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49 views154 pages

Document Analysis and Insights

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gerlungsee
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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106
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107
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108
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109
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110
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111
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112
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113
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117
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118
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119
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120
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121
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122
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123
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126
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128
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129
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{ dkom5h,8ts^kf XDumping?
{ dko8ts^kf XMarketing?
{ dko0kp XSelling?
{ dko-N XBuying?
{ mtok7kodk’ XCentral bank?
{ mtok7kodko7hk XCommercial bank?
{ ]t[q[xtdaog’yo/kd XDeposit insurance bank?
{ g’yod69h kdd5,j mtok7ko XSyndicated loan?
{ dko;yg7ktlyog-nvj XCredit analysis?
{ [afg7ifyf XCredit card?
{ 86oh y]twr XSafty box?
{ oad[ao-u XAccountant?
{ z6dh ;fdk[ao-u XAuditor?
{ xtgrf0v’[=]ylfa XTypes of company?
{ dyf9tdko0v’7qofP; XSole proprietorship?
{ [=]ylfa ]af XTrust company?
{ z64h sn oh5 XShareholder?
{ 7totde,tdko[=]ylaf XBoard of directors?
{ dko-e]tlyog-nvj grnvj lq’j vvd XExport credit insurance?
{ dko37ltokskrtoad’ko XAdvertisement?
{ l6o7afg]nvdrtoad’ko XAssessment center?
{ ]k’;ao XAwards?
{ 7jk9hk’rNo4ko XBase rate?

130
{ g’yogfnvorNo4ko XBasic salary?
{ w]ptxa[8q; XBreak in time?
{ 9jkp7nos^’a XBack pay?
{ 7jkokp|hk XCommission?
{ 7jk8v[cmo XCompensation ?
{ .[Ia[Iv’dkozjko’ko XEmployment certificate?
{ dko96’.9 XMotivation?
{ 7jk]j;’g;]k XOvertime pay?
{ dkog/ydvq[Iq, XTraining?
{ g]nvj o8ec|j’ X upgrade?
{ lts;affudko XWelfare?
{ dj,5 z6gh Iaf;Pd}7tot XWorking group?
{ ]k7krNo4ko}g[Nv’8Qo XBase price?
{ cI’96’.9.odko-N XBuying motive?

{ dkox5d]tfq, XCampaign?
{ ]y0tlyf XCopyrights?
ວ.

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{ 0kxt9e}]6d7hks^ad XKey accounts?


{ s^5f]k7k}lj;os^5f XDiscounts?
{ Ihkola[rtlyo7hk XDepartment stores?
{ dkovvdc[[zt]yf8trao XDesign of product?
{ gxQk|kpmk’dko8ts^kf XMarketing goal?
{ dko;k’czodko8ts^kf XMarketing planning?
{ dko;yw98ts^kf XMarket research?
{ dkog9kt8ts^kf XMarket penetration?
{ lj;oc[j’8ts^kf XMarket share?
{ r+7kh 7qodk’ XMerchant middleman?
{ g’yo,af9e XEarnest money?

131
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grkt;jk dkoc8j’dk[dvo 4hk0kfvq’xtdv[.f|b’j c]h; 9tgIaf.shdk[dvo[+,;j oF [+7[q 4h;oD
rkdlj;o8jk’Mmjuxtdv[.odk[dvo,uG 7eF 8voF ;adF g2Nv’F [kf c]t [qf gxao8QoD
! D 7e
!D! 7;k,\kp0v’7e.odk[dvo
< 7e < .odk[dvo c,jo\kpgvqkrtpk’|b’j 0v’7eg;Qk .odk[dvog-aoj G oqdF |6F x6F xk
c]t vnoj MD [k’d=]tou 7emj,u lu v’rtpk’c8jvvdlP’fP; d=o[a gxao7e|b’j rtpk’g-aoj G ztspkF
lt|k,F 4tcs^’F 4t|v,F lts’;o c]t vnoj MD
!D@ xtgrf0v’7e.odk[dvo
7e.odk[dvo9afgxaoxtgrf7nG xtgrf7egxaoF 7e8kpF 7egvdF 7e3m c]t 7edk’
fa’j ]kp]tvPf]5,j oUG
7egxa o
7egxao c,jo7emjuzaolP’wx8k,;aootp5fwfh g-y’j c[j’gxao @ 9er;dfa’j oUG
T 7emjuxtdv[fh;plts^tlP’pk;7nG VkF VuF VnF V6F gVF cVF 3V DDD c]t lts^tryglf wVF .VF
gVqkF Ve gxao8QoD
T 7emjuxtdv[fh;p8q;ltdqfgxao7nG ’F pF oF ,F ; gxao8QoD
7e8kp
7e8kp c,jo7emjuzaolP’wx8k,I6[;aootp5f[+wfh g-y’j c[j’gxao @ 9er;dfa’j oU G
T 7emjuxtdv[fh;plts^tlP’lAo7nG VtF VyF VbF V5F gVtF cVtF gVktF 3VtF gVapF gVbvF Vq;tD
T 7emjuxtdv[fh;p8q;ltdqf8kp7nG dF fF [D
7egvd
7egvd c,jo7emjuxtdv[fh;p;aootp5fgvdg-aoj G wdjF zjkoF xjk DDD
7e3m
7e3m c,jo7emjuxtdv[fh;p;aootp5f3mg-aoj G ohv’F oEF -EF wsh DDD

