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Water Treatment Lecture 1 Instructor
Presentation · September 2021
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34844.21127
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Water Treatment
Lecture 1
Instructor
Asst. Prof. Dr. Zainab Bahaa
Department of Civil Engineering
Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Branch
Water
Sources of water
Water is a limited resource of which:
- World oceans form 96.5%
- Fresh water reserves form 2.53 %
- Miscellaneous other sources form 0.97%
Of the fresh water sources:
- Ground water forms 30.1 %
- Surface sources (rivers, lakes, etc.) form 0.34%
- Glaciers and permanent snow form 68.70%
- Permanent frost forms 0.86%
Annual renewable water resources = 41,022 km3
Introduction to water treatment
• The objectives of water treatment lie in the removal of water-
laden impurities in order to render it fit for use without inducing
negative impacts on health or the environment.
• The type and extent of treatment will depend on the type of
impurities present in the water and the ultimate use of the water.
Impurities in water are found in different forms which
are divided into suspended solids or dissolved,
organic and inorganic materials as well as living
microorganisms some of which are harmful while
others are beneficial.
Impurities are classified as:
Physical – Chemical – Biological - Radiological
and are mostly expressed in terms of units of mass
per unit volume.
Impurities in water
Classification by Type
TOTAL SOLIDS
SUSPENDED FILTERABLE
SETTLABLE NONSETTLABLE COLLOIDAL DISSOLVED
Organic Inorg. Organic Inorg. Organic Inorg. Organic Inorg.
Classification of impurities by size
Dissolved Colloidal Suspended
µm
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105 106
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103
mm
Water is referred to as contaminated (polluted) when
it contains materials which render it unsuitable for its
intended use.
Reasons for treating the water:
• Protect surface-water quality
• Protect public health
• Meet legal requirements.
Water pollution:
Water is considered polluted if some substance or condition is
present to such degree that water cannot be used for a specific purpose.
Types and source of water pollution:
• Domestic swage.
• Disease causing agents (bacteria, virus).
• Inorganic chemicals and minerals.
• Synthetic organic chemical and oil.
• Nutrients (Nitrates, Phosphate).
• Radio active substance.
• Heat from industrial and power plants.
POPULATION ESTIMATES
Prior to the design of a water treatment plant, it is necessary to forecast the future
population of the communities to be served. The plant should be sufficient generally
for 25 to 30 years. It is difficult to estimate the population growth due to economic
and social factors involved. However, a few methods have been used for forecasting
population. They include the arithmetic method and uniform percentage growth rate
method.
1. Arithmetic Method
This method of forecasting is based upon the hypothesis that the rate of
increase is constant. It may be expressed as follows:
dp/dt= ka
• p = population
• t = time, yr
• ka= arithmetic growth rate constant
Rearrange and integrate the above equation, p1 and p2 are the populations
at time t1 and t2 respectively.
We get
or
where
• pt = population at future time
• p0 = present population, usually use p2
3. Declining Growth Method
This is a decreasing rate of increase on the basis that the growth rate is a
function of its population deficit. Mathematically it is given as
where
ps = saturation population, assume value
Integration of the above equation gives
Rearranging
The future population P is
where P0 = population of the base year
EXAMPLE: A mid-size city recorded populations of 113,000 and
129,000 in the April 1980 and April 1990 census, respectively. Estimate
the population in January 1999 by comparing (a) arithmetic method, (b)
constant percentage method, and (c) declining growth method.
Solution:
Step1. Solve with the arithmetic method
Let t1 and t2 for April 1980 and April 1990, respectively
Predict pt for January 1999 from t2
Step2. Solve with constant percentage method
Step3. Solve with declining growth method
Assuming
water requirements
• The uses of water include domestic, commercial and industrial, public
services such as fire fighting and public buildings, and unaccounted pipeline
system losses and leakage. The average usage for the above four categories
are 220, 260, 30, and 90 liters per capita per day (L/ (c. d)), respectively.
These correspond to 58, 69, 8, and 24 gal/ (c. d), respectively. Total
municipal water use averages 600 L/ (c. d) or 160 gal/ (c. d).
• The maximum daily water use ranges from about 120 to 400 percent of the
average daily use with a mean of about 180 percent. Maximum hourly use is
about 150 to 12,000 percent of the annual average daily flow; and 250 to
270 percent are typically used in design.
Fire Demand
Fire demand of water is often the determining factor in the design of
mains. Distribution is a short-term, small quantity but with a large flow
rate. Fire flow rate and population relationship:
Where Q = discharge, m3/min
P = population in thousands
The required flow rate for firefighting must be available in addition to
the coincident maximum daily flow rate. The duration during the required
fire flow must be available for 4 to 10 h. For determination of required fire
flow for area recommends the formula
Where F= required fire flow m3/d
C= coefficient related to the type of construction
A = total floor area, m2
EXAMPLE 1: A four-story building of heavy timber type building of 715
m2 of ground area. Calculate the water fire requirement.
Solution:
EXAMPLE 2: Assuming a high-value residential area of 100 ha (247
acres) has a housing density of 10 houses/ha with 4 persons per household,
determine the peak water demand, including fire, in this residential area.
Solution:
Step 1. Estimate population P
Step 2. Estimate average daily flow Qa
Step 3. Estimate maximum daily flow Qmd for the whole area
Using the basis of Qmd is 180 percent of Qa
Step 4. Estimate the fire demand
• Step 5. Estimate total water demand Q
Note: In this area, fire demand is a control factor. It is measuring to
compare Q and peak daily demand.
Step 6. Check with maximum hourly demand Qmh
The Qmh is assumed to be 250% of average daily demand
Step 7. Compare Q versus Qmh
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