iL Chapter- 1 Matter In Our Surrounding CONCEPT MAPPING | REAR [Physical Nature of Particles] 1. Definite shape, 1, No definite shape 1, No definite shape 1. Particles of matter are 2. Definite volume 2. Fixed volume 2. No Fixed volume continuously moving, 3. Donotflew 3. Can flow 3. Can flow 2. Particles of matter have 4. Particles are 4, Particles are loosely 4. Particles are Very space between them. closely packed. packed loosely packed 3. Particles of matter attract 5. Incompressible. 5. Little compressible S. Tlighly compressible cach other Ex: Table, Chair. Ex: Water, Milk Ex. Ait, Oxygen Solids melt to form liquid a= changes j ; ‘The change of aa 1 * Liquid changes Vapours changes vapours into solid into solid into liquid dieetly) Te tempera whch | The tempore a vom eros epee ets osMatter The matter is the material of which everything in this universe, (in and around us) is made up of. It is anything that occupies space and has mass and offers resistance to any applied force. Physical Nature of Particles : Matter is made up of particles. The particles of matter are very-very small. Characteristics of Particles : (i) Particles of matter are continuously moving i.e., they possess kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles moves faster because kinetic energy of the particles increases. (ii) Particles of matter have space between them. When we make tea, coffee or lemonade (nimbu pani), particles of one type of matter get into the space between particles of the other. This shows that there is enough space between particles of matter. Add salt Particles of water magnified millions of times. When we dissolve salt in water, the particles of salt get into the space between particles of water. Particles are varying and have spaces between them Particles of matter attract each other. When we open a water tap, try to break the stream of water with out fingers, can we do this ? No, because the stream of water remains together. Particles of water are held together because of the force of attraction between them. . The space between the particles and kinetic energy of particles is minimum in solids, intermediate in liquids and maximum in gases. force of attraction between the particles is strongest in solids, intermediate in liquids and weakest in gases+ Movement of particles is minimum in solids, more in liquids and maximum in gases. a, band c show the magnified schematic pictures of the three states of matter. The motion of the particles can be seen and compared in the three states of matter. Dig. Three states of matter (©) ee e e 0% oe, B08, °°, Gas Arrangement of particles in three states of matter and their movements States of Matter The physical states of a matter are : (i) Solid, (ii) Liquid, (iii) Gas. ify our body into three states of matteri.e., Bones and teeth are solids. Blood and water present in our body are liquids. (ii) Airin ourlungsis gaseous.@) ‘Solid State: Characteristics of solid states are: (a) Have definite shape. (b) Have distinct boundaries. (c) Haverigidity and incompressibility. (d) Have definite volume. Some Exceptional Examples: Rubber band is a solid but it can change its shape under force and regains its shape when force ve force is applied, it breaks, The solids have fixed and rigid shape. The kinetic energy of the particles in the solid state is very less and therefore, solids have fixed and rigid shape. . We can compress sponge as its pores are filled with air but it is solid. . Salt and sugar take the shape of the container in which they are placed but shape oftheir crystals do not change, so they are solids. (i) Liquid Stat. The characteristics of liquid state are : (a) Have fluidity ie., they are not rigid. (b) — Lowcompressibility. (c) Nodefinite shape and boundaries. They take the shape of the vessels. (@) Have definite volume. . Force of attraction between the particles of liquid keeps its volume same. is removed. Ifexc : Liquids are substances having fixed (definite) volume and no fixed shape. They take the shape of the container in which they are stored. . The gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere diffuse and dissolve in water. Due to these gases aquatic plants and animals are able to survive. Diffusion is much more in liquids than in solids due to free movement of particles of liquids. (iii) Gaseous State: The characteristics of gaseous state are : (a) Have fluidity. (b) — Havehigh compressibility. (c) Haveno definite boundaries. (d) — Haveno definite shape. (c) Have no definite volume. . The particles in a gas are free to move in any direction hence gases can flow. . Gases are substance that do not have fixed volume and occupy all the volume available to them.Pressure of gas is the force applied on the