RIZAL: HIS LEGACY TO PHILIPPINE chambers of the Spanish Cortes in

SOCIETY 1888 and 1889:

BY: CECILIO D. DUKA & ROWENA A. Senator Fernando Vida
PILA Deputy and ex-General Luis M. de
Pando
FOR MASTS 2024
Premier Praxedes Maieo Sagasta

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of

Congressman Henry Allen Cooper – This
Rizal’s Life, Works, and Writings
American congressman who delivered a
Republic Act 1425 – The Rizal course is eulogy of Rizal and even recited the
mandated by this law, which was authored martyr’s Ultimo Pensamiento on the floor of
and fought for by Claro M. Recto. This law is the US House of Representatives to prove
also known as the Rizal Law. the capacity of the Filipinos for self-
government.

Memorandum Order No. 247 – This

memorandum order directs the Secretary of Pedro Roxas – This man pleaded with Jose
Education, Culture, and Sports and the Rizal with him to step off the boat at
Chairman of the Commission on Higher Singapore, upon British territory, and save
Education to fully implements RA 1425. his life.

Jose P. Laurel – This President of the Fernando Acevedo – He called Rizal his
Philippines sponsored the Rizal Law “disuinguido amigo, compahero y paisano.”
believing that by reading and studying
Rizal’s life, teachings, and writings, the
Filipino youth will be able to gain Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – This man
incorruptibility, confidence, direction, from prague told Dr. Maximo Viola in May
courage, and determination to move 1887 that “Rizal was the greatest product
forward in their journey towards an of the Philippines, and his coming to the
abundant life. world was like the appearance of a rare
comet, whose rare brilliance appears only
every other century.”
William Howard Taft – There are some
Filipinos who believe that Rizal is a “made-
to-order” national hero because he became Dr. Reinhold Rost – A distinguished
our national hero due to a decision made Malayologist and librarian of India Office in
by this American Civil Governor when the London, called Rizal “una perla de hombre.”
Philippines was under American rule.

Don Vicente Barrantes – He admitted

Permanent Censorship Commission – In that Rizal was “the first among the
1887, this commission attacked and Filipinos.”
condemned Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere. This
commission recommended “that the
importation, reproduction, and circulation Jose Rizal – In 1889, he was unanimously
of this pernicious book in the Islands be elected by the Filipinos in Barcelona and
absolutely prohibited.” Madrid as honorary president of La
Solidaridad.

These people were among those who

unjustly lambasted and criticized Rizal Indios Bravos – In 1889, Jose Rizal
and his Noli Me Tangere in the two organized and became chief of this group.
 Calamba, Laguna – The place where Jose
Rizal was born.
Responsable – In January 1891, Jose Rizal
was chosen as this of the Spanish-Filipino
Association.
Governor General Jose Lemery E.
Ibararola – The Spanish governor-general
during the time Jose Rizal was born.
Rizal Day – On December 20, 1898, at the
revolutionary capital, Malolos, President
Aguinaldo issued his first official
Isabela II – The reigning monarch of Spain
proclamation, making December 30, 1898 a
during the time Jose Rizal was born.
day of celebration for Jose Rizal.

Ministries of Colonies – Established in

Club Filipino – This association sponsored
Madrid in 1863, this body governed the
an impressive Rizal Day program in Manila
affairs of the colonies of Spain, including
on December 30, 1898.
the Philippines, through a centralized
machinery exercising executive, legislative,
judicial, and religious powers.
Dr. Feodor Jagor – The German author of
Philippine Travels.
Alcalde Mayor – This official was
considered the most corrupt government
Dr. J. Montano – A distinguished French
official then in the Philippines; he was the
linguist and anthropologist and author of
administrator, judge, and military
Memoria on the Philippines.
commandant, with the privilege of
engaging in and monopolizing trade, called
indulto de commercio.
Dr. Ed Seler – He recited the German
translation of Rizal’s My Last Farewell.
Pueblos – The towns during Spanish
occupation in the Philippines.
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt – A
friend of Jose Rizal, he said that Rizal is
“the most prominent man among his own
College of Manila – The first college for
people” and “the greatest man the Malayan
boys founded by the Jesuits in 1589.
race has produced.”

