of representation of women in positions of power, the objectification of
women's bodies, and the silencing of women's voices. Feminist theory seeks to
challenge and subvert these dominant discourses, creating space for women's
experiences and perspectives to be heard and valued. By centering women's
lives and experiences, feminist theory aims to promote a more inclusive and
equitable understanding of the world, one that recognizes the diversity and
complexity of women's lives.
Chapter 4: Methodology

4.1 Research Design

This study employs a qualitative research design, which is particularly suited for
exploring complex social phenomena, such as the representation of women in
Mariama Ba's So Long a Letter. Qualitative research design allows for an in-
depth examination of the research topic, enabling the researcher to gather
rich, detailed, and contextualized data. This approach is ideal for this study, as
it enables a nuanced exploration of the ways in which Ba uses language to
portray women's experiences and challenge patriarchal norms.

The qualitative design also allows for a flexible and iterative approach to data
collection and analysis, enabling the researcher to refine their research
questions and methods as the study progresses. Furthermore, qualitative
research design enables the researcher to engage in a critical and reflexive
analysis of the data, acknowledging the researcher's own biases and
assumptions, and taking steps to mitigate their impact on the research findings.

By using a qualitative research design, this study aims to provide a rich,

nuanced, and contextualized understanding of the representation of women in
So Long a Letter, and the ways in which Ba uses language to challenge
patriarchal norms and promote feminist ideals. This approach will enable the
researcher to gain a deeper understanding of the complex social dynamics that
underpin the representation of women in the novel, and to identify the ways in
which Ba's use of language reflects and challenges these dynamics. Ultimately,
this study aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the
representation of women in African literature, and to highlight the importance
of feminist analysis in understanding the complex social dynamics that
underpin literary texts.
4.2 Data Collection
The primary material for this study is Mariama Ba's So Long a Letter.
The primary material for this study is Mariama Ba's novel, So Long a Letter,
which serves as the central text for analysis. Written in 1979, So Long a Letter is
a semi-autobiographical novel that explores the experiences of women in
Senegalese society, particularly in relation to marriage, family, and identity. The
novel is presented in the form of a letter from the protagonist, Ramatoulaye, to
her friend Aissatou, and offers a nuanced and introspective exploration of the
complexities of women's lives in Africa. Through a close reading of the novel,
this study will examine the ways in which Ba uses language to portray women's
experiences and challenge patriarchal norms, highlighting the ways in which
the novel reflects and subverts the dominant discourses of its time.
By analyzing So Long a Letter as a primary source, this study aims to provide a
detailed and contextualized understanding of the novel's portrayal of women's
experiences and its contribution to feminist discourse in Africa.
The primary material for this study is Mariama Ba's novel, So Long a Letter,
which serves as the central text for analysis. Written in 1979, So Long a Letter is
a semi-autobiographical novel that explores the experiences of women in
Senegalese society, particularly in relation to marriage, family, and identity. The
novel is presented in the form of a letter from the protagonist, Ramatoulaye, to
her friend Aissatou, and offers a nuanced and introspective exploration of the
complexities of women's lives in Africa. Through a close reading of the novel,
this study will examine the ways in which Ba uses language to portray women's
experiences and challenge patriarchal norms, highlighting the ways in which
the novel reflects and subverts the dominant discourses of its time. By
analyzing So Long a Letter as a primary source, this study aims to provide a
detailed and contextualized understanding of the novel's portrayal of women's
experiences and its contribution to feminist discourse in Africa. This analysis
will also consider the historical and cultural context in which the novel was
written, taking into account the social, political, and economic factors that
shaped Ba's work. By situating the novel within its historical and cultural
context, this study will provide a richer understanding of the novel's themes
and messages.
4.3 Data Analysis
The data will be analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach.
The data collected from Mariama Ba's So Long a Letter will be analyzed using a
qualitative content analysis approach. This approach is particularly suited for
analyzing textual data, such as literary works, as it enables the researcher to
examine the language, themes, and meanings that are embedded in the text.
Qualitative content analysis involves a systematic and iterative process of
coding, categorizing, and interpreting the data, in order to identify patterns,
themes, and meanings that are relevant to the research question. In this study,
the qualitative content analysis will involve a close reading of the novel, with a
focus on identifying and coding the language, themes, and motifs that relate to
the representation of women's experiences and the challenge to patriarchal
norms.

The analysis will begin with a thorough reading of the novel, during which the
researcher will take note of key themes, motifs, and language patterns that
relate to the research question. The researcher will then develop a coding
scheme, which will involve identifying and categorizing the different themes,
motifs, and language patterns that have been noted during the initial reading.
The coding scheme will be iterative, meaning that it will be refined and revised
as the analysis progresses. The researcher will then apply the coding scheme to
the data, using a qualitative data analysis software package to facilitate the
process. The coded data will then be analyzed and interpreted, in order to
identify patterns, themes, and meanings that are relevant to the research
question. The analysis will also involve examining the ways in which the novel
reflects and challenges the dominant discourses of its time, and the ways in
which it contributes to feminist discourse in Africa.
Chapter 5: Analysis of So Long a Letter

5.1 Plot Summary

The novel tells the story of Ramatoulaye, a woman who writes a letter to her
friend Aissatou.
The novel So Long a Letter, written by Mariama Ba, tells the story of
Ramatoulaye, a woman who writes a letter to her friend Aissatou, reflecting on
their lives, marriages, and struggles as women in a patriarchal society. The
novel is presented in the form of a letter, which serves as a confessional and
therapeutic outlet for Ramatoulaye, allowing her to express her thoughts,
feelings, and experiences in a candid and introspective manner. Through the
letter, Ramatoulaye recounts her life story, including her marriage to Modou, a
man who takes a second wife, Binetou, and the subsequent breakdown of their
relationship. Ramatoulaye also reflects on her friendship with Aissatou, who
has been a source of support and comfort throughout her life.

The novel explores themes of marriage, family, identity, and feminism, offering
a nuanced and insightful portrayal of the complexities of women's lives in
Senegalese society. Through Ramatoulaye's story, Ba critiques the patriarchal
norms and traditions that govern women's lives, highlighting the ways in which
women are marginalized, oppressed, and silenced. At the same time, the novel
celebrates the resilience, strength, and solidarity of women, particularly in the
face of adversity and hardship. The letter format of the novel also serves as a
powerful symbol of women's voices and experiences, emphasizing the
importance of women's stories and perspectives in shaping our understanding
of the world.

Throughout the novel, Ba employs a range of literary devices, including

imagery, symbolism, and irony, to convey the complexities and nuances of
Ramatoulaye's story. The novel's use of language is also noteworthy, as Ba
employs a lyrical and expressive prose style to convey the richness and depth
of Ramatoulaye's emotions and experiences. Overall, So Long a Letter is a
powerful and thought-provoking novel that offers a nuanced and insightful
portrayal of the complexities of women's lives in Senegalese society.
5.2 Character Analysis
Ramatoulaye is the protagonist of the novel. She is a strong and independent
woman.
Ramatoulaye, the protagonist of Mariama Ba's novel So Long a Letter, is a
strong and independent woman who embodies the complexities and nuances
of women's experiences in Senegalese society. Through Ramatoulaye's
character, Ba challenges the traditional stereotypes of women as submissive
and passive, instead portraying a woman who is confident, determined, and
resilient in the face of adversity. Ramatoulaye's strength and independence are
evident in her ability to navigate the challenges of her marriage, including her
husband's decision to take a second wife, Binetou. Despite the pain and
betrayal she feels, Ramatoulaye refuses to be defeated, instead using her
experiences as a catalyst for growth, self-discovery, and empowerment.

