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— a Chapter - 6 .
Ny Tissue
CONCEPT MAPPING
{ Tissue )
(Group of similar cells performing
‘common specialised function)
Plant Tissue Animal Tissue
+ NS
re CC ext page)
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
Primary Meristem Secondary Meristem Simple Permanent Complex Permanent Dermal tissue
(ground tissue) vascular Tissue) is
Apical Merstem Latiral Meristem ) (Epidermal tissue)
paral Mersin (Made up of one (Made up of
(Tips of root and stem) type of cell) ‘more than one
—+Intercalary type of cell)
(Base of leaves and intemodes)
Vascular Cork
Cambium,
oeSceonetrowty Cambium
‘Aerenchyma —]
Chlorenchyma —J
2 Types
Xylem (Conduction of water & minerals) Phloem (Conduction of food)
(Components of Xylem)
Trachelds ‘ylem Parenchyma | Xylem Fibres ‘componente
of Phloem)
Sieve tubes] Companion cells | Phloem fibres [Phloem parenchyma (Anima Tissues)
;———— Frittetit = Connective. === Muscular, = Nervous
+
() Areotar 7) (Adipose 9) (Skeletal 9) =f Fuid
+ +
4 v ¥ + ¥ 4
Tendon, Ligament Bone Cartilage | { Blood Lymph
Squamous) |/Cuboidal!) (Columnar) |) Citiated ) (Glandular
Tissue : A group of cell that are similar in structure and work together to achieve a particular
function is called Tissue.
Histology : The microscopic study of tissue is called Histology.
PLANT TISSUE- Meristematic & Permanent Tissues
Meristematic Tissue (growth tissue)
These are simple living tissues having thin walled compactly arranged immature cells
which are capable of division and formation of new cells.
Main features of Meristematic tissues are :
+ Thinprimary cell wall (cellulosic).
+ Intercellular spaces are absent (compact tissue).
+ Generally vacuoles are absent, dense cytoplasm & prominent nuclei are present.
+ Actively dividing cells are present in growing regions of plants e.g., root & shoot
tips.
Classification on the Basis of Origin
(A) Primary Meristem (Promeristem)
+ Derived directly from the meristems of embryo.
+ They consist of cells derived from primary meristem.
+ Theyaddto primary growth of plants.
79 ()
(A)
(B)
(©)
Secondary meristem
+ These are having cells derived from primary permanent tissue.
+ They usually add to the diameter of plants.
Classification on the Basis of Location
pical meristem (i)
Intercalary meristem (ii)
Lateral meristem (iii)
Apical Meristem
+ Itis present at the growing tips of stems and roots.
+ Cell division in this tissue leads to the elongation of stem & root, thus it is
involved in primary growth of the plant.
Imercalary Meristem
Itis present behind the apex. Ithelps in longitudinal growth.
+ Itis the part of apical meristem which is left behind during growth period.
+ Theseare presentat the base of leaf and internode region.
+ These lead to the increase in the length of leaf (Primary) eg., in grass stem,
bamboo stem, mint stem etc.
Lateral Meristem (Cambium)
+ Itisalso calledas secondary meristem.
Itoccurs along the side of longitudinal axis of the plant.
It gives rise to the vascular tissues.
Causes growth in girth of stem and root.
They are responsible for secondary growth by increasing the girth.
PERMANENT TISSUE
+ The permanent tissues are formed from those meristematic cells which are left
behind and have lost their capability to divide.
+ The division and differentiation of the cells of meristematic tissues give rise to
permanent tissues.
+ They have definite shape, size and thickness. The permanent tissue may be dead
orliving.
80 types:
As a result of cell differentiation the meristematic tissues tend to form different
type of permanent tissues.
In cell differentiation, developing tissues changes from simple to more complex
forms to perform various specialized functions.
Depending upon the stucture and composition the permanent tissue are classfied into two
(A) Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting tissue and protective tissue)
(B) Complex Permanent Tissue
(©) Dermal (Protective) Tissue
(A) Simple Permanent Tissues :
These are made up of one type of cells which are similar structurally and
functionally.
Protective Tissues: These tissues are primarily protective in function, They
consistof:
@
Epidermis
Epidermis forms one cell thick outermost layer of various body organs of
plants such as leaves, flowers, stems and roots.
Epidermis is covered outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a water proof layer of
waxy substance called as cutin which is secreted by the epidermal cells and
provide protection against provide protection against loss of water and also
invasion by microbes.
Cells of epidermis of leaves are not continuous at some places due to the
presence of small pores called as stomata.
Each stomata is guarded by a pair of bean-shaped cells called as guard
cells. These are the only epidermal cells which possess chloroplasts, the
rest being colourless.