134
7edk’
7edk’ c,jo7emju[+,u;aootp5fg-aoj G r6F okF g,nv’F 7qo DDD
@ D 8vo
8vo c,jo\j67e9eo;o|b’j mjugxaog7y’j |b’j 0v’;ad \kp7;k,;jk dk[dvo;ad|b’j ,ulv’
8vo7nG 8vo|hk c]t 8vos^’a g-y’j 8vo|hk9txtdv[fh;p # 7eF $ 7e s^n & 7e [+o[a 7e[5[rt[qfF
lj;o8vos^a’9txtdv[fh;p $ 7eF & 7e s^n * 7e [+oa[7elhvpD
8q;1jk’G
7e[5[rt[qf 8vo|hk 8vos^’a 7elhvp
gryoj ;jk -kf9tdhk;|hk vkwlgry’j 7qofu
-kf9tgInv’Iv’lu gry’j z6,h 7u ;k,I6h
vto5-oq xaopkx6h ;P’;a’9tgxaoxjk
rafmtok[+svj odhk; 9tsao|hkgry’j z6.h f gfo=
# D ;a d

;ad c,jo\kpgvqkc4;|b’j 0v’dk[dvo mju,u7eg;Qk7q[9eo;o7e0v’s^addkoc8j’dk[
dvoD dvo;ad|b’j xtdv[fh;p ( 7eF _ 7eF !! 7e s^n !& 7e 4hk[+oa[7e[5[rt[qf c]t 7elhvpD
ວ.

8q;1jk’G
ສ.

;admu ! s^kpl;o -q’v;fgvh ,;ofvdraolu


;admu @ ,k]u g[upgdlvo Iyoj sv,Iq,gIQk
;admu # fvdoAo 9exk[hk’ dk’l;olt4yfcmjo
;admu $ gxao.9 [q’j [vd-U 75o7E7jkg,nv’

;ad.odk[dvo,u-gnj vUofa’j oUG


;admu ! gvUo;jk ;adltfa[
;admu @ {{{{<{{{{ ;adIa[
;admu # {{{{<{{{{ ;adIv’
;admu $ {{{{<{{{{ ;adlq’j
$ D g2N v ’
g2Nv’ c,jo\kpgvqkg7y’j |b’j 0v’[kf g-y’j dk[dvog2Nv’|b’j gmqkj da[lv’;ad s^n lv’c4;F
lv’;ad8Qo gvUo;jkG g2Nv’dqd c]t lv’;ad8+wx gvUo;jkG g2Nv’xkpD

135
8q;1jk’G

;admu ! ,kgpu,kfj’5 fAo mjv’mjP;-q,fq’


g2Nv’dqd { ;admu @ g]kt]P[]q’c]wr ,j5’,v’,;ow,h
g2Nv’xkp { ;a;addmumu #$ grnvj 9t9qf9ewfh
gxaofq’’k,g]uf]E
fq’.f3ffgfaoj
oe|hkxjkwr

& D [kf
[kf c,jo\j6;admju,u7;k,leraodaoF gdktdjkpdaoF gonvj ’lP’daoD dk[dvo[kf|b’j xt
dv[,u $ ;ad s^n $ c4;D