Throughout the novel, Ramatoulaye's character is revealed through her letter

to Aissatou, which serves as a confessional and therapeutic outlet for her
thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Through this letter, Ramatoulaye shares
her innermost thoughts and emotions, providing a nuanced and intimate
portrayal of her inner life. Her character is also revealed through her
relationships with others, including her husband, Modou, her friend, Aissatou,
and her daughters, Daba and Aissatou. These relationships serve as a backdrop
for Ramatoulaye's growth and development, highlighting her strengths and
weaknesses, as well as her vulnerabilities and fears.

One of the most significant aspects of Ramatoulaye's character is her ability to

challenge and subvert the patriarchal norms and traditions that govern
women's lives in Senegalese society. Through her experiences and actions,
Ramatoulaye critiques the oppressive systems that seek to silence and
marginalize women, instead asserting her own agency and autonomy. Her
character serves as a powerful symbol of women's resistance and resilience,
highlighting the ways in which women can challenge and transform the social
and cultural norms that seek to constrain them. Overall, Ramatoulaye's
character is a testament to the strength and complexity of women's
experiences, and serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of women's
voices and perspectives in shaping our understanding of the world.
5.3 Themes
The novel explores the themes of feminism, marriage, and identity.
The novel So Long a Letter by Mariama Ba explores the interconnected themes
of feminism, marriage, and identity, offering a nuanced and thought-provoking
portrayal of the complexities of women's lives in Senegalese society. The theme
of feminism is a dominant thread throughout the novel, as Ba critiques the
patriarchal norms and traditions that govern women's lives, highlighting the
ways in which women are marginalized, oppressed, and silenced. Through the
character of Ramatoulaye, Ba challenges the traditional stereotypes of women
as submissive and passive, instead portraying a woman who is confident,
determined, and resilient in the face of adversity.

The theme of marriage is also a significant aspect of the novel, as Ba explores

the complexities and challenges of polygamous marriage in Senegalese society.
Through Ramatoulaye's experiences, Ba highlights the ways in which polygamy
can be both emotionally and economically devastating for women, leading to
feelings of isolation, loneliness, and disempowerment. At the same time, Ba
also explores the ways in which women can resist and challenge the patriarchal
norms that govern marriage, asserting their own agency and autonomy in the
face of oppression.

The theme of identity is also a crucial aspect of the novel, as Ba explores the
ways in which women's identities are shaped and constructed by societal
norms and expectations. Through Ramatoulaye's character, Ba highlights the
tensions and contradictions that can arise when women's identities are caught
between traditional and modern ways of being. Ramatoulaye's struggles to
reconcile her own desires and aspirations with the expectations of her family
and society serve as a powerful example of the complexities and challenges of
women's identity formation in Senegalese society. Overall, the novel offers a
nuanced and thought-provoking exploration of the interconnected themes of
feminism, marriage, and identity, highlighting the complexities and challenges
of women's lives in Senegalese society.
Chapter 6: Language and Feminism in So Long a Letter
6.1 Language of Feminism
Mariama Ba's use of language in So Long a Letter is a deliberate and powerful
tool for challenging patriarchal norms and stereotypes. Through her writing, Ba
employs a range of linguistic strategies to subvert the dominant discourses that
have historically silenced and marginalized women. One of the primary ways in
which Ba challenges patriarchal norms is through her use of narrative voice. By
employing a first-person narrative voice, Ba creates a sense of intimacy and
immediacy, drawing the reader into Ramatoulaye's inner world and
experiences.

Ba also uses language to challenge the stereotypes and tropes that have been
used to oppress and marginalize women. For example, she subverts the
traditional notion of the "good wife" by portraying Ramatoulaye as a strong,
independent, and assertive woman who refuses to be silenced or marginalized.
Ba also challenges the stereotype of the "jealous wife" by portraying
Ramatoulaye's feelings of anger and betrayal as legitimate and justified
responses to her husband's infidelity. Through these linguistic strategies, Ba
challenges the dominant discourses that have historically been used to oppress
and marginalize women, creating a new and empowering narrative of female
experience.

Furthermore, Ba's use of language is also characterized by a strong sense of

irony and satire. She uses irony to highlight the contradictions and hypocrisies
of patriarchal society, particularly in relation to the treatment of women. For
example, she ironizes the notion of polygamy as a "traditional" and "cultural"
practice, highlighting the ways in which it is used to oppress and marginalize
women. Ba's use of satire is also evident in her portrayal of the patriarchal
figures in the novel, particularly Ramatoulaye's husband, Modou. Through her
satirical portrayal of these figures, Ba challenges the dominant discourses of
patriarchy, highlighting the ways in which they are used to maintain power and
control over women. Overall, Ba's use of language in So Long a Letter is a
powerful tool for challenging patriarchal norms and stereotypes, creating a
new and empowering narrative of female experience.
6.2 Feminist Discourse
The novel presents a feminist discourse that challenges dominant masculine
ideologies.
The novel So Long a Letter presents a feminist discourse that challenges
dominant masculine ideologies, offering a powerful critique of the patriarchal
norms and traditions that govern women's lives in Senegalese society. Through
the character of Ramatoulaye, Ba presents a feminist narrative that challenges
the dominant masculine ideologies that have historically silenced and
marginalized women. Ramatoulaye's story serves as a testament to the
strength and resilience of women, highlighting their ability to resist and
challenge the oppressive systems that seek to constrain them.

The feminist discourse in the novel is characterized by a strong emphasis on

women's autonomy, agency, and empowerment. Ba challenges the traditional
patriarchal notion that women are subordinate to men, instead portraying
women as strong, independent, and capable individuals who are deserving of
respect and equality. The novel also highlights the importance of women's
education and economic independence, emphasizing the need for women to
have control over their own lives and destinies. Through Ramatoulaye's
experiences, Ba shows how women's education and economic independence
can be a powerful tool for challenging patriarchal norms and achieving greater
autonomy and agency.

Furthermore, the novel presents a feminist discourse that challenges the

dominant masculine ideologies that have historically been used to justify
women's oppression. Ba critiques the traditional patriarchal notion that
women are responsible for men's actions, instead emphasizing the need for
men to take responsibility for their own actions and behaviors. The novel also
challenges the dominant masculine ideology that women's bodies are objects
for men's pleasure and control, instead emphasizing the need for women to
have control over their own bodies and lives. Through this feminist discourse,
Ba presents a powerful challenge to the dominant masculine ideologies that
have historically been used to justify women's oppression, offering a vision of a
more equitable and just society in which women have equal rights and
opportunities.
6.3 Subversion of Patriarchal Language
The novel subverts patriarchal language by using feminine language and
imagery.
The novel So Long a Letter subverts patriarchal language by employing a
deliberate and strategic use of feminine language and imagery. Mariama Ba's
writing style is characterized by a lyrical and expressive prose that is rich in
sensory details and emotional resonance. Through her use of language, Ba
creates a feminine narrative voice that is distinct from the dominant masculine
discourse that has historically been used to silence and marginalize women.
The novel's use of feminine language and imagery serves to challenge and
subvert the patriarchal norms and traditions that govern women's lives in
Senegalese society.