College of San Ignacio – The latter name

Dr. A. B. Meyer – He was the Director of
of College of Manila.
the Museum of Ethnography of Dresden
and an eminent Filipinologist.
Colegio de Santa Potenciana – The first
college for girls established in 1589.
Professor M. Buchner – He was the
Director of the Ethnographic Museum of
Munich and a noted Malayologist.
Colegio de Santa Isabel – In 1866,
Colegio de Santa Potenciana merged with
another school, forming this new school for
Chapter 2: Historical Background
girls.

June 19, 1861 – The birthdate of Jose

Colegio de San Ignacio – University
Rizal.
education was introduced in the colony in
the early part of the 17 th century. This Francisco Mercado – According to Jose
college was the first college turned into a Rizal, he became one of the wealthiest men
university in 1621. in Calamba, the first to build a stone house
and to buy another in a town with only four
or five houses of any size, to keep a
Miguel de Benavidez – The second carriage, to own a library, and to send his
university that was put up in the colony and children to school in Manila.
the oldest existing university in the country
at present, was University of Santo Tomas.
It was founded in 1611 by this Dominican Domingo Lamco – He was the paternal
priest. ascendant of the Mercado Family, a full-
blooded Chinese who came to the
Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing
College of Our Lady of the Rosary – The years of the 17th century and married a
previous name of University of Santo Chinese half-breed Ines de lo Rosa.
Tomas.

Loving and prudent woman – Jose

Bandala - Introduced by Governor-General Rizal’s description of his mother, Teodora
Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, it consisted Alonzo.
of the assignment of annual quotas to each
province for the compulsory sale of
produced to the government. A model of fathers – Jose Rizal’s
description of his father, Francisco Mercado.

Chapter 3: The Making of a Leader

The brothers and sisters of Jose Rizal:
Francisco Mercado – The father of Jose
Rizal. Saturnina Rizal – Eldest child of the
Rizal-Alonzo family; married Manuel
Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanuan, Batangas
Teodora Alonzo – The mother of Jose Paciano Rizal – Only brother of
Rizal. Rizal, and the second child; studied
at Colegio de San Joe in Manila and
became a farmer and later a general
Rizal – This means in Spanish “a field of of the 1896 Philippine Revolution
green wheat.” Narcisa Rizal – The third child; a
teacher and musician who married
Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal
Olympia Rizal – The fourth child;
Guillermo Tolentino – According to this
married Silvestre Ubaldo and died
man who made the best Rizal statues this
while giving birth
country has ever seen; Rizal was about five
Lucia Rizal – The fifth child; married
feet three inches tall.
Mariano Herbosa
Maria Rizal – The sixth child;
married Daniel Faustino Cruz at
Angel Anden – This woman noted in her Binan, Laguna
article Rizal’s coat measurements. Concepcion Rizal – The eighth
child; died at the age of three
Josefa Rizal – The ninth child; an
Calle Real – This was the street where the epileptic, she died a spinster
Mercado-Rizal Bahay na Bato was located. Trinidad Rizal – The tenth child;
died a spinster and was the last to
die in the family
 Soledad Rizal – the youngest child; Fr. Viza – The Jesuits narrated that when
married Pantaleon Quintero Rizal was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and
sentenced to die, this priest brought this
Sketching and modeling clay – The two
batikuling sculpture to him.
hobbies of Jose Rizal.

Cataract – The illness Jose Rizal’s mother,

Sa Aking mga Kabata – At age eight, Jose
Teodoro Alonzo, had which caused her
Rizal composed a drama that was staged
losing her eyesight.
successfully, and he wrote this poem. This
poem of his teacher love of language.
Academia Literaria – At the University
of Santo Tomas, Rizal actively participated
Fr. Leoncio Lopez – This parish priest
in many activities. He became the
taught Rizal to become an independent
president of this club through which he
thinker of wide intelligence and fair
developed his talents in sculpture, playing
judgment.
the piano, painting, singing, and writing
theory.

Soledad Rizal – This sister of Jose Rizal

convinced Governor-General Rafael de
A la Juventud Filipina – In 1879, Liceo
Izquierdo to free her mother from being
Artisco de Manila held two contests, one for
jailed because of her