8q;1jk’G

;admu ! vao;jk fq’fjkofhk; ]k;,kd,6o,u


g2Nv’dqd {
[kf{g2Nv’xkp ;admu @
;admu #
0P;dt9ug9nv9ko
c8jfq’.f’k,cmh
mq;j ma’g|nv.8h
gxaofq’pvfpy’j
{ ;admu $ gxao,y’j g,nv’gvdvhk’ fq’oAo-n.j f
;admu ! 7ao.shIP,[q’j -U ,u1f6j q’fP;
;admu @ ,ulu0P;’k,gs^nv d;jkfq’ma’7hkp
;admu # 7ao.zdkpwxsAo ]v’c]gs^vn f]O
;admu $ gsaocl’mepk[gs^Nv, .lc9h’l6pj k,
;admu ! ok,0v’fq’csj’oU gxaomjgu 7ups6
;admu @ 8A’16-j koot7vos^;’ [+d;’wdgpUo
;admu # \qfm5d7qog7upgvUo ok,,tdvodhP’djv,
;admu $ fq’3fdsv,Inoj gIQk gsaoc]h;9n[j +]n, cmhok

136
* D [qf
[qf c,jo\kpgvqkgoNv.oma’\qf0v’dk[dvo mju0PodjP;da[g]nvj ’.fg]nvj ’|b’j 8A’c8j
8Qo9qo9q[g]nvj ’D [qf9tlAo s^n pk;[+wfhdeoqf8kp8q;S c8j’lAo d=gvUo;jk [qflAoF c8j’pk; d=gvUo;jk
[qfpk;D dvo[qf|b’j 8hv’,ugoNv.o7q[4h;o8k,7;k,\kp0v’sq;[qfmju8A’w;hD
[qf8q;1jk’G
ltf5fu75o76
3fpG -D l5d9tg]uo
• -+oU -volvffh;p 7aomt-kff;’sv,
[ao9q’xtfa[lu g[udg[up[kocph,
p=pojn cp’pa’.sh 76]k;ma’-kf
z6gh 7uplvola’j -U ;y-k]Eg]uf75o g9Qkgvup
• lyf0=pp = dq ohv, lt4yfcm[g|nvlPo
[6-k75o7;k,fu cfj7z6 lh6 vo-U
vtryoaomtokohv, ltf5fudvodjk;
7k]t;tcdjg9Qk 76z-h6 -U vj ’mk’ g9Qkgvup

• g4y’9t1j6g0fdE lt4ko4yoj fyo.f d=8k,mhvo
ວ.

g]ydg-y’j .o[5o75o [+vkf]n,76wfh


sk.l,kmP,gmQk ltg\umoa 75omjko
ສ.

-kfoU c]t -kf|hk [+]n,wfh7kj 76 fvdok


• 76gvup g9QkoAogxaoz6h.sh m5dly’j vtoaooa[
la’7q,pyopv,Ia[ 7jk75o76g9Qk
gs^kjq oadIPoz60h Po7Qo 9qoxaopk-kolts^kf
d=pvh o76l’jq .sh 9b’j IPowfhf’ja \kp oAoc]h;
• 7e76lvola’ j -U lyf0=9n9j e9qf
[+g7up7yfm=]tpqf lPflu7eIhkp
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oa[4npp= dq g9Qk [6-kw;hmujl6’ cmhc]h;
• 8k[-q; j -u;yfoU skspa’8v[cmo75o [+r=c]h;
r;dgIqk-5,-k;lyf Ia[gvqk7;k,I6h
]t]bdg4y’75og9Qk [6-k76w;hl6’lq’j
7;k,xtlq’,kf,h5’ [+,kp,hk’sjk’76 fvdok
137
• 7;k,Iad/a’dvfdhP; rao|jP;dq,dP;
Iad[+,pu k,skp ]jkprk’Ik,Ihk’
z6mh ruj klaolhk’ laf9tmevao]E7jk
0=4t|v,g9Qkw;h [+,u.sh]kj lu g9Qkgvup
• ltf5fudk j ;ohv, dQ,dk[rk;tok
ly’j ladlyf.o3]dk 9q’j gs^vnj ,’eoexhv’
.sh776 v’7;k,g0A, lt4Pome8A’mjP’
7P’76]j k;gfaoj dhk; [+lo6 lYoglnvj ,4vp ’jkpc]h;
• 9kd.90v’z6o h vh p mjgu duf.\jrkps^’a
0=gvqkf;’.9]k; mq;j ma’g|nv.8h
vkwlIvp0Po0=h ltf5fuoelq’j
xq’;kmt;kfg;Qk g4y’76g9Qk76-j 7j6 oq sAomhvo
• Iadg9Qkg|nvly’ j ]Qo py’j d;jk.fM
.9rPocr’4t|v, gmufm6o[6-kw;h
gvqkf;’.9c0;oshvp [+7vpcxgxaovnoj
skd-u;yfoU[+8No pa’-ywfh8v[75o g9Qkc]h;D

Xxt,;o[qfdvo;ao76csj’-kf ( 85]k !__$?