Epidermis
Guard Cell
Stomatal Pore
\
Chloroplast
STOMATA
81 Functions of Epidermis
+ The main function of epidermis is to protect the plant from desiccation and
infection.
+ Cuticle of epidermis cuts the rate of transpiration and evaporation of water and
prevents wilting.
+ Function of Stomata : It allows gaseous exchange to occur during
photosynthesis, respiration and also helps in transpiration.
(ii) Cork or Phellem
+ Inolder roots and stems, tissues at the periphery become cork cells or phellem
cells.
* Cork is made up to dead cells with thick walls and do not have any intercellular
spaces.
+ The cell wall in cork deposit waxy substance called as suberin.
+ The cells of cork become impermeable to water and gases due to the deposition
ofsuberin.
+ The cork cells are without any protoplasm butare filled with resins or tannins.
Functions of Cork:
* Cork is protective in function. Cork cells prevent desiccation, infection and
mechanical injury.
+ Imperviousness, lightness, toughness, compressibility and elasticity make the
cork commercially valuable.
(iii) Simple Permanent: These are supportive in function and are of three types :
82 The Three Basic Types of Plant Tissue (Supporting Tissue)
cell walls with lignin
intracellular
spaces
stone cell
cell walls
fiber
a a
Parenchyma Tissue Cgtfenchyma Tissue Sclerenchyma Tissue
[2. longitudinal section (LS) ¢. Transverse Section (TS)]
(i) Parenchyma: Itis the fundamental backing tissue.
+ Loosely packed thin walled cells, oval or spherical in structure with large space
between cells
+ Cellwall mainly composed of cellulose & pectin.
+ Large central vacuole for food & water storage.
+ Primary function is food storage and packing.
~“Arenchyma
Parenchyma andits type :
Idioblast Some parenchyma involved in storage of excretory substances,
suchas resin, tannin, gum and oils called as idioblast.
+ Intypical parenchyma chlorophyll is absent.
Chlorenchyma: Chloroplast containing parenchyma tissues are called as
chlorenchyma which perform photosynthesis e.g., mesophyll
of leaves.
Aerenchyma: In hydrophytic plants aerenchyma (a type of parenchyma
containing air spaces) provides buoyancy.
(ii) Collenchyma : Itis the living mechanical tissue.
83 No intercellular
space
Collenchyma
+ Elongated cells with thick corners.
+ Localized cellulose and pectin thickening.
+ Provides flexibility to plant parts & easy bending of various parts of plant.
+ Fewchloroplasts may be present.
+ Give mechanical strength elasticity to the growing stems.
+ They have no or very little intercellular spaces.
Pit
Lumen:
Fibres in T. S.
Fibres in L. S.
FibresinL.S.
+ Composed of extremely thick walled cells with little orno protoplasm.
+ Cells are dead & possess very thick lignified walls.
+ Lignin is water-proofmaterial.
+ Intercellular spaces are absent. (iii) Selerenchyma
Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types :
Sclereids :
+ These are also called grit cells or stone cells.
+ These are small cells, where lumen is so small due to higher thickening of
cell wall, as present in drupe fruit (mango, coconut, walnut) legume seeds
(Macrosclereid Fiber Sclereids
Fibres:
+ They are very long, narrow, thick, lignified cells. Lumen is large as
compared to sclereids. Generally 1-3 mm long.
. In the thick walls of both the fibres and sclereids are present thin areas
calledas pits.
Uses of Sclerenchyma Fibres
. These are used in the manufacture of ropes, mats & certain textile fibres.
. Jute and coir are obtained from the thick bundle of fibres.
Difference between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
Features | Parenchyma | Collenchyma | _Sclerenchyma
thin primary | itregularly thickened hick secondary primary
cell wall primary cell wall cell wall” cell wall . Cell shape
2. Cell Wall
3. Cytoplasm
4, Nucleus
5. Vacuoles
6. Intercellular
spaces
7. Occurrence
8. Functions
Isodiametric
cells which are
oval, spherical
or polygonal in
shape.
Thin cellulosic
cell wall.
Abundant
Present (Living
tissue)
Large vacuole
Present
Basically packing
tissue, all soft part
of plant-pith, cortex,
medullary rays.
Food storage,
photosynthesis,
provide buoyancy
to hydrophytes
(B) Complex permanent Tissues
+ Itconsists of more than one type of cells which work together as
Circular, oval or
polyhedral.
Uneven thickening
on their cell wall.
Presnent
Present (Living
tissue)
Vacuolated
Absent
Dicot stems, petiole
and beneath the
epidermis. Absent
in monocot and roots.