One of the ways in which the novel subverts patriarchal language is through its
use of maternal imagery and metaphors. Ba employs a rich and evocative
language that is reminiscent of the intimate and nurturing relationship
between a mother and child. This maternal imagery serves to challenge the
dominant masculine discourse that has historically been used to justify
women's oppression, instead emphasizing the importance of women's
experiences and perspectives. The novel's use of maternal imagery also serves
to highlight the ways in which women's bodies and lives are intimately
connected to the natural world, emphasizing the importance of women's
relationships with the land, their families, and their communities.

Furthermore, the novel's use of feminine language and imagery serves to

challenge the patriarchal norms and traditions that govern women's lives in
Senegalese society. Ba's writing style is characterized by a use of circular and
iterative language patterns that reflect the cyclical and repetitive nature of
women's lives. This use of feminine language patterns serves to challenge the
dominant masculine discourse that has historically been used to justify
women's oppression, instead emphasizing the importance of women's
experiences and perspectives. Through its use of feminine language and
imagery, the novel creates a powerful and subversive narrative that challenges
the patriarchal norms and traditions that govern women's lives in Senegalese
society.
Chapter 7: Impact of Feminism on Society

7.1 Challenges to Patriarchal Norms

Feminism, as a social and political movement, has had a profound impact on
society, particularly in challenging patriarchal norms and stereotypes. By
questioning and subverting the dominant discourses that have historically been
used to justify women's oppression, feminism has created a space for women's
voices and experiences to be heard and valued. One of the primary ways in
which feminism challenges patriarchal norms is by highlighting the ways in
which these norms are socially constructed and perpetuated. Feminist
theorists and activists have shown how patriarchal norms and stereotypes are
used to maintain power and control over women, and how these norms are
often internalized by women themselves.
Feminism also challenges patriarchal norms by promoting alternative forms of
social organization and relationships. For example, feminist theorists have
argued for the importance of egalitarian relationships, mutual respect, and
shared decision-making in personal and public life. Feminist activists have also
worked to create alternative institutions and communities that are based on
principles of equality, justice, and solidarity. Furthermore, feminism challenges
patriarchal norms by highlighting the intersections between different forms of
oppression, such as racism, classism, and homophobia. Feminist theorists and
activists have shown how these forms of oppression are interconnected and
mutually reinforcing, and how they must be addressed simultaneously in order
to create a more just and equitable society.
In addition, feminism challenges patriarchal norms by promoting women's
empowerment and agency. Feminist theorists and activists have argued that
women must have control over their own bodies, lives, and destinies in order
to achieve true equality and justice. This includes access to education,
employment, healthcare, and other resources and opportunities. Feminism
also challenges patriarchal norms by promoting a culture of inclusivity,
diversity, and respect. Feminist theorists and activists have argued that all
individuals, regardless of their gender, race, class, or other identity, must be
treated with dignity and respect. By challenging patriarchal norms and
promoting alternative forms of social organization and relationships, feminism
has the potential to create a more just and equitable society for all.

7.2 Empowerment of Women

Feminism plays a vital role in empowering women to take control of their lives
and challenge the dominant masculine ideologies that have historically been
used to justify their oppression. By providing women with a platform to express
their voices, experiences, and perspectives, feminism enables women to assert
their agency and autonomy, and to challenge the patriarchal norms and
traditions that have governed their lives.

Through feminist empowerment, women are able to challenge the dominant

masculine ideologies that have been used to justify their subordination and
marginalization. Feminism provides women with the tools and resources to
critically analyze and challenge the ways in which patriarchal norms and
traditions have been internalized and perpetuated. By challenging these
dominant ideologies, women are able to reclaim their bodies, lives, and
experiences, and to assert their own definitions of identity, agency, and
empowerment. Feminist empowerment also enables women to build solidarity
and collective action with other women, across different cultures, classes, and
identities, to challenge and transform the broader social, economic, and
cultural structures that perpetuate women's oppression.

Furthermore, feminist empowerment has a profound impact on women's lives,

enabling them to take control of their own bodies, health, education, and
economic well-being. Feminist empowerment also enables women to
challenge the violence and abuse that they have historically faced, including
domestic violence, sexual harassment, and other forms of gender-based
violence. By providing women with the tools and resources to assert their
agency and autonomy, feminist empowerment enables women to live more
dignified, equitable, and just lives. Overall, feminist empowerment is a critical
component of feminist theory and practice, enabling women to challenge
dominant masculine ideologies, assert their agency and autonomy, and build
collective action and solidarity to challenge and transform the broader social,
economic, and cultural structures that perpetuate women's oppression.

7.3 Social Change

Feminism is a powerful catalyst for social change, as it challenges dominant
discourses and promotes gender equality, leading to a more just and equitable
society. By questioning and subverting the dominant ideologies that have
historically been used to justify women's oppression, feminism creates a space
for alternative perspectives and voices to be heard. This, in turn, leads to a shift
in the cultural and social norms that have perpetuated gender-based
inequality. Feminism's challenge to dominant discourses is particularly
significant, as it highlights the ways in which language and culture are used to
maintain power and control over women. By challenging these discourses,
feminism creates a space for women's voices and experiences to be valued and
respected.

By advocating for women's rights and challenging the structures and

institutions that perpetuate gender-based inequality, feminism creates a more
level playing field for women and men. This, in turn, leads to greater
opportunities and outcomes for women, particularly in areas such as
education, employment, and healthcare. Furthermore, feminism's promotion
of gender equality also benefits men, as it challenges traditional notions of
masculinity and creates space for men to express themselves in more nuanced
and equitable ways. Ultimately, feminism's promotion of gender equality leads
to a more just and equitable society, in which all individuals have the
opportunity to thrive and reach their full potential.

Moreover, feminism's impact on social change is not limited to the individual or

community level. Feminist movements and activism have also led to significant
changes in laws, policies, and institutions. For example, feminist activism has
led to the passage of laws protecting women's rights, such as the right to vote,
the right to equal pay, and the right to protection from violence. Feminist
activism has also led to changes in institutional policies and practices, such as
the creation of women's studies programs, the establishment of women's
health clinics, and the development of policies addressing workplace
harassment and discrimination. Overall, feminism's challenge to dominant
discourses and promotion of gender equality have led to significant social
change, creating a more just and equitable society for all.

Chapter 8: Conclusion

8.1 Summary of Findings

This study has shown that Mariama Ba uses language to portray feminism in
her novel So Long a Letter.
This study has demonstrated that Mariama Ba's novel So Long a Letter is a
powerful portrayal of feminism, with language playing a crucial role in
conveying the author's message. Through a critical analysis of the novel, it has
been shown that Ba uses language to challenge patriarchal norms and
stereotypes, promoting a feminist ideology that emphasizes women's
empowerment, autonomy, and equality. The novel's use of feminine language
and imagery, as well as its challenge to dominant masculine discourses, have
been identified as key strategies employed by Ba to convey her feminist
message.

The study has also highlighted the ways in which Ba's use of language reflects
the complexities and nuances of women's experiences in Senegalese society.
The novel's portrayal of the inner lives and emotions of its female characters,
particularly Ramatoulaye, has been shown to be a powerful challenge to the
patriarchal norms that have historically silenced and marginalized women.
Furthermore, the novel's exploration of themes such as marriage, identity, and
feminism has been demonstrated to be a nuanced and thought-provoking
portrayal of the complexities of women's lives in Senegalese society.