7e4k,
!D rkdlj;o0v’dk[dvo\kpg4y’spa’L
@D rkdlj;o0v’dk[dvo,uspa’cfjL
#D 7e.odk[dvo\kpgvqkvao.fL
[qfg/ydsaf
9q’j g;Qk3fpsp=dh Pj ;da[xtgrf0v’7e.odk[dvo,kg[y’j D

138
[qfmu !)
dkoleza f c]t 7ext9e[j v o
dkolezaf c]t s^da 7ext9e[jvo gxaos^da dkomjule7ao0v’dkoc8j’dk[dvo g-y’j z6ch 8j’
9twfh7eob’g4y’s^da dkolezaf]ts;jk’7eda[7eF 8voda[8voF ;adda[;ad.shgdktdjkpgonvj ’lP’
dao c]t dkolezafoAo wfh,udkodeoqf9eo;o7egvd c]t 7e3mxt9e16[j vj o0v’,ao1jk’
8kp8q;F pqdg;Ao7edk’D
! D ]a d ltotdkoleza f
7e;jk <lezaf< ,u7;k,\kp;jk 4nd8hv’7jv’daoF gdktdjkpdao]ts;jk’7eda[7e16.j o
dk[dvoD
dkolezaf16.j odk[dvo,u @ ]adltot7nG lezafovd c]t lezaf.o fa’j ]kp]tvPf]5,j
oUG
!D! dkoleza f ovd

lezafovd c,jodkolezaf]ts;jk’7el5fmhkp0v’;admu ! da[7emu !F @F # s^n $F & 0v’;admu
@S 7el5fmhkp0v’;admu @ lezafda[7emu !F @F # s^n $F & 0v’;admu #S 7el5fmhkp0v’;admu #
ວ.

lezafda[7emu !F @F # s^n $F & 0v’;admu $S 7el5fmhkp0v’;admu $ lezafda[7emu !F @F # s^n $F &


ສ.

0v’;admu ! .o[kf8+wxD
dkolezafovd 8hv’lezaffh;plP’lts^tfP;dao s^n lts^tmju,ulP’7hkp7ndaoD
8q;1jk’G
;admu ! 9P’ pju lk, lurj Qo ]q,zjkolk0k
;admu @ rbdlk.[[k’[qd s^ojq ]q’]kdhko
;admu # c8jfvd[kog[upcph, c-,zqozts^k9+
;admu $ dyoj d=sv,Ij;’gIQk Iq,dQ;mq;j fq’ vudc]h;
;admu ! wdr5oh r6rkf-Q’ fq’.spjcfo7tok
;admu @ .dhomU k]k0v’ ljv’.lws^gpNvo
;admu # ]q,rafg2nvo2v’2Q’ ,aflk-5,c-;fuf
;admu $ py’j ,v’py’j -;o7yfw7jdPh ; cr’[hko8n,j mt;u cmhokD
dkolezafovd ,u # ]adltotdkolezaf7nG ]adltotdkolezafc[[dvo]eF ]adltot
dkolezafc[[dvovjko;yf-5,k]u c]t ]adltotdkolezafc[[dvocxfD
139
]adltotdkolezafc[[dvo]e
dvo]e c,jodvolezafc[[|b’j g-y’j ,u]adltotdkolezaffa’j oUG
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu ! lezafda[7emu !F @ s^n # 0v’;admu @
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu @ lezafda[7emu !F @ s^n # 0v’;admu #
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu # lezafda[7emu !F @ s^n # 0v’;admu $
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu $ lezafda[7emu !F @ s^n # 0v’;admu ! 0v’[qf8+wxD
dkolezafc[[dvo]eoU 9tlezaf1jk’oUwxg]NvpM9qo\qf[qf c]t [+c[j’gxao[kffaj’
dvovjkomq;j wxD
8q;1jk’G
;admu ! 2a’gpu r;druoj vh ’ r+c,j]’5 8k
;admu @ s^ko-y;k9kpqd g]nvj ’]k;,kg;Qk
;admu # r=gxaog]qkM.sh 9qf9e7yfIO
;admu $ c]h;9b’j oevvdc9h’ 4tcs^’.sh\26j a’
;admu & xtgmf]k;c,jo8A’ 16cj s^,.spjvyof69uo
;admu * ,uczjofyofvozno .spjpk;wdd;hk’
;admu ( dE/jkpmk’g|nvr5oh fyo9uod;hk’.spj
;admu ) 8A’0t|q’goa’j w;h 0;k’0Aog0fcfoD
;admu _ mk’/jkpc7;ho cfofjko[q;]trk
;admu !W ,uxkj fq’r6zk -+-oa ]Po-Ao
;admu !! r6s^;’xaocfo.sh s;Pfok,]k;ohv’ruj
;admu !@ lk,ad7u1g6j ]Nvp [+,u,N9nf9k’
;admu !# mk’rkd.8h 8yf8+der6-k
;admu !$ xtgmfgrqkrq’lk grnvj ocr’rao-Ao
]adltotdkolezafc[[dvovjko;yf-5,k]u
dvovjko;y-5,k]u c,jodvolezafovdc[[|b’j g-y’j ,u]adltotdkolezaffa’j oUG
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu ! lezafda[7emu !F @F s^n $F & 0v’;admu #
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu @ lezafda[7emu !F # s^n & 0v’;admu $
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu # lezafda[7emu @ s^n $F & 0v’;admu ! .o[kf8+wx
7el5fmhkp0v’;admu $ lezafda[7emu !F @ s^n $F & 0v’;admu @ .o[kf8+wxD