Provide tensile
strength, mechanical
support,
phtosynthesis
Variable in shape.
Fibres and sclereids.
Lignified secondary
cell wall present.
Absent
Absent (Dead tissue)
Absent
Absent
Dicot hypodermis,
bundle sheath,
pericycle, seed, pulp of
fruits.
Protection from
stress and strain,
mechanical strength.
unit.
+ Ithelpsin transportation of organic materials, water and minerals.
+ Itisalso known as conducting or vascular tissue.
+ Xylem and phloem together form vascular bundles.
Xylem: Also known as wood and is a vascular and mechanical tissue.
Xylem help in Transportation of water and minerals from soil to plant.
Pit
Vessel element
Tracheid
Xylem
parenchyma cell [qs
86 Xylem consists of four types of cells called as components or elements :
(i) Tracheids:
+ They are elongated dead cells (primitive elements) mainly involved in
conduction of water and minerals in gymnosperms.
(ii) Vessles:
They are advance element (generally found in angiosperms).
. Vessels are cylindrical tube like structures placed one above the other end
to end which form a continuous channel for efficient conduction of water.
(iii) Xylem parenchyma:
+ They are small and thick walled parenchymatous cells designed for storage
ofstarch (food).
(iv) Xylemsclerenchyma (fibres)
+ They are non-living fibers with thick walls and narrow cavities which
provide mechanical support.
+ Exceptxylem parenchyma all other xylem elements are dead.
+ Theannual rings present in the trunk ofa tree are xylem rings
+ Bycounting the number of annual rings, we can determine the age of atree.
Phloem : It transport (translocation) food from leaves to other parts of the plant. All
phloem cells are living except phloem fibres.
phloem:
‘Lignified wall
parenchyma Slime body =
companion Lumen
cell Cytoplasmic
Sieve tube strands
Sieve plate
Phloem fibre (bast fibre)
Phloem consist of four types of components/elements :
(i) Sieve tubes :
* Sieve tubes are tubular structures made up of elongated, thin walled cells
placed endto end.
+ The end walls of sieve tube cells are perforated by numerous pores, called
as sieve plates.
87 + Nucleus of sieve cell degenerates at maturity. However, cytoplasm persists,
because of protoplasmic continuation of sieve tube with companion cell through
plasmodesmata,
(ii) Companion cells :
+ Companion cells have dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
+ Sieve tubes & companion cells are also called sister cells because they originate
from single mother cell.
(iii) Phloem fibre/Phloem Sclerenchyma :
+ They givemechanical support to sieve tubes and are dead.
(iv) Phloem parenchyma :
+ They store food and help in radial conduction of food.
Difference Between
Xylem and Phloem
Features Xylem
Cells : Living/dead | Dead
(Except-xylem parenchyma)
Cells :
Thickness Thick
Material Lignin
Permeability Impermeable
Cross walls None
Cytoplasm None
Function Carries water and minerals
Direction of flow Upwards (Unidirectional)
Special features Fibres
88
Phloem
Living
(Except phloem fibre)
Thin
Cellulose
Permeable
Sieve plates
Yes
Carries sugars (Food)
Down and up (bidirectional)
Companion cells, ANIMAL TISSUE
imal Tissus
;———— Frittetit = Connective. === Muscular, = Nervous
+
() Areotar 7) (Adipose 9) (Skeletal 9) =f Fuid
+ +
4 v ¥ + ¥ 4
Tendon, Ligament Bone Cartilage | { Blood Lymph
Squamous) |/Cuboidal!) (Columnar) |) Citiated ) (Glandular
EPITHELIALTISSUE
+ Cells of epithelium are set very close to each other tightly packed and the tissue
rests ona non-cellular basement membrane & consists of single layer of cells.
+ Itcoversall the organs and line the cavities of hollow organs like stomach.
+ Itis primarily protective in function.
Type of Epithelium
Simple squamous Simple cuboidal ¢Fmple columnar
Stratified
oidal
Stratified squamous Pseudostratified columnar
Epithelium tissues are classified as :
(a) Squamous epithelium : Also called pavement epithelium.
+ Cells arranged end to end like tiles on a floor.
+ Cells are polygonal in surface view.
+ It forms the delicate lining of cavities (mouth, oesophagus, nose,
pericardium, alveoli etc.) blood vessels and covering of the tongue and skin.
89 + Epithelial cells are arranged in many layers (stratum) to prevent wear and
tear in skin. This pattern is stratified squamous epithelium.
() Cuboidal epithelium
They are cube like cells that fit closely, cells look like squares in section,
butfree surfarce appears hexagonal.
+ It is found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles and in glands (salivary
glands, sweat glands).
