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Spanish Articles and Adjective Agreement

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
205 views24 pages

Spanish Articles and Adjective Agreement

Modern spanish grammar for beginners-good first book

Uploaded by

A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Basic

Spanish
Grammar -
Quick
Spanish
Grammar
Reference
1
Spanish articles
In Spanish language articles agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and in number
(singular or plural) with the noun that they accompany.

Spanish definite articles forms

El, la los, los (the) normally precede a noun.

Definite articles forms: masculine/feminine, singular/plural


Masculine Feminine
singular el la
plural los las
el libro - los libros, la mesa - las mesas,
el profesor - los profesores la casa - las casas

Spanish definite articles uses

Talking in general a definite article is used in Spanish whenever "the" is used in English.
However there are some exceptions.

1. With abstract nouns: La pobreza es un grave problema. (Poverty is ...)

2. With most titles of people: el señor López abrió la conferencia (Mister López...), el presidente
Rodríguez Zapatero, la doctora García...

3. With infinitives used as nouns, especially if they are the subject of the sentence: El practicar
deporte es bueno para la salud (Practicing sports... )

4. With nouns listed in a series: Tengo el libro, el cuaderno y el diccionario (I have the book, the
notebook and the dictionary)

2
5. With noun of weight and measure: Las naranjas cuestan 3 Euros el kilo. (The oranges cots 3
Euros per kilo)

6. With days of the week: El curso de español empieza el lunes. (The Spanish course starts on
Monday)

7. When telling the time. Son las doce. (It is twelve o'clock)

8. With parts of the body or clothes, especially if the possessor is clearly identify, as in case of
reflexive verbs. Voy a lavarme las manos (I am going to wash my hands)

9. To generalize. Los españoles se acuestan tarde. (Spanish people... )

Indefinite Spanish articles - Forms

Un, una unos, unas (a, some) normally precede a noun.


To say the profession with the verb to be, there is no article: Soy profesora ( I am a
teacher).

Indefinite articles, masculine/feminine, singular/plural


Masculine Feminine
singular un una
plural unos unas
un libro - unos libros, una mesa - unas mesas,
un profesor - unos profesores una doctora, unas doctoras

Remark: In Spanish to express the profession with the verb to be, the indifinete article is not
used, except when the noun is modified by an adjective.
Correct: Soy profesor de español. Incorrect: Soy un profesor de español.
Correct: Soy una buena profesora de español.

Nouns in Spanish: Masculine/Feminine


Nouns refer to people, animals, places, things, and ideas.
Nouns are singular or plural. In Spanish language nouns are
masculine or feminine, either for person, thing, place, quality
or idea.

Feminine nouns
3
Generally nouns ending in "-a"

la fruta, la mesa, la palabra

See Masculine for exceptions!

Nouns ending in "-dad" / "-tad" / "-tud"

 la ciudad, la edad, la universidad


 la amistad, la facultad, la libertad
 la inquietud, la juventud, la virtud

Nouns ending in "-ción" / "-sión" / "-gión"

 la canción, la estación, la lección


 la profesión, la televisión, la tensión
 la legión, la región, la religión

Nouns ending in "-ez", as long as they refer to abstract nouns formed with suffixes

 la rigidez -- rigidity
 la sensatez -- soberness
 la validez -- validity
 la vejez -- old age, oldness

Nouns ending in "-triz"

la actriz, la directriz, la emperatriz

Nouns ending in "-umbre"

la costumbre, la incertidumbre, la legumbre

Shortened version of originally feminine nouns

 la disco -- la discoteca*
 la foto -- la fotografía
 la moto -- la motocicleta
 la tele -- la televisión