140
8q;1jk’G
;admu ! z+f6 2hklts;jk’c9h’ gInv’I5’j ztdkpdv’
;admu @ Iv’M.l ljv’’k,g’qk-hkp
;admu # 2a’pyo p5’pv’Ihv’ gIlP’l5og4nvj o
;admu $ r6;tokfohv, pyoIhkpI5’j ok’
;admu ! /6’grnvj orhv, ovogoa’j oyfmk
;admu @ fucdj g\upI;kpIe pvf-k’pq,phvp
;admu # s^vo;jk wlpkgpNvo gmm;’ma’cx[
;admu $ c,h’|b’j g\nvorugj 9Qk8y;j -hvp -v,.dhdvj ,v;o
;admu ! /ao;jk -tc][goNv gry’ruxj t-yf-q,
;admu @ g\nvofa’j 3l,7u’7;o Ik[IP’Iy,|hk
;admu # gmm;’gxNv’ c0odq,vhv,ws^j
;admu $ /ao;jk v6h,dvfcdh;dOrhk 9y’c9h’fa’j g]u’
;admu ! v=]tw\jgoNv l;kp]6[gdlk

;admu @ Iq,gru’-5d 8noj 9;o.90hv’
;admu # ;yopkoIhvo decffkolts;kf
ວ.

;admu $ gpNvo-O-hv’ -q,glNvl;jk’dtlaoD


ສ.

!D@ dkoleza f .o
lezaf.o c,jodkolezaf]ts;jk’7eda[7e muj16j.o;adfP;daoD dkolezaf]adltotouh
9t,uma’dkolezaffh;plts^t c]t rtpao-totD
8q;1jk’G
;admu ! s^y’gsaow,h]kj ;]Q, ]P[Ijv,g0qkIv,
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
;admu @ r6mvog]kt ]P[rtov,oeohv’
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
;admu # gsaozk-hv’ g0qk7epk,7O
↑ ↑
;admy $ 8A’16dj k’xjkd;hk’ f6gINv’I5’j gInv’
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

141
lezaflts^t
lezaflts^t c,jodkolezaf]ts;jk’7eda[7e mj,u lu ts^tfP;dao16.j o;adfP;daoD dkolezaf
lts^t,u @ c[[dkolezaf7nG lezafmP,cvd c]t mP,76Dj
T lezafmP,cvd
lezafmP,cvd c,jodkolezafmju,ults^tfP;dao .o;adfP;dao c8j,u7emjuxtdv[fh;p
lts^tvnoj ,k0Aodk’7e|b’j 7nf’aj I6[cvdrkf.lj7=7;kpD
8q;1jk’G
gsaofvdw,h dhkodjkpok’dkp
↑ ↑
dv’daola[ fvd-vo[ko-hvo
↑ ↑
r6mvomhk; gfuofP;fAofjP;
↑ ↑
0hk,0v[2hk g,nv-Ao-jv’-ao
↑ ↑