The findings of this study have significant implications for our understanding of
the role of language in conveying feminist ideologies. Ba's use of language in So
Long a Letter demonstrates the power of literature to challenge dominant
discourses and promote social change. The novel's portrayal of feminism as a
powerful and empowering ideology for women has been shown to be a
significant contribution to the feminist literary tradition. Overall, this study has
demonstrated the importance of language in conveying feminist ideologies,
and has highlighted the significance of So Long a Letter as a powerful portrayal
of feminism in African literature.
8.2 Implications of the Study
The study has implications for our understanding of the language of feminism
and its impact on society.
The study has significant implications for our understanding of the language of
feminism and its impact on society. By examining the ways in which Mariama
Ba uses language to convey feminist ideologies in So Long a Letter, this study
highlights the power of language to shape our understanding of the world and
to challenge dominant discourses. The study's findings suggest that feminist
language has the potential to subvert patriarchal norms and stereotypes,
promoting a more inclusive and equitable society. Furthermore, the study
demonstrates the importance of considering the cultural and historical context
in which feminist language is used, as this context can significantly shape the
meaning and impact of feminist discourse.

The study's implications also extend to the broader field of feminist theory and
practice. By highlighting the ways in which language can be used to promote
feminist ideologies, the study suggests that feminist activists and scholars must
be attentive to the language they use, ensuring that it is inclusive, empowering,
and effective in challenging patriarchal norms. Additionally, the study's findings
suggest that feminist language can be a powerful tool for building solidarity
and collective action among women, and for promoting social change more
broadly.

Moreover, the study's implications have relevance beyond the field of feminist
theory and practice. The study's findings suggest that language has the power
to shape our understanding of the world and to challenge dominant discourses,
highlighting the importance of critical language awareness in a range of social
and cultural contexts. Furthermore, the study's emphasis on the cultural and
historical context of language use has implications for our understanding of the
complex and nuanced ways in which language operates in different social and
cultural contexts. Overall, the study's implications highlight the importance of
continued research into the language of feminism and its impact on society,
and suggest that such research has the potential to contribute to a more
nuanced and equitable understanding of the world.

8.3 Recommendations
The study recommends that more research be done on the language of
feminism and its impact on society.
The study recommends that more research be done on the language of
feminism and its impact on society, in order to further our understanding of
the complex and nuanced ways in which language operates in feminist
discourse. This recommendation is based on the study's findings, which suggest
that feminist language has the power to shape our understanding of the world
and to challenge dominant discourses. However, the study also highlights the
need for further research into the language of feminism, in order to fully
understand its impact on society and to explore its potential as a tool for social
change.

One area that requires further research is the ways in which feminist language
is used in different cultural and historical contexts. The study highlights the
importance of considering the cultural and historical context in which feminist
language is used, as this context can significantly shape the meaning and
impact of feminist discourse. However, further research is needed to fully
explore the ways in which feminist language operates in different cultural and
historical contexts. This could involve comparative studies of feminist language
use in different cultures and historical periods, as well as in-depth analyses of
the ways in which feminist language is used in specific cultural and historical
contexts.

Another area that requires further research is the impact of feminist language
on social change. The study suggests that feminist language has the power to
shape our understanding of the world and to challenge dominant discourses,
but further research is needed to fully explore the ways in which feminist
language contributes to social change. This could involve studies of the ways in
which feminist language is used in social movements and activism, as well as
analyses of the impact of feminist language on public opinion and policy. By
exploring these areas, further research can help to deepen our understanding
of the language of feminism and its impact on society, and can provide valuable
insights into the potential of feminist language as a tool for social change.

Chapter 9: Recommendations

9.1 Recommendations for Future Research

More research should be done on the language of feminism and its impact on
society.
More research should be done on the language of feminism and its impact on
society, as this area of study holds great potential for deepening our
understanding of the complex and nuanced ways in which language operates in
feminist discourse. Future research in this area could explore a range of topics,
including the ways in which feminist language is used in different cultural and
historical contexts, the impact of feminist language on social change, and the
ways in which feminist language intersects with other forms of discourse, such
as anti-racist and anti-colonial discourse. Additionally, future research could
also examine the ways in which feminist language is used in different forms of
media, such as literature, film, and social media, and how these different forms
of media shape and are shaped by feminist language.

Furthermore, future research in this area could also benefit from a range of
methodological approaches, including discourse analysis, content analysis, and
ethnographic research. Discourse analysis, for example, could be used to
examine the ways in which feminist language is used to construct and
challenge dominant discourses, while content analysis could be used to
examine the ways in which feminist language is represented in different forms
of media. Ethnographic research, on the other hand, could be used to examine
the ways in which feminist language is used in everyday life, and how it shapes
and is shaped by social relationships and cultural norms.
Overall, more research is needed to fully explore the complex and nuanced
ways in which language operates in feminist discourse, and to examine the
impact of feminist language on society. By exploring these areas, future
research can help to deepen our understanding of the language of feminism,
and can provide valuable insights into the potential of feminist language as a
tool for social change.

9.2 Recommendations for Policy Makers

Policy makers should promote gender equality and challenge dominant
masculine ideologies.
Policy makers have a critical role to play in promoting gender equality and
challenging dominant masculine ideologies that perpetuate discrimination and
inequality against women. To achieve this, policy makers should prioritize the
development and implementation of policies that promote gender equality and
challenge patriarchal norms and stereotypes. This can be achieved through a
range of strategies, including the development of policies that promote
women's economic empowerment, education, and health, as well as policies
that challenge violence against women and girls.

Furthermore, policy makers should also work to challenge dominant masculine

ideologies that perpetuate discrimination and inequality against women. This
can be achieved through a range of strategies, including the development of
policies that promote positive masculinity and challenge traditional notions of
masculinity, as well as policies that promote women's leadership and
participation in decision-making processes. Additionally, policy makers should
also work to address the social and cultural norms that perpetuate
discrimination and inequality against women, including through the
development of policies that promote education and awareness-raising on
issues related to gender equality.

Moreover, policy makers should also ensure that policies are designed and
implemented in a way that takes into account the diverse needs and
experiences of women and girls. This includes ensuring that policies are
inclusive and accessible to all women and girls, regardless of their age,
disability, ethnicity, or other factors. Policy makers should also work to ensure
that policies are designed and implemented in a way that is transparent,
accountable, and responsive to the needs and experiences of women and girls.
By prioritizing the development and implementation of policies that promote
gender equality and challenge dominant masculine ideologies, policy makers
can play a critical role in promoting a more just and equitable society for all.

9.3 Recommendations for Educators

Educators should teach students about the language of feminism
Educators play a vital role in shaping the minds and perspectives of future
generations, and as such, they have a responsibility to teach students about
the language of feminism. This involves introducing students to the key
concepts, theories, and debates within feminist discourse, as well as exploring
the ways in which language is used to construct and challenge dominant
ideologies. By teaching students about the language of feminism, educators
can help to promote critical thinking, media literacy, and cultural competence,
all of which are essential skills for navigating the complexities of the modern
world.

Furthermore, teaching students about the language of feminism can also help
to challenge dominant masculine ideologies and promote greater
understanding and empathy for women's experiences and perspectives. By
exploring the ways in which language is used to construct and reinforce
patriarchal norms and stereotypes, educators can help students to develop a
more nuanced and critical understanding of the world around them. This can
involve analyzing texts, images, and other forms of media to identify and
challenge sexist language and stereotypes, as well as exploring the ways in
which women's voices and experiences have been historically marginalized and
silenced.