* but when it refers to a disk, it's el disco

Nouns referring to women

 la madre -- mother
 la mujer -- woman, wife

4
Exceptions

ending in "-d"

 la merced -- mercy ending in "-e"


 la pared -- wall
 la red -- net  la base -- basis
 la salud -- health  la calle -- street
 la sed -- thirst  la carne -- meat
 la clase -- class
ending in "-z"  la clave -- clue
 la corriente -- current
 la cruz -- cross  la fe -- faith
 la faz -- face  la fiebre -- fever
 la luz -- light  la frase -- saying, phrase
 la nariz -- nose  la fuente -- source
 la nuez -- nut  la gente -- people (!)
 la paz -- peace  la leche -- milk
 la raíz -- root  la lente -- lens
 la vez -- time, turn  la llave -- key
 la voz -- voice  la mente -- mind
 la muerte -- death
other  la nieve -- snow
 la noche -- night, evening
 la filial -- affiliate  la nube -- cloud
 la flor -- flower  la sangre -- blood
 la imagen -- image  la sede -- headquarters
 la ley -- law  la serpiente -- snake
 la mano -- hand  la suerte -- fate, luck
 la miel -- honey  la tarde -- afternoon
 la piel -- skin  la torre -- tower
 la sal -- salt
 la tribu -- tribe

Masculine
In broad generality, all nouns not fitting into the above categories and exceptions - plus the
following.

Nouns of Greek origin, ending in "-ma" / "-ta" / "-pa"

 el clima, el programa, el tema


 el cometa, el planeta (but to confuse you: la dieta :-))
 el mapa

5
Exceptions

 el día (el mediodía) -- day, daytime (noon)


 el gorila -- gorilla
 el pijama -- pajamas
 el sofá -- sofa
 el tranvía -- tram, streetcar
 el yoga -- yoga

Different gender, different meaning


Some words can be used as either feminine or masculine but this will change their meaning.
Some examples:

masculine feminine

capital capital capital city


cólera cholera bile, anger
coma coma comma
corte cut court
cura priest cure
final ending sports final
frente front forehead
orden order decree, holy order
papa pope potato
parte message, report part, portion
pendiente earring slope, hillside
pez fish tar, pitch

Different gender, same meaning


Certain nouns, usually referring to people, can be used in the same meaning as either feminine or
masculine, depending on who you refer to.

 nouns ending in "-ista" (artista, florista, jurista)


 nouns ending in "-crata" (aristócrata, tecnócrata)
 amante -- lover
 cliente -- client
 guía -- guide
 idiota -- idiot
 modelo -- model
 soprano
 testigo -- witness
6
Feminine nouns with the article "el"
When a feminine noun begins with a stressed "a-" or "ha-" syllable, its singular form will have
an "el" instead of "la" (and "un" instead of "una" as an indefinite article). In plural, it's back to
normal.

 el agua, el alma, el asma


 el habla, el hada, el hambre*

* doubly irregular: a noun ending in "-e" with the article "el" - and still feminine :-)

Forming Plurals of Nouns


1) If a noun ends in a vowel, make it plural by adding -s.

libro: libros (libro + s)

pluma: plumas (pluma + s)

2) The definite articles (el, la) also change in the plural form. They become "los" and
"las."

el libro: los libros

la pluma: las plumas

3) If a noun ends in a consonant, make it plural by adding -es.

el borrador: los borradores (borrador + es)

la universidad: las universidades (universidad + es)

4) If a noun ends in -ión, add -es and drop the written accent.

la conversación: las conversaciones

la televisión: las televisiones

5) If a noun ends in -z, add -es and change the z to c.

el lápiz: los lápices

la voz: las voces

7
6) When the plural refers to two or more nouns of different genders, the masculine
plural is used.

2 perros + 6 perras = 8 perros (not perras)


1 gato + 8 gatas = 9 gatos (not gatas)

7) A few nouns are "compound nouns," that is, they are formed by combining two
words into one.

abre + latas = abrelatas / open + cans = can opener

saca + puntas / take out + points = pencil sharpener

*These compound nouns are always masculine, and the plural is formed by changing the
"el" to "los."*

el abrelatas
los abrelatas

el sacapuntas
los sacapuntas

Spanish adjectives
Adjectives describe or give information about people and things.

Spanish Adjectives Gender and number

In Spanish, most adjectives have both masculine and feminine forms, as well as singular and
plural forms. Adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in both gender (masculine or
feminine) and number (singular or plural).