walls of vessel by the irregular moving gas particles. Change of State of Matter Water can exist in three states of matter i. water vapour, On heating ice melts into water and then converts into water vapours. , solid ice, liquid— water, gas — Change in the physical state of matter can be done in two ways : By Changing the Temperature: (A) ‘Thermometer g of ice to form water (©) Boiling of water to form water vapour Melting Point : The temperature at which a solid melts to form liquid at atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. Melting point of ice is 273.16 K (0°C). During melting the temperature of ice does not rise even though heat is being supplied continuously because of latent heat of fusion. This latent heat of fusion is used up to overcome the forces of attraction between ice particles. At 0° C energy of water particles is much more than the energy of particles ofice at 0°C. Latent Heat of Fusion : The amount of heat required to change I kg solid to its liquid state (at its melting point) at atmospheric pressure. (ii) Boiling Point : The temperature at which a liquid boils to form vapours at atmospheric pressure is called its boiling point. Boiling point of water is 373 K (100°C +273 =373 K). Latent Heat of Vapourization : The amount of heat required to change 1 kg liquid to its gaseous state (at its boiling point) at atmospheric pressure. During boiling the temperature of water does not rise even though heat is being supplied continuously as this heat of vapourization is used up to overcome the forces of attraction between water particles. 5At 100°C, energy of water vapours is much more than the energy of water at 100°C. So, we can change one state of matter to another state by changing temperature. Heat, _—Heat_, (Gis sc) A (is + Be “Cooling “Cooling : At25°C, Wateris liquid. At0°C, Water is solid (ice). At 100°C, water is gaseous state (steam). (iii) Sublimation : The change of solid directly into vapours on heating and of, vapours into solid on cooling without passing through the intervening liquid state is called sublimation. Example ; When camphor or ammonium chloride is heated in a China dish covered by a inverted funnel (with cotton plug in its upper open end), the vapours of ammonium chloride are converted into solid ammonium chloride on coming in contact with the cold inner walls of the funnel. Cotton plug Inverted funnel — Ammonium Chloride (Sublimation) China dish — Mixture of NH,Cl+ NaCl Wire gauge Sublimation of Ammonium Chloride (B) _ Effect of Change of Pressure : If we compress a gas in a cylinder, the distance between the particles of gas is reduced and finally gas is liquefied on lowering temperature.: By applying high pressure, the particles of a gas can be brought close together. . Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is changed into carbon dioxide gas directly without changing into liquid when pressure is reduced to one atmospheric pressure. . Thus, states of matter ie., solid, liquid and gas are determined by temperature & pressure. Sublimation Sublimation Evaporation : A surface phenomenon in which liquid changes into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation, Particles on the surface ofa liquid have higher kinetic energy than others, so they break the forces of attraction between the particles & escape from the surface of liquid in the form of vapours. Factors affecting evaporation : Rate of evaporation depends on: (a) Exposed surface area : On increasing surface area of liquid, rate of evaporation increases. (b) Increase in temperature : Increases kinetic energy of particles hence rate of evaporation increases. (c) Humidity : When the humidity of air (degree of dampness of air) is low, evaporation rate is increased. More humidity, less evaporation. (a) Wind : When wind speed increases, rate of evaporation also increases. Evaporation always causes cooling : The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it takes latent heat of vaporization from surroundings which on losing heat get cooled. Examples: (i) When we put acetone on our hand, it gets vapourized by taking heat from ourhand and our hand feels cool. 7PAIAWP LYNE 2 10. ll. (ii) We should wear cotton clothes in summer to keep us cool and comfortable as cotton is good absorber of water, so it absorbs the sweat from our body and exposes it to air for evaporation of sweat thus cools our body. (iii) Often people sprinkle water on ground during summer, This water takes heat from ground and surrounding air to evaporate, thus making the place cool. QUESTIONS VERY SHORT QUESTIONS Write different states of matter. Which has more density —liquid or solid? What is the melting point of ice? Boiling point of alcohol is 78°C. Change it into Kelvin