In addition, educators can also use feminist theory and critique to inform their
teaching practices and create a more inclusive and equitable learning
environment. This can involve using feminist pedagogies that prioritize student-
centered learning, critical thinking, and collaboration, as well as incorporating
diverse perspectives and voices into the curriculum. By teaching students
about the language of feminism, educators can help to promote a more just
and equitable society, and empower students to become active and engaged
citizens who are committed to challenging dominant ideologies and promoting
social change.

Abstract
Throughout history females have struggled to earn respect, equality and the
rights same as men in males dominated society. This has been difficult due to
an ideology and patriarchy, where males are superior to females and have the
right to rule women. She passed through many obstacles, problems and brake
barriers to become an important member in the society. In the history females
have no any types of rights; she was neglected, ill-treated and isolated by
males. By the emerging of Feminism concept, the image and profile of females
have completely altered and she from being a toy in man’s hands standout and
emerges as a valuable assets of human society in shape of President/Prime
minister f President/Prime minister of country, successful business women,
queen, Teacher, Sports personality , artist or even solider…
This research typically answered the basic questions as:
 What is Feminism?
 History of this social movement?
 How many types of feminism prevailing currently around the world?
 What negative and positive impacts it has on women and society?
The concluded result of this research is that the Feminist social movements
were efficient in various ways it brought a drastic or considerable change in
women’s role and position.
Statistical analysis data indicates a significant improvement of female’s
participation in various areas and fields for example political, economic growth,
social structures in addition to cultural upheavals.
Along with these developments it spread negative impact on larger society
around the world especially in Islamic countries that have specific cultural,
religious and family values based on the Quranic & prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) teaching and Sunnah.

Definition:
Feminism or feminist theory based on the belief that women and men both are
creation of GOD that are equal in all aspects, so women deserve equal social
rights, opportunities, education, treatment and employment with respect.
In general, feminists are group of people who try to emphasis and acknowledge
gender base social inequality and are in affirm views that men have dominated
positions throughout history in most civilizations and cultures. They want to
stop it from continuing further.(Ogletree, 2019)
In others words it’s a range of ideologies, political/social movement having
common objective which is to advance and define economic, political and
personal rights for females.(Hines, 2019)
Historical background:
If we talk about etymology the word Feminism comes from Latin word
”Femina” which mean Women and suffix “Ism” derived from Greek word
“ismos” which means practice, belief . A French philosopher Charles Fourier
and Utopian socialist coined this word in 1837. After that “feminist" "feminism"
word first appears in Netherlands and France in 1872 than in 1890s in Britain
and USA in 1910 respectively.(Freedman, 2016)
They both believed that women should be given an opportunity to job on the
bases of aptitude, skills rather than closed on account of gender.
Feminist Movements
According to the statistics this modern feminist movements in west can be
divided into three waves. Each wave dealt the same issues of feminism but
with different aspects. (Rome, 2019)
1st
Wave (Suffragettes)
First wave of 19th and early 19th centuries contained female’s suffrage
movements to promote the rights to vote for women's.
2nd
Wave (Liberation) Second wave started in 1960s and was related with the
actions of women’s movement of liberation. Thant was actually a campaigned
for women’s social and legal equality.
3rd Wave (Reaction against failure of 2nd wave)
Third wave is typically the reaction against the failure of second feminism wave
that was started in 1990s.
Types of Feminism
There are five basic forms of feminism prevailing in modern societies.
Liberal Feminism:
A concept or theory based on beliefs all human are free and should be free to
explore or enjoy equal rights and opportunities. Liberal feminist give stress on
abilities of women’s to maintain and balanced their equality through their own
choices and actions. They argue and emphasis that it’s not true and wise
attitude of society to portrait womanless capable physically and intellectually
than men.(Singh, 2019)
Socialist Feminism:
A movement that is in favor of socialist reformation of economy against
capitalism. They argue that its male dominated society and capitalism support
this status quo where men share their money and power with men, as a result
women continually provided less resources and opportunities that strengthen
the control of men over women. Socialist feminism emphasis on politics and
economics. They criticize that women are paid less than men.(Greene, 2019)
Radical Feminism:
Main perspective or slogan of radical feminism is, radical reordering male
dominated or supremacy society in all economic and social context. They seek
to annul patriarchy by challenging existing institutions and social standards this
incorporates challenging the idea of conventional roles of gender, and raising
awareness to general public and educate people about violence and crime
against women such as rape. They also believe the things deeply
rooted in societies are sexism that can only be cure or treated by eliminate the
concept of gender completely.(Lin, 2019)
Cultural Feminism:
Encourage feminine instead of masculine behavior are slogan of cultural
feminism. They argue that behavior of encouraging males instead of females is
hurting modern society and women’s sentiments.

Islamic Feminism:
Islamic feminism is related with the concept, the women’s role in Islam. Islam
emphasizes on full equality of all Muslims regardless of gender. They urge to
addressing of the male centric understanding of Islam.(Kurzman, 2019)
Islamic feminism advocate social justice, gender equality deeply rooted in
Islamic teachings through the holy Quran, sharia (law), hadith & Sunnah
(sayings & action of Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H).
Feminism Page | 5
Impact of feminism
First and most important impact this movement has, is the success of feminist
thinking in getting attention of society regarding inequality between men and
women in male dominated society.(Brown, 2019)
It led to reconsideration the role of women the society, resulting in rules and
policies promote equal opportunities and pay scale. It has identified sexual
harassment of women at workplace and tackled this problem. Feminism has
impact culture, bringing about more coverage inclusion of women's and
concerns, especially by the broad media. (Chu, 2019)
Research is undertaking regarding neglected women’s concerns by feminist
scholars where they are highlighting patriarchal. These movements succeeded
in challenging perception regarding women’s skills that is resulted in the
employment of women’s working in the nontraditional field and areas like
engineering, civil industry, army.
To know about positive/negative impact of these movements depends on to
who you ask? You will get positive image if asked by modern and elite class
women’s or especially women’s related to media. Whereas you will get totally
different picture if asked by lay women or household ladies, moms, or Islamic
cultured women’s.(Clisby, 2020)
Regardless of these advantages and disadvantages about feminism females
despite everything have a raw deal generally with their male partners.
References
Brown, E. (2019). The Impact of Feminism on Varying Groups in Society.
Chu, A. L. (2019). The Impossibility of Feminism. differences, . 30(1), 63-81.
Clisby, S. &. (2020). Feminist journeys: travelling through at 25 years of
feminism. Journal of gender
studies, (Special issue).
Freedman, E. &. (2016). The historical case for feminism. Gender and women’s
studies. 31-37.
Greene, A. M. (2019). Feminist theory and employment relations. In Elgar
Introduction to Theories of
Human Resources and Employment Relations. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hines, S. (2019). The feminist frontier: on trans and feminism. Journal of
Gender Studies, 145-157.
Kurzman, C. (2019). Sociologies of Islam. ,. Annual Review of Sociology, 45, 265-
277.
Lin, M. I. (2019). Educational Thoughts of Western Radical Feminism. . Cross-
Cultural Communication,,
15(3), 21-25.
Ogletree, S. M. (2019). What is feminism? College students’ definitions and
correlates. Current
Psychology,. 38(6).
Rome, A. S. (2019). Rethinking feminist waves. In Handbook of Research on
Gender and Marketing. .
Edward Elgar Publishing.
Singh, B. (2019). The History of Black Feminism Movement. International
Journal of discoveries and innovations in applied sciences, 1, 36-38.