T lezafmP,76j
lezafmP,76j c,jodkolezafmj,u lu ts^tfP;dao IP’dao16lj v’7e.o;adfP;dao 3fp[+,7u evnoj
,k0Aodk’D
8q;1jk’G
IP,oU 9vo9kd[hko 4ko4yoj fyook
↑ ↑↑ ↑
7yfIvfrq’raolk grnvj ocr’c]’g-Qk
↑ ↑
7yfIvf9exkg7Qk 7k;.fwfhc8j9q,j
↑↑
0q,dtgfqkc7,mjkoE xkooU-yx’jq .[ c]h;[=
↑↑
lezafrtpao-tot
lezafrtpao-tot c,jodkolezaf]ts;jk’7emju,urtpao-tot8q;fP;dao s^n rtpao-tot
mju,ulP’7hkp7ndao16.j o;adfP;daoD dkolezafrtpao-tot,u @ c[[7nG lezaf]Povadlvo c]t
lezaf0AovadlvoD

142
T lezaf]Povadlvo
lezaf]Povadlvo c,jodkolezaf7emj,u ru tpao-tot8q;fP;dao]Podao16cj 8jlv’7e0Bowx
.o;adfP;dao 3fp[+,urtpao-totvnoj ,k0Aodk’D
8q;1jk’G
7nooU gfnvogfaoj 2hk gfp]tfkffk;cl’ ’k,gf
IP,oa’j co,oefk; vtgodoaogonv’]hv,
gfnvogra’lkpcl’phv, xt4truronh czjo
gIaf.shcfofjkofhk; ’k,]qoh ]jon s^’a
.9|b’j 7yf8+8’A 7toy’okfok’0;ao cr’gvup
7;oM7e -jp6 k,,y;k’g;Ao
gsaoc8jfk;mP,0hk’ 9ao3mmq’cmjo
/kd7eclo3ldglQk .shgfnvo-j;plq’j 7;k, cfjgouD
Tlezaf0Aovadlvo
lezaf0Aovadlvo c,jodkolezafmj,u ru tpao-tot8q;fP;dao ]Podao16lj v’7e.o;adfP;dao

c8j,urtpao-totvnoj ,k0Aodk’7e|b’j D
8q;1jk’G
ວ.

r=g,nvj xugdqkj rQo xu.\jd,= kcmo


ສ.

rbdlkclo0P;’k, fvd-vo[ko-hvo
↑ ↑
|hkltvvo.93vh f;’sv,[+gsupdyoj
↑ ↑
r6,,t]yor6gj zY’ g]u’]jk[+]kj pmk’
↑ ↑
dyoj |b’j sv,fvd-hvo -vodyoj dtfao’k

dyoj lv’ sv,gsup,k fvd0tpv,[kocph,


↑ ↑
dyoj lk,sv,gs^vn ]Qo 9exk]k;[+gsupdyoj

mq;j 4yoj ]k;]hko-hk’ sv,]Qopkd]n, cmhc]h;D


↑ ↑

143
@ D 7ext9e[j v o
7ext9e[jvo c,jo]t[P[0v’dko;k’7e.odkoc8j’dk[dvo c]t gxaos^da dko8kp8q;D
dvo[kf|b’j ,u $ ;ad c8j]t;ad,u ( 7e 3fp[+oa[7e[5[rt[qf c]t 7elhvpD g,nvj oa[7ema’\qf
.odk[dvo[kf|b’j ,u @) 7e c]t .o9eo;o @) 7eoAo9t8hv’,u7egvd * 7e c]t 7e3m &
7e 16xj t9e[jvo0v’.z,ao9tphkpwx[jvovnoj [+wfhD
@D! 37’Ij k ’7ext9e[j v o
;admu ! W Wj Wh W Wj W W
;admu @ W W W Wj W W Wh
;admu # W W Wh W W W Wj
;admu $ W Wj Wh W Wh Wj W
8q;1jk’G
;admu ! dvfdhP;
la[rtdvfdh dvogdq
gdqjk,k4tcs^’
;admu @ gmrk;t ;kf
;kfrtov,wrd;h d;hk’
;admu # [5op;’1A1A’ g-qkc7o7k;|b|bj’
;admu $ la’]j;’zhkp zao[hkdjvoo[k
gryoj gvUo7ext9e[jvofa’j oUG
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;admu @ X;adIa[? dk’ dk’ dk’ gvd dk’ dk’ 3m
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148

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