scale? Why do gas exert pressure? How do we liquefy the gases ? What happens to particles when salt dissolves in water? What is the physical state of water at: (a)o°C (b) 25°C What is the chemical name of dry ice ? Why is heat energy needed to melta solid? SHORT QUESTIONS Classify the matter on the basis of physical characteristics ? Why solid carbon dioxide is called'dry ice’? Why do we keep ether and acetone at cool places ? Write two factors which will increase rate of evaporation ? Which gas is supplied in the liquefied form at home and in hospitals? Compare the force of attraction between iron, rubber band and chalk ? ‘Arrange sugar, water and oxygen in the increasing order of force of attraction between their particles? Define boiling point, melting point and evaporation ? What is sublimation? Name two substances which undergo sublimation. Why does steam causes more severe burns than boiling water? Change the temperature in celsius scale temperature : (a) 293K (b) 470K.LONG QUESTIONS Describe the factors affecting evaporation ? (a) Whydowewearcotton clothes in summers? (b) — Whydowe feel cold, when we keep acetone or ether on our palm? Write three characteristics of particles of matter. Give one example of each? Write the characteristic responsible for : (a) Smell of perfume spreads in the room. (b) Water takes the shape of the container in which itis kept. Name three states of matter. Give one example of each and state three characteristic properties of cach. Compare the properties of solids, liquids and gases in tabular form. (a) Writefullformsof — (i) LPG (ii) CNG (b) Draw the ‘states of matter triangle’ to show the interconversion of states of matter. (a) Why doesa desert cooler cool better on a hot, dry day? (b) Whatis evaporation? How can the evaporation ofa liquid be made faster? OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION: A few substances are arranged in the increasing order of ‘forces of attraction’ between their particles. Which one of the following represents a correct arrangement? (a) Water, air, wind (b) Air, sugar, oil (c) Oxygen, water, sugar (@) Salt, juice, airWhich one of the following sets of phenomena would increase on raising the temperature? (a) Diffusion, evaporation, compression of gases. (b) Evaporation, compression of gases, solubility (c) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases. (d) Evaporation, solubility, diffusion, compression of gases. The property to flow is unique to fluids. Which one of the following statements is correct? (a) Only gases behave like fluids (b) Gases and solids behave like fluids (c) Gases and liquids behave like fluids (d) Only liquids are fluids Choose the correct statement of the following: (a) conversion of solid into vapours without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation. (b) conversion of vapours into solid without passing through liquid state is called vaporisation. (c) conversion of vapours into solid without passing through the liquid state is called freezing. (d) conversion of solid into liquid is called sublimation. During summer, water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool because of the phenomenon of (a) diffusion. (b) transpiration (c) osmosis. (d) evaporation 106. On converting 25°C, 38°C and 66°C to kelvin scale, the correct sequence of temperature will be (a) 298K 311K and 339K. (b) 298K, 300K and 338K (c) 273K, 278K and 543K (d) 298K, 310K, and 338K [K=273+1°C] Fill inthe blanks: (a) The boiling points of, acetone is 329 K, its temperature in C 22°C. sius will be (b) The arrangement of particles is ordered in the ..... .. State. However there is no order in the............ state. . effect. (©) Evaporation ofa liquid atroom temperature leads toa. (d) Osmosis Match the physical quantities given in columnA to their S. I-units given in column B: special kind of... Column A Column B Temperature Pascal Density Cubic Metre Volume Kelvin Pressure Kilogram per cublic meter Choose the correct option given in bracket. The amount of heat required to change 1 kg solid to its liquid state at atmospheric pressure is known as its (Latent heat of fusion / Latent heat of vaporisatoin) 1Assertion and reason type questions:~ ‘Two statements are given one labelled assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below: (a) Both AandR are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both Aand R are true but R isnot the correct explanation fo A. (c) Ais true but Ris false. (d) Ais false but R is true. Assertions (A) : Steam causes severe burn than boiling water Reason (R) : Steam has latent heat. 2. Assertion (A): A glass filled with ice has water droplets on its outer surface Reason (R): Ice is liquid state of water. Answers: lL (a) 2 ©) 12