Manufacturing Industries( Notes cum Questions and answers)

1. "Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of a country." Support the statement
with examples.

Or Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic development of India.

Answer: Manufacturing sector:

(i) It helps in modernizing agriculture.

(ii) Helps in providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(iii) Reduces unemployment and poverty.

(iv) It brings down the regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.

(vi) It brings in much needed foreign exchange.

(vii) Example- Cotton textile, Iron and Steel industry, etc.

2."Agriculture and industry move hand in hand." Analyze the statement with three examples.

Or Explain with examples the interdependence of agriculture and industries.

Or “Agriculture and industry are complimentary to each other.” Support the statement with three examples.

Ans- Agriculture and industry in India move hand in hand:

(i) Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its productivity.

(ii) Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g., cotton textile industry.

(iii) Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines and tools etc.
to the farmers.

(iv) Manufacturing industries have assisted agriculturists to increase their production and also made the production processes
very efficient.

(v) In short, agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other they move hand in hand.

[Link] industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other?

OR

[Link] industries on the basis of source of raw materials used.

Answer: On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as:

(i) Agro based: Agro based industries draw their raw materials from agricultural products.

For example, Textiles, Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible Oil, etc.

(ii) Mineral based: Mineral based draw their raw material from minerals.

For example, Iron and Steel industries, cement, machine tools, petrochemicals, etc.

[Link] industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other?
Answer: On the basitof main role Industries can be divided into two categories - Basic or key Industries and Consumer
Industries

(i) Basic or key industries: These industries supply their product or raw materials to manufacture other goods; e.g., iron and
steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting.

(ii) Consumer industries: These are the industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers; e.g., sugar, toothpaste,
paper, sewing machines, fans, etc.

[Link] industries on the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods.

Answer: Industries are classified on the basis of the weight of raw materials and finished goods in the following manner:

(i) Heavy Industries: These industries use heavy raw materials and also produce heavy goods, e.g., iron and steel, cement, ship-
building, automobiles, etc.

(ii) Light Industries: These industries use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries, e.g., watches,
electric bulbs, paint brushes, etc.

[Link] industries on the basis of capital investment.

Answer: Following is the classification of industries on the basis of capital investment:

(i) Small-scale Industries: A small-scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of
a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present, the maximum investment allowed is ₹1 crore.

(ii) Large-scale Industries: If investment is more than ₹1 crore on any industry,then it is known as a large-scale industry.

[Link] industries on the basis of ownership.

Answer: On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified as:

(i) Public Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the government agencies.

(ii) Private Sector: These industries are owned and operated by private entrepreneurs, e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Reliance
Industries, Dabur Industries, etc.

(iii) Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by the state and individual or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly
owned by public and private sectors.

(iv) Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or
both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the
coir industry in Kerala.

[Link] the stages of the development of cotton textile industry in India from ancient to modern times.

Answer:Stages of development of Cotton Textile Industry in India:

1. In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.

2. After the 18th century, powerlooms came into use.

3. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made
cloth from England.

4. Today, there are nearly 1600 cotton and human-made fibre textile mills working at various levels and owned by varied
sectors. It is a decentralised industry today.

[Link] at the following flow chart that shows the processes of production. Fill in the products derived through the various
processes of production in the boxes given below.
 (Do yourself)

[Link] factors were responsible for the concentration of cotton textile industries in Maharashtra and Gujarat?

Answer: [Link] cotton is easily available in and around that area because of the black cotton soil.

[Link] including accessible port facilities for export of cotton goods.

[Link] and skilled labour is available around that area.

iv Favourable moist climate contribute towards its localisation.

[Link] problems are faced by the cotton textile industry?

Answer:

[Link] supply remains erratic, thereby, affecting its production.

[Link] needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors particularly.

[Link] is lower output of labour, since they are not skilled in their jobs.

[Link] is a stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

[Link] did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?

Answer- Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving Khadi so as to provide scope for-(a) To boycott foreign
made cloth as a means of protest.

(b) To develop a sense of nationalism among the people.

(c) To give employment to a large number of people who were unemployed.

(d) To promote cloth making as a cottage industry.

[Link] two major differences between weaving and and spinning sectors of cotton textile industry.
[Link] do you feel that there are plans to shift sugar mills to South India?

Answer: Reasons to shift sugar mills:

(i) Sugarcane produced in these states have higher sugar content.

(ii) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.

(iii) The cooperatives are more successful in these states.

(iv) If sugarcane is transported from South to North India, due to delays in trains, sugarcane loses its sugar content as it is a
perishable good.

[Link] is the status of India in jute production?