Introduction
The term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or aimed at
establishing equalrights and legal protection for women. Feminism involves
political, cultural and
sociologicaltheories, as well as philosophies concerned with issues of gender di
fference. It is also amovement that advocates gender equality for women and
campaigns for women’s rights andinterest. The history of feminism is divided
into three waves. The first feminist wave was innineteenth and early twentieth
century’s; the second was in the 1960s and 1970s, and the thirdextends from
the 1990s to present. Feminist theory emerged from these feminist
movements. It ismanifest in a variety of disciplines such as feminist geography,
feminist history, and feministliteracy criticism. Pre-colonial social structures and
women’s role in them reveal that feminismwas theorized differently in India
than in the west. Colonial essentialization of “Indian culture”and reconstruction
of Indian womanhood as the epitome of that culture through social
reformmovements resulted in political theorization in the form of nationalism
rather than as feminismalone. Feminism includes different types:

Liberal feminism

Radical feminism

Socialist feminism.A major development in the Indian fiction has been the
growth of a feminist or women canteredapproach, an approach that seeks to
project and present experiences from the viewpoint of afeminine
consciousness and sensibility. “A feminist is any woman who tells the truth
about her life.” (Virginia Woolf)

Women Empowerment
Women empowerment in India is effective tool for development nowadays.
India is a complexcountry; we have various types of customs, traditions and
practices. These customs and traditionshave become a part of our society’s
collective consciousness. We worship female goddesses;
wealso give great importance to our mothers, daughters,
sisters and other female friends or relatives. But at the same time, some
Indians are also famous for treating women badly bothinside and outside their
homes. In every religion, women are given a special place and everyreligion
teaches us to treat women with respect and dignity. But somehow the society
hasdeveloped various types if ill practices, both physical and mental against
women have become anorm since ages. For instance, practice of sati, dowry,
female infanticide, sexual harassment atwork place and various kinds of
discriminatory practices.

ABSTRACT :
Woman passed through many problems, obstacles and barriers to become an
important member in the society .In the Past , woman did not have any kind of
rights ,she was isolated ,neglected and mistreated by man. By the coming of
Feminism ,the profile and the image women have changed completely and
form being a poppet in the hands of man .she becomes aQueen,
President ,Artist and Teacher etc. This research paper examines the wishes ,
dreams and the ability of woman to changeher position in the duties .This
research produces a number of key findings; recent research and statistics that
confirm a significant development of woman participation in different fields
such as economic growth ,culture upheavals in addition to the political and
social structures.
The main conclusion drawn from this research is that the Feminist efforts were
efficient in many ways in which they brought a huge change in the position and
the role of woman .they were able to remove the majority if not all the
stereotypical pictures and to give her more importance in the society by giving
her the political, social and economical rights.

I. Introduction:
Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements ,and
ideologies that share a common goal; to define, establish, and achieve the
political, economic ,personal and social equality of the men and women
Feminism incorporates the position that societies prioritize the male point of
view and that woman are treated unfairly within those societies .Efforts to
change that include fighting gender stereotypes and seeking to establish
educational and professional opportunities for woman that are equal to those
for man.
Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to compaign for women`s
rights ,including the right to vote ,to hold public office , to work to earn hair
waves ,equal pay and eliminate the gender pay gap ,to own property, to receive
education to enter contracts ,to have equal rights within marriage and to have
maternity leave. Feminist have also worked to ensure access to legal abortions
and social integration and to protect women and girls from rape ,sexual
harassment and domestic violence .changes in dress and acceptable physical
activity have often been part of Feminist movements.
After a long suffering and discrimination of women to find limited recognized
place in the society. she is now a days playing an important role in society as a
politician ,socialist and economist. These achievement emerged by the coming
of Feminism which granted women`s rights.
This research work studies women suffering dehumanization and segregation
by man .it deals also with the efforts of Feminism to change woman`s
oppression in the entire world and to ask for her equal rights and existence in
all the domains. This work tries to see at what extend does feminism influence
woman`s fighting path and to answer the following questing_
1. How was the situation of woman in the past?
2. What did feminism brought to woman?
3. was feminism efficient to change woman`s life?

The questions asked in this research aims to find if Feminism was able to
change the stereotypical image of woman and to give her more opportunities
to have a place in the society.
II. Objectives of the Study:
The offered study aims to bring out the meaning, nature , definition ,origins,
many forms, waves ,empowering woman ,problems and importance of the
study of Feminism in modern time. This study will mainly try to emphasize on
the following:
1. How was the situation of woman in the past ?
2. What did Feminism brought to woman?
3. was Feminism efficient to change woman `s life?
4. The problems and importance of the study of Feminism in present life.
III: Methodology:
To succeed the proposed study the descriptive, evaluative as well as
comparative methods will be used and has been critically analysed as per the
necessity of the study. The study also plans to use existing data on the issues
involved mainly from secondary sources .After getting the data from secondary
sources like books , Wikipedia ,Encyclopedia journal ,internet etc; a critical
analysis has been made on the issues.
IV. Result and Discussion:
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN :
After a long trip of making the world better by making new rules ,
inventing new things and changing ideas and thoughts .women were still
struggling every moment and they were still looking for their rights. Feminism
has generated as on going debate in all over the world and it came to solve
women`s problems and to put on end to the injustice treatment for them .it
was the voice of women in time`s they were not able to speak or to express
their feelings and wishes.
This research paper deals with the general definition of feminism in
addition to some important concepts related to it like types , different waves
and how does this idea grow through time. It gives also an over view of Muslim
and Black Feminism.

DEFINITION OF FEMINISM
Many researchers and scholars used the term `Feminism` and they tried to
define and explain it differently. some of them use it to refer to some historical
political movements in USA and EUROPE .whereas, others refer it to the belief
that women live an injustice life with no rights and no equality Zara Huda Faris
explained this idea, as:….``women need feminism because there are women
who suffer injustice…``
The term` Feminism` has a long history; it represents women`s problems
and suffering in addition to their dreams in equal opportunities in societies
controlled by men ,his power, rules ,wishes and orders .Lara Huda Faris added
also ‘’….. women have traditionally been dehumanized by a male dominated
society, which they call patriarchy and that has been always better to be a
man…’’

The term feminism has a history in English linked with women`s activism from
the late 19th century to the present, it is useful to distinguish feminist ideas or
beliefs from feminist political movements ,for even in periods where there has
been no significant political activism around women`s subordination,
individuals have been concerned with and theorized about justice for women.
Despite of the painful segregation and the hard inequality ,women were able
to stand up each time and they were able to speak and express their
problems ,feelings and wishes .in addition ,women were able to spread it in all
over the world ,make it a symbol of equality , and make all people believe that
men and women deserve equality in all opportunities , treatments respect and
social rights.
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF FEMINISM:
The term feminism appeared in France in the late of 1880s by HUNBURTINE
AUCLERT in her journal La CITOYENNE as La Feminite_ where she tried to
criticize male domination and to claim for women`s rights in addition to the
emancipation promised by the French revolution. By the first decade of the
20th century the term appeared in English first in Britain and then in 1910s in
America and by 1920s in the Arab world as NISWIA, Feminism originates from
the Latin word FEMINA that describes women`s issues .Feminism is
concernedwith females not just as a biological category, but the female gender
as a social category, and therefore feminist shared the view that women`s
oppression tied to their sexuality .This was so because women and men`s
biological differences reflected in the organization of society ,and based on
these differences, women have treated as inferior to men.
Whether as a theory, a social movement or a political movement,
Feminismspecifically focuses on women`s experiences and highlights
variousforms of oppression that the female gender has subjected in the
society.
Whether Feminism is considered as a social movement or a political movement
,it specifically and mainly focuses on women`s experiences in her daily life,
which she subjected to in the society since Feminist are able to feel and
experience the pain and suffering of women they are totally convinced of what
it means to be`` women`` in patriarchal societies. Feminist, therefore seek to
remove all the barriers to equal social, political and economic opportunities for
women and object to the notion that a women`s worth is determined
principally
by her gender and that women are inherently inferior ,subservient or less
intelligent that men.