To form the Spanish adjectives

1. They must agree in gender with the noun they modify or add information

 Most masculine adjectives end in -o: italiano


 Most feminine adjectives end in -a: italiana
 Adjectives that do not end in -o or -a use the same form for masculine or feminine:
difícil, interesante, verde...
 Adjectives that end in -sta do not have changes: pesimista, realista, egoista...
 Adjectives that end in -or made the feminine by adding -a: encantador, encantadora.
 Adjectives that end in -án in the masculine form, made the feminine in -ana, dropping
the accent: alemán, alemana.
 Adjectives that end in -és in the masculine form, made the feminine in -esa, dropping the
accent: inglés, inglesa.

8
2. They must agree in number with the noun they modify or add information.

 If the adjective ends in a vowel, add -s: italiano - italianos, italiana - italianas.
 If the adjective ends in a consonant, add -es: encantador - encantadores.
 If the adjective ends in a -z, changes to c: feliz - felices.
 If the adjective end in -án, made the plural in -anes, dropping the accent: alemán,
alemanes.
 If the adjective end in -és, made the plural in -eses, dropping the accent: inglés, ingleses.

3. Shortened forms of Adjectives

When placed before masculine singular nouns, some adjectives change into a shortened form.
*Grande changes to a shorteed form before any singular noun.

bueno buen chico


malo mal día
primero primer trabajo
tercero tercer plato
grande gran señor*
grande gran señora*

Spanish Comparatives and Superlatives

Spanish comparatives and superlatives are fairly simple. Comparatives are the
comparison of one person or thing to another (more, less, or as... as), while
superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.

I. Comparatives come in three varieties:

Superiority más... (que) more... than or ____er than

Inferiority menos... (que) less/fewer... than

Equality tan... como as... as

tanto...
as much/many as
como

Notes

1. With más and menos, the que + noun/pronoun construction is (optional). With tan
and tanto como, however, the noun/pronoun is required.

2. In comparatives of equality, tan is used with adjectives (tan guapo como) and adverbs
(tan rápidamente como), while tanto (tanta, tantos, tantas) is used with nouns (tanto
dinero como) and verbs (trabajamos tanto como).
9
3. Bueno and malo have irregular comparative forms (see III, below).

Tú eres más interesante (que You are more interesting (than we are).
nosotros).

Ana es más grande (que Lucas). Ana is taller (than Lucas).

Sevilla es menos caro (que Sevilla is less/not as expensive (than/as


Barcelona). Barcelona).

Soy tan guapo como José. I'm as handsome as José.

Tengo tanto dinero como Uds. I have as much money as you.

II. Superlatives are formed with the definite article + noun + más or menos + adjective.
Note that when the superlative uses "in" (e.g., the tallest in the world, the happiest in the
house), "in" is translated by de.

Carlos es la persona más inteligente que Carlos is the most intelligent person who
trabaja aquí. works here.

Es la ciudad menos interesante del mundo. It's the least interesting city in the world.

Es el profesor más amable de la escuela. He is the nicest teacher in the school.

III. Exceptions: Bueno and malo have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.

Comparativ
Superlative
e

Buen
mejor(es) lo(s)/la(s) mejor(es)
o

Malo peor(es) lo(s)/la(s) peor(es)

In the superlative, they are placed in front of the noun they modify.

Mi restaurante es mejor (que esto). My restaurant is better (than this one).

Son los mejores profesores de la escuela. They are the best teachers in the school.

El libro es peor (que la película). The book is worse (than the movie).

Es la peor idea del mundo. It's the worst idea in the world.

10
Spanish possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used to tell what belongs to someone.

masculine, feminine, masculine, feminine,


owner English
singular singular plural plural
yo my mi mi mis mis
tú your tu tu tus tus
his, her,
él, ella, usted su su sus sus
your
nosotros,
our nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras
nosotraas
vosotros,
your vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras
vosotras
ellos, ellas,
their, your su su sus sus
ustedes

Spanish demonstrative adjectives


Like other adjectives, demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns that
follow them.
masculine feminine
this este esta
these estos estas
that ese esa
those esos esas

Spanish adverbs
To form an adverb in Spanish, -mente is added to the feminine singular form of an adjective.
–mente = ly ending in English

general → generalmente rápida → rápidamente

11
Spanish subject pronouns
“Person” View

1st person singular (I) 1st person plural (we)

2nd person singular (you - familiar) 2nd person plural (you - familiar)

3rd person singular (he, she, it, you - 3rd person plural (they, you – formal)
formal)

The subject of a sentence states who are what is doing the action.