Answer:i. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.

[Link] are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of these are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli River, in
a narrow belt. The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.

[Link] partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three fourths of the jute producing areas became part of
Bangladesh.

[Link] are jute mills concentrated along the Hoogly River? Explain giving reasons.

OR

“Jute industry is concentrated in the Hugli basin”. Validate the statement with three suitable reasons.

Answer: Reasons for concentration of jute mills along the Hoogly River:

[Link] Bengal is the storehouse of jute. It produces the highest quantity of jute.

[Link] industry requires a lot of water which is easily available from the Hoogly River.

[Link] labour is easily available because of migrating labour from neighbouring states of Bihar and Odisha.

[Link] water transport in the river Hoogly is available.

e.A large urban sector in Kolkata provides banking, insurance and loan facilities.

[Link] is a good harbour which can provide facilities for the export of jute products in various parts of the world.

[Link] are the challenges faced by the sugar industry?

Answer: Challenges:

(i) The industry is seasonal, so getting labour becomes difficult

(ii) India is still using old and inefficient methods of production, thereby, affecting its production.

(iii) There are transport delays in transporting sugarcane to factories, with the result that it loses its sugar content.

(iv) There is a need to maximise the use of bagasse to face the problem of power break up.

[Link] is iron and steel industry called the basic industry? Explain any three reasons.

The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry because:

i. All the other industries - heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
ii. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific
equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

iii. Iron and steel are heavy industries because all the raw materials, as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky. It involves
heavy transportation costs.

[Link] the process of manufacture of steel through a line diagram.

Ans- Raw materials for manufacturing steel - Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone( Ratio- 4 : 2 : 1)

[Link] does the Chotanagpur plateau have the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?

Answer: It is because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry.

(i) Low cost of iron ore is available, since it is mined in this region.

(ii) Its high grade raw material is available in close proximity.

(iii) Cheap, hard and skilled labour is easily available.

(iv) There is a vast growth potential in the home market.

[Link] a flow chart which shows the process of manufacturing aluminium.

Or Show the process of manufacturing of Aluminium through a line diagram.

[Link] is the importance of aluminium smelting industry?

Answer: (i) Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgic industry in India.
(ii) It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other
metals.

(iii) It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.

(iv) It is used as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

[Link] the factors that led to the expansion of cement industry after the Independence.

Answer: The factor that led to the expansion of cement industry after Independence are given below:

(i) Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989.

(ii) Various policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.

(iii) Improvement in the quality has found the produce a readily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South
Asia apart from a large demand within the country.

[Link] an account of the chemical industries.

Answer: (i) The chemical industry in India is a fast growing and diversifying industry.

(ii) It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size.

(iii) It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.

(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.

(v) Chemical industry is its own largest consumer.

(vi) Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture
or directly for consumer markets.

[Link] is the importance of the information technology sector for the Indian economy? Explain.

Answer: The importance of IT sector is as follows:

(i) It has provided employment to over one million people.

(ii) This industry is a major foreign exchange earner.

(iii) It has helped in the growth of the service sector in India.

[Link] any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.

Answer: Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are as follows:

(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce pollutant by pollution prevention methods.

(ii) Creating cooling ponds, which are designed to cool the hot waters from industries.

(iii) Treatment of sewage in water treatment plants attached to industries.

(iv) Polluting industries should be set-up far from residential areas.

(v) Industries must follow the government norms of pollution control strictly.

[Link] can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Suggest some ways.

Answer: The waste water discharged by our industry pollutes fresh water. Hence, it is essential to save the stock of fresh water
from being polluted.
Some ways that can be followed in this direction are:

(i) Water should be re-used and re-cycled to minimise the use of water.

(ii) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

(iii) Rainwater harvesting should be encouraged to meet water requirements.

[Link] any three steps to minimise the environmental degradation caused by the industrial development in India.

Answer: Three steps to minimise the environmental degradation caused by Industrial development in India are:

(i) Water Pollution

Energy lite of waste water discharged by one industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh water.

*Minimising use of water for procuring by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

*Harvesting of rain water can be done to meet water requirement.

*Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

(ii) Air Pollution

*Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters,
scrubbers and inertial separaters.

*Smoke can be reduced by using oil or natural gas instead of coal in the factories.

(iii) Noise Pollution

*Machinery and equipments can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

*Almost all machineries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

*Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of ear plugs and earphones.

[Link] the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).

Answer: The pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural
environment are as follows:

(i) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

(ii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and afforestation.

(iv) Reducing environmental, pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.

(v) Ecological monitoring, review and online database management for all its power stations.