MANY FORMS OF FEMINISM:

Several subtypes of Feminist ideology have developed over the years ,
some of the major subtypes are listed as follows :

LIBERAL FEMINISM
Liberal Feminism asserts the equality of men and women through political
and legal reform . It is an individualistic form of Feminism and Feminist theory
which focuses on women`s ability to show and maintain their equality through
their own action and choices . Liberal Feminism looks at the personal
interaction between men and women as the starting ground from which to
introduce gender equity into society . According to Liberal Feminist all women
are capable of asserting their ability to achieve equality. Therefore it is possible
for change to come about without altering the structure of society. Issues
important to Liberal Feminist include reproductive and abortion, equal pay for
equal worth `affordable healthcare and bringing to light the frequency of
sexual and domestic violence against women.

RADICAL FEMINISM:
Perhaps the stereotype of Feminist that we discussed before is most closely
associated with our second type of feminism, called Radical feminism.
Radical Feminism is a movement the believes sexism is so deeply rooted in
society that the only cure is to eliminate the concept of gender completely how
would this be possible? Radical Feminist suggest changes ,such as finding
technology that will allow babies to be grown outside of a women`s body ,to
promote more equality between men and women. This will allow women to
avoid missing work for maternity leave, which radical feminists argue is one
reason women aren`t promoted as quickly as men .In fact ,radical feminists
would argue that the entire traditional family system is sexist .men are
expected to work outside the home while women are expected to care for
children and clean the house. Radical Feminists note that this traditional
dichotomy maintains men as economically in power over women and therefore
the traditional family structure should be rejected.

SOCIALIST FEMINISM:
Socialist feminist is slightly less extreme but still calls for major social change.
Socialist Feminism is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a
socialist reformation of our economy basically socialist reformation of our
economy .Basically socialists Feminism argues that capitalism strengthens and
supports the sexist status quo because men and the ones who currently have
power and money .Those men are more willing to share their power and
money with other men ,which means that women are continually given fewer
opportunities and resources. This keeps women under the control of men.
In Short , Socialist Feminism focuses on economics and politics .they might
point out the fact that in the united states women are typically pained only for
the exact job that a man would be paid a dollar for. Why are women paid less
than men for the same work ? Socialists Feminists point out that this difference
is based on a capitalist system.

CULTURAL FEMINISM
Cultural feminism emphasizes essential differences between men and
women in terms of biology, personality and behavior. women are seen to have
different and superior virtues that provide the foundation for a shared identity,
solidarity and sisterhood since by nature women are viewed as kinder and
gentler than men it follows that if women were in power the world would be a
better place. In the 196os and 70s, some women supported the idea of forming
separate women only cultures.

ECO- FEMINISM:
This Form of Feminism views patriarchy and its focus on control and
domination not only as a source of women`s oppression but as being harmful
to humanity as well as destructive of all living creatures and the earth
itself .combining a more comprehensive analysis of power often with a greater
spiritual mission, eco-feminists see women`s rights and empowerment linked
to political, economic social and cultures factors that benefit all living creatures
and mother nature herself.

TRANSNATIONAL OR GLOBAL FEMINISM:

This approach to Feminism is concerned mainly about how globalization
and capitalism affect people across nation abilities, races, ethnicities, genders,
classes and sexualities and has reinforced a range of Global movements. It
recognizes in qualities across different groups of women and the importance of
intersectionality as a way to understand and engage difference .While global
issues do not affect women in the same way because of these differences ,the
impact of these issues and power dynamics are seen to be crucial to Feminist
social justice agendas, this vision understands the need for comprehensive
approaches that integrate multiple issues and movements to find common
cause across agendas to ensure long- term social transformation.
WAVES OF FEMINISM:
People usually wonder about how feminism was able to pave the way for
woman in the entire world to become an important creature after painful
raping ,
killing and suffering for ages. The history feminism movements passed through
many activities or as they were called the three feminism waves. the first wave
feminism occurring in the 19
th
ad early 2oth century, was mainly concerned with
women`s right to vote. The second wave, at its height in the 1960`s and
1970`s ,
refers to the women`s liberation movement for equal legal and social right .
The
third wave, beginning in the 1990s, refers to a continuation of, and a reaction
to,
second wave feminism.
THE FIRST WAVE OF FEMINISM :
First wave of Feminism promoted equal contract and property rights for
women, opposing ownership of married women by their husbands .By the late
19
th
century, Feminist activism was primarily focused on the rights to vote.
American first wave feminism ended with passage of the 19
th
Amendment to the
US constitution in 1919, granting women rights.
First wave Feminism refers to an extended period of Feminist activity
during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the united states
.Originally it focused on the promotion of equal contract and property rights
for
women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married
women(and their children) by their husbands. however, by the end of the
nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power,
particularly the right of women`s suffrage. Yet, Feminists such as Voltairine De
Cleyre and Margaret Sanger were still active in campaigning for women`s
sexual
,reproductive and economic rights at this time .In 1854,Florence nightingale
established female nurses as adjuncts to the military.
In Britain the suffragettes and possibly more effectively, the suffragists
campaigned for the women`s vote . In 1918 the representation of the people
act
1918 was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned
houses. In 1928 this was extended to all women over twenty one . In the
united
states, leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Lucy stone, Elizabeth
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Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of
slavery prior to championing women`s right to vote; all were strongly
influenced
by Quaker thought. American first wave Feminism involved a wide range of
women . Some , such as Frances Willard, belonged to conservative Christian
groups such as Matilda Joslyn Gage, were more radical ,and expressed
themselves within the national woman suffrage association or individually.
American first wave Feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of
the nineteenth Amendment to the united states constitution, granting women
the
right to vote in all states.
The term first wave was coined retrospectively after the term second-wave
feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that
focused
as much on fighting social and cultural inequalities as political inequalities.
THE SECOND WAVE OF FEMINISM :
The second wave of Feminism of the 1960`s-1980`s focused on issues of
equality and discrimination .the second wave slogan,` the personal is political`
,identified women`s cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and
encouraged women to understand how their personal lives reflected sexist
power
structures. Betty Friedan was a key player in second-wave Feminism. In 1963,
her book The Feminine mystique criticized the idea that women could find
fulfillment only through childrearing and homemaking. According to Friedan`s
new York times obituary, her book ‘’ignited the contemporary women`s
movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of
the united states and countries around the world’’ and is widely regarded as
one
of the most influencial nonfiction books of the 20
th
century.’’ Friedan
hypothesizes that women are victims of false beliefs requiring them to find
identity in their lives through husbands and children. This causes women to
lose
their own identities in that of their family.
THE THIRD WAVE OF FEMINISM :
Third wave of Feminism began in the early 1990s, responding to perceived
failures of the second wave and to the backlash against second wave initiatives.
This ideology seeks to challenge the definitions of Feminity that grew out of
the
ideas of the second wave, arguing that the second wave over –emphasized
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experiences of upper middle-class white women .the third wave sees women`s
lives as intersectional, demonstrating how race, ethnicity, class, religion and
nationality are all significant factors when discussing Feminism .It examines
issues related to women`s lives on an international basis.
EXAMPLES OF FEMINISM:
1)BLACK FEMINISM:
Black Feminism argues that sexism and racism and inextricable from
one another forms of Feminism that to overcome sexism and class oppression
but
ignore race can discriminate against many people, including women, through
racial bias. Black Feminists argue that the liberation of black women entails
freedom for all people since it would require the end of racism ,sexism, and
class
oppression .one of the theories that evolved out of this movement was Alice
Waker`s womanism it emerged after the early feminist movements that were
led
specifically by white women who advocated social changes such as women`s
suffrage .These movements were largely a white middle-class movements and
ignored oppression based on racism and classism .Alice walker and other
womanist s pointed out that Black women experienced a different and more
intense kind of oppression from that of white women.
Angela Davis was one of the first people who formed an argument centered
on intersection of race, gender and class in her book ,women ,race and class.
Kimberle Crenshaw , prominent feminists law theorist, gave the idea a name
while discussing identity politics in her essay, Mapping the Margins :
intersectionality, identity politics and violence against women of color.’’
2)MUSLIM FEMINISM:
Muslim believe that justice and equality are intrinsic values and cardinal
principles in Islam. Human beings are equal whether they are black or white,
man
or women .This idea of equality between sexes emerged in Muslim societies by
the coming of Islam centuries before, but a Muslim extremist were always
trying
to remove the right given by god to women and makes her a servant or less .by
the end of the 19
th
century and the begining of 20
th
century people started to think
differently by forming new ideologies ,organization and departments of
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women`s, most of the time called `Islamic Feminism’ or ‘Arab Femi nism:
Scholars and researchers were always studying and discussing issues and
stories
of women in the Quran .which contains principles of gender equality and wider
issues of social justice, thus laying grounds for challenging patriarchal traditions
done by those researchers.
FEMINISM IN MODERN TIME:
With the rise of a new wave of Feminism across the world a new
generation of India Feminists emerged. Increasing numbers of highly –
educated
and professional Indian woman have entered the public area in fields such as
politics , business and scientific research. Contemporary Indian Feminists are
fighting for individual autonomy , political rights, social freedom, economic
independence, tolerance, co-operation ,neo-violence and diversity, abortion
and
reproductive rights, divorce, equal pay education ,maternity leave, breast
feeding,
and as end to domestic violence ,gender stereotypes discrimination, sexism,
objectification and prostitution . Medha Patkar , Madhu Kishwar and Brinda
Karat are some of the feminist social workers and politicians who advocate
women`s right in post-independent India. In literature Amrita Pritam , Sarojini
sahoo and Kusum Ansal are eminent Indian writers(in Indian language) who
link
sexuality with eminism ,and advocate women`s rights. Rajeshwari Sundar
Rajan , Leela Kasturi , Sharmila Rege, Vidyut Bhagat are some of the essayists
and social critics who write in favor of Feminism in English.
Feminism has been stirring up more controversy as International Women`s
Day approached last month. The feminist movement started in the late 1960s,
shedding light on domestic violence, sexual harassment and gender inequality
against women, especially of color. Early marches were lead by Gloria Steinem ,
the first nationally recognized feminist ,who created a stepping stone for other
feminist to follow in her footsteps. The hope was that the message would
transcend globally to change the system of inequality for women everywhere .
Particularly, those without freedom of choice.
Today, there are different waves of feminism with different ideologies-some
more extreme than others. since before the us presidential campaign last year,
Feminist came out advocating for women`s rights stronger than ever in support
of
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the first women to run for president of the united states .it did not help that
the
man who ran against her was considered sexist –someone who degrades
women
and thinks it`s okay to grope them if he feels like it .women everywhere came
out to rally against him, passionately voicing their dislikes of our sexist society
.yet shockingly, he won the election .this outraged many feminists who become
angry and hostile. Their viewpoint became radical and spread like wild fire,
leaving trails of bitter words and hostility amongst those who disagreed with
them. This made the topic of Feminism ,one you would want to avoid.
It was once liberating and empowering to be a feminist because it showed
strength to stand up for what you believe in, but the extremity of the issue has
got
us questioning if feminism today is still empowering women?
HOW FEMINISM HAS EMPOWERED WOMEN:
The belief in Feminism has made many women stronger. It has given us
strength to stand up and voice change in an unfair system ,and fight to have
opportunities equivalent to men at home ,school, military and the
workplace .We
are now facing many challenge amidst uncertainity in our government ,so it`s
paramount to believe in something for the greater good. it`s okay to have
different beliefs on an issue ,but if we speak out peacefully ,in such a way that
it
makes sense for others to listen ,it`s empowering. Yes , there are some with
irrational viewpoints that may make us question our stance ,but
ultimately ,even
the few who speak out positively ,can empower thousands of others to follow
in
their blazing trail to stand up and demand change .Take Emma Watson and the
Beast ‘’,and one of today`s leading young feminists , recently told off critics who
called her a hypocrite for a photo in vanity fair where she appeared almost
topless, covered only by a white crocheted capelet. The haters were quick to
dismiss her long list of advocacy for women`s rights .but in an interview with
Reuters regarding the photos, she stood her ground and fired back with this
statement.
‘’it just always reveals to me how many misconceptions and what a
misunderstanding there is about what feminism is’’. she continued ‘’Feminism
is
not a stick with which to beat other women with .It`s about equality .I really
don`t know what my tits have to do with it. Its very confusing.’’
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Her message shut the haters down , sending a stark message that we must
be strong, speak up and stand our ground for what we believe in. By doing so,
many others saw past her personal choice, and spoke out positively on her
behalf.
I`d have to say , as a women ,that`s pretty empowering.
V.Conclusion:
During a long period in history, woman was not considered as equal
citizens, they suffered from bad treatments, discrimination and racism under
main
domination and rules. Woman in the past was living unequal and unfair life.
she
was prevented from doing any political ,social and economical activities and
her
only job is being a housewife who takes care of home and children . At that
time, woman was under the control of man who dominates all the fields in
which he represents the symbol of power .after all those problems, suffering
and
misery woman in the entire world started to find ways to improve herself and
to
change her position in life. They tried also to join their efforts, dreams and
wishes
to form a universal idea that speaks about all women in any place in the world
this leads to the appearance of feminism.
By the coming of Feminism, woman was able take back her rights in
addition to changing her negative image. Feminism proves that woman is
capable
to play important roles the same as man. moreover , the most important goals
of
feminism were giving woman her total freedom in addition to equal
opportunities
in the representation of the political and social events . so, this article mainly
tried
to line out some essential points related to Feminism as an idea ,a belief and
movement . It deals with the some different ideas related to this concept and
more importantly focusing on the historical background of feminism ,its
different
types and waves .it gives an overview of woman`s path in which they suffered a
lot, they have been raped ,killed and segregated. However, they were able to
make themselves and all woman in the world proud not because they succeed
to
give woman her social , economical and political rights but rather by making
her
believe that she is human being who has the right to live, to marry, to vote, to
say
no when she wants .more importantly ,those woman activist were able to
make
woman believes in her importance creature the same as man.