Cynthia come galletas. Cynthia eats cookies.


Daniel mira la televisión. Daniel watches TV.

A pronoun is a word that replaces a person’s name, so a “subject pronoun” is a


pronoun that replaces the name in the subject of a sentence.

Ella come galletas. She eats cookies.


Él mira la televisión. He watches TV.

These are all of the subject pronouns in Spanish:

Spanish Subject Pronoun View

Singular: One person / thing Plural: More than one person / thing

yo = I nosotros = we (males, both)


nosotras = we (females)

tú = you (informal, familiar) vosotros = you all (informal, boys /both)


vosotras = you all (informal, girls)

él = he ellos = they (boys, both)


ella = she ellas = they (girls, both)
usted (Ud.) = you (formal) ustedes (Uds.) = you (formal)

12
Spanish verbs
Verb conjugation refers to the process of changing a verb form to provide information about the action
being performed. The form of the verb can give us some idea about who is performing the action,
when the action is being performed, and the relation of the verb to other parts of the sentence.

SPANISH VERB TENSES

infinitive (to form) verb


ando and iendo (-ing)
forms to use with
gerund
forms of estar for
present progressive
is happening right
present progressive
now
present now
near past just happened
preterite happened
imperfect used to happen
going to happen - use
near future with forms of ir + a +
infinitive
future will happen

REGULAR SPANISH VERBS

Regular verbs - ar ending

Infinitive: habl+ ar

Gerund: habl + ando

Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
stem yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present habl o as a amos áis an
Imperfect habl aba abas aba ábamos abais an
13
Preterite habl é aste ó amos asteis aron
Future hablar é ás á emos éis án
Regular verbs - er ending
Infinitive: com+ er
Gerund: com + iendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
stem yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present com o es e emos éis en
Imperfect com ía ías ía íamos íais ían
Preterite com í iste ió imos isteis ieron
Future comer é ás á emos éis án

Regular verbs - ir ending


Infinitive: viv+ ir
Gerund: viv + iendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
stem yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present viv o es e imos ís en
Imperfect viv ía ías ía íamos íais ían
Preterite viv í iste ió imos isteis ieron
Future vivir é ás á emos éis án

Irregular Spanish verbs


ser = to be (is, am, are) – location of event, physical characteristics, personality characteristics

Infinitive: ser
Gerund:s iendo

Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present soy eres es somos sois son
Imperfect era eras eran éramos eráis eran
Preterite fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
Future sere serás sera seremos seréis serán
estar = to be (is, am, are) – location, health, emotions
Infinitive: estar
Gerund: estando
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present estoy estás está estamos estáis están
Imperfect estaba estabas estaba estábamos estabais estaban
Preterite estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
Future estaré estarás estará estaremos estaréis estarán

14
(form of) estar +
am, is, are verbing
1. gerund
ar estoy hablando I am talking
er estás comiendo you are eating
ir está describiendo he is describing

dar = to give
Infinitive: dar
Gerund: dando
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present doy das da damos daís dan
Imperfect daba dabas daba dábamos dabais daban
Preterite di diste dio dimos disteis dieron
Future daré darás dará daremos daréis darán

ir = to go
Infinitive: ir
Gerund: iendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present voy vas va vamos vais van
Imperfect iba ibas iba ibamos ibais iban
Preterite fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
Future iré irás irá iremos iréis irán

Near future using forms of ir– going to happen soon

Present progressive using


(form forms
of) ir + a +of estar– happening now
1. going to verb
infinitive
voy a bailar I am going to work
vas a comer You are going to eat
va a decider He is going to decide