+ Ttforms germinal epithelium of gonads (testes and ovaries).
. It is involved in absorption, excretion and secretion. It also provides
mechanical support.
(c) Colummar epithelium :
. Columnar means'pillar-like' epithelium. It forms lining of stomach.
. Small intestine and colon, forming mucous membranes.
. Border of micro villi is present at the free surface end of each cell which
increases absorption efficiency in small intestine.
(d) Ciliated epithelium
. Cells may be cuboidal or columnar.
. Found in respiratory tract, living of spermduct, oviduct & kidney tubules
ete.
+ Onits free surface are present protoplasmic outgrowths called cilia,
. Ithelps in the movement of ova in the fallopian tube.
(e) Glandular epithelium :
. Gland cells secretes substances at the epithelial surface.
. Sometimes position of epithelial tissue folds inward and form
multicellular gland it is called Glandular epithelial.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
. The cells of the connective tissue are widely spaced and embedded in an
intercelluar matrix.
+ Their basic function is to provide support to different organs and keeping
them in place.
+ Connective tissue have two components : matrix and cellular part.
(a) Fluid or vascular tissue :
Blood
¥
Cellular Component Matrix Somponent
RBC Platelets WBC vidoe
(Erythrocyte) .
Have hemoglobin)
Lymphocyte Eosinophil, Basophil,
Monocyte Neutrophil
90 Bloodand lymph
. Blood is a connective tissue, fluid matrix of blood is plasma having
wandering or floating cells, called corpuscles, blood helps in the
transportation of various materials such as nutritive substances, gases,
excretory products, hormones etc.
(a) Plasma
. Form 55% part of blood. Constitution : 90-92% : water, 7% : Protein
(Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin), 0.9% : inorganic salt ete.
(b) Corpuscles
+ Forms45% part of blood.
(i) RBCs
+ They are also called as erthyrocytes, containing red coloured respiratory
pigment called haemoglobin that helps in transportation of oxygen.
(ii) WBCs (Leucocytes : They are also called as ‘Soldiers of the body'.) Provide
immunity.
+ They are irregular, amoeboid, phagocyte cells that protect our body by
engulfing bacterial & other foreign particles. they are of five types :
Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils.
(iii) Blood platelets or thrombocytes
+ They are spindle shaped cells which are involved in clotting of blood.
(b) Skeletal Tissue
BONE:
Itis hard connective tissue that forms supportive framework i.e. skeleton of the
body. Itis of two types
Compact
Bone
Structure of bone
91 Bone
+ Matrix of bone is very hard because of salts such as calcium phosphate, CaCO,
(60-70%) etc. and a protein ossein.
* Bone cells (osteoblasts) are embedded in this hard matrix.
+ Matrix is deposited in the form of concentric layers of lamellae formed around a
central canal, the bone cells occupy small spaces between the concentric layers
of matrix.
‘Tendon
Cartiage
Ligament
Cartilage T.S. of Bone
This tissue is elastic, less harder as compared to bones.
+ Elasticity is due to presence of chondrin (protein). Cells are called as
chondrocytes which are widely spaced and matrix is reinforced by fibres.
+ Itis found at joint of bones, in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx.
+ Itprovides flexibility and great tensile strength.
TS. of Cartilage
(c)_ Dense regular connective Tissue (Fibrous Tissue)
() Ligament (ii) Tendon
Itis most abundant type of connective tissue. Itis further divided into following types :
() Yellow fibrous connective tissue (Ligament)
+ They are very elastic due to the presence of a network of yellow fibres in its
matrix called as ligament which attaches bone to bone.
(ii) White fibrous connective tissue (Tendon)
+ They have very little matrix containing abundant white fibres forming layers and
non-elastic in nature.
+ Bundles of this tissue are called as tendons, which attaches muscles to the bones.
92 T. Inelastic 1. Elastic
2. Join muscles to bone. 2. Connect bones to bones.
3. Made up of white collagen fibres. | 3. Made up of white collagen
as well as yellow elastin fibres
1. Hard and inflexible 1. Flexible
2. Porous. 2. Non-porous
3. Blood vessels present. 3. Blood vessels absent.
4. Matrix made up of protein and 4, Matrix made up of protein.
mineral sells (e.g., calcium phosphate)
(a) Areolar tissue
Collagen fibres:
thick, yellow
clastic fibres)
elogated
fibroblast
+ This tissue fills spaces inside organs and is found between the skin & muscles,
around blood vessels, nerves and in the bone marrow.
+ Itisasupporting and packing tissue.
+ Italo helps in repair of tissues after injury.
(e) Adipose tissue :
Adipocytes