15
decir* = to say
Infinitive: decir
Gerund: diciendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo* tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present digo dices dice decimos decís dicen
Imperfect decía decías decía decíamos decíais decían
Preterite dije dijes dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron
Future dire dirás dirá diremos diréis dirán

Tener expressions (Form of tener)

venir* = to come
Infinitive: venir
Gerund: viniendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo* tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present vengo vienes viene venimos venís vienen
Imperfect venía venías venía veníamos veníais venían
Preterite vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron
Future vendré vendrás vendrá vendremos vendréis vendrán

tener* = to have
Infinitive: tener
Gerund: teniendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present tengo tienes tiene tenemos tenéis tienen
Imperfect tenía tenías tenía teníamos teníais teníamos
Preterite tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron
Future tendré tendrás tundra tendremos tendréis tendrán

1. tener hambre to be hungry


2. tener sed to be thirsty
3. tener ___ años to be __ years old
4. tener prisa to be in a hurry
5. tener razón to be right

16
6. tener sueño to be sleepy
7. tener vergüenza to be ashamed
8. tener frío to be cold
9. tener calor to be hot
10. tener suerte to be lucky
11. tener miedo to be afraid
Gustar 12. tener que + infinitive to have to verb

gustar = to please

Infinitive: gustar
Indicative mood
I you he,she, you
Present me gusta(n) te gusta(n) le gusta(n)
Imperfect me gustaba(n) te gustaba(n) le gustaba(n)
Future me gustará(n) te gustará(n) le gusta(n) (will like)
Conditional me gustaría(n) te gustaría(n) le gustaria(n) (would like)

hacer = to do, to make

Infinitive: hacer
Gerund: haciendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo* tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present hago haces hace hacemos hacéis hacen
Imperfect hacía hacías hacía hacíamos hacíais hacían
Preterite hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron
Hacer
Future expressions (Formharé
of hacer)
harás hará haremos haréis harán

1. ¿Qué tiempo hace? What’s the weather like?


2. Hace buen tiempo. It’s nice.
3. Hace viento. It’s windy.
4. Hace mal tiempo. It’s bad weather.
5. Hace fresco. It’s cool.
6. Hace frío. It’s cold.
7. Hace calor. It’s hot.
8. Hace sol. It’s sunny.

17
jugar = to play (a game or sport)

Infinitive: jugar
Gerund: jugando
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present juego juegas juega jugamos jugáis juegan
Imperfect jugaba jugabas jugaba jugábamos jugabais jugaban
Preterite jugué jugaste jugó jugamos jugasteis jugaron
Future jugaré jugarás jugará jugaremos jugaréis jugarán

acabar = to finish

Infinitive: acabar
Gerund: acabando
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present acabo acabas acaba acabamos acabáis acaban
Imperfect acababa acababas acababa acabábamos acababais acababan
Preterite acabé acabaste acabó acabamos acabasteis acabaron
Future acabaré acabarás acabará acabaremos acabaréis acabarán

(form of) acabar + de


1. Just verbed (infinitive form)
+ infinitive
acabo de estudiar I just studied
acabas de comer you just ate

18
Wanting to do something using forms of querer– want to …..
querer = to want (e>ie)
Infinitive: querer
Gerund: iendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present quiero quieres quiere queremos queréis quieren
Imperfect quería querías quería queríamos queríais querían
Future querré querrás querrá querremos querréis querrán

(form of) querer +


1. going to verb (in infinitive)
infinitive
quiero bailar I want to dance
quieres cantar you want to sing

saber = to know (a fact)


Infinitive: saber
Gerund: sabiendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present sé sabes sabe sabemos sabéis saben
Imperfect sabía sabías sabía sabíamos sabíais sabían
Future sabré sabrás sabrá sabremos sabréis sabrán

reír = to laugh
Infinitive: reír
Gerund: riendo
Indicative mood
él, ella, nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas,
yo tú
usted nosotras vosotras ustedes
Present río ríes ríe reímos reís ríen
Imperfect reía sabías sabía sabíamos sabíais sabían
Preterite rí reíste rió reímos reístes riereon
Future reiré reirás reirá reiremos reiréis reirán
Spanish Verbs - Stem-Changing Verbs

Stem-changing verbs | Spelling change verbs

Spanish has two kinds of verbs that undergo spelling changes during conjugation. Spelling
change verbs undergo consonant changes in certain conjugations, while stem-changing
verbs are characterized by changes in vowels. Stem-changing verbs are those that have a
vowel spelling change in the stem of all forms except nosotros and vosotros.

The endings for stem-changing verbs are the same as for regular -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs, so
you should make sure that you understand those conjugations before working on this lesson.
These are also called shoe verbs or boot verbs.

Spanish has three different stem-changing patterns:

1. E changes to IE

QUERER - to want

19
y quEremo
quIEro nosotros
o s

tú quIEres vosotros quEréis

él quIEre ellos quIEren

Similarly-conjugated verbs (note that there are -AR,-ER, and -IR verbs in this category):

cerrar to close

comenzar to begin, to start

to detain -
detener
yo detengo

entender to understand

to maintain -
mantener
yo mantengo

mentir to tell lies

to obtain -
obtener
yo obtengo

pensar to think

perder to lose

preferir to prefer

recomendar to recommend

referir to refer

sentir to feel

to have -
tener
yo tengo

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to come -
venir
yo vengo

2. O changes to UE, U changes to UE

PODER - can, to be able to

y pOdemo
pUEdo nosotros
o s

tú pUEdes vosotros pOdéis

él pUEde ellos pUEden

Similar verbs (there are -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs in this category):

contar to count

costar to cost

doler to hurt

dormir to sleep

encontrar to find

to play -
jugar*
U changes to UE

morir to die

mostrar to show

mover to move

oler** to smell -
O changes to HUE

poder can, to be able to

recordar to remember
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soler to be accustomed to

volver to return

3. E changes to I

REPETIR - to repeat

y repEtimo
repIto nosotros
o s

tú repItes vosotros repEtís

él repIte ellos repIten

Similar verbs (only -IR verbs in this category):

conseguir to get - yo consigo

decir to say, to tell - yo digo

pedir to request, to ask for something

reír to laugh

seguir to follow, continue - yo sigo

servir to serve

sonreírse to smile

Spanish -go Verbs - Verbs that end in -go for yo form in the present tense

caer - to fall - yo caigo

conseguir - to get - yo consigo

decir - to say - yo digo

detener - to detain - yo detengo

hacer - to do - yo hago

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mantener - to mainain - yo mantengo

obtener - to have - yo obtengo

oír - to hear - yo oigo

poner - to put or place - yo pongo

salir - to go out - yo salgo

seguir - to follow - yo sigo

tener - to have - yo tengo

traer - to bring - yo traigo

venir - to come - yo vengo

Spanish -oy Verbs - Verbs that end in -oy for yo form in the present tense

dar - to give - yo doy

estar - to be - yo estoy

ir - to go - yo voy

ser - to be - yo soy

Spanish -jo Verbs - Verbs that end in -jo for yo form in the present tense

escoger - to choose - yo escojo

recoger - to pick up; to collect - yo recojo

When tellling a friend, a family member or a young person to do something, use an affirmative tú
command. To form these commands for most verbs, use the same present-tense forms that are used
for Ud., él, ella. Some verbs have an irregular affirmative tú command.

Regular Irregular Reflexive Verbs

-ar decir - di (say, tell) ¡Levántate!


¡Estudia! hacer - haz (do, make) (Stand up)
(study) ir - ve (go)
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¡Siéntate!
-er poner - pon (put) (Sit down)
salir - sal (leave, go
¡Corre!
out)
(run) ser - sé (be) ¡Despiértate!
(Wake up)
-ir tener - ten (have)
¡Escribe! venir - ven (come) !Apúrate!
(Hurry up!)

Reflexive Verbs

LEVANTARSE - TO STAND UP

y nos
me levanto nosotros
o levantamos

tú te levantas vosotros os levantáis

él se levanta ellos se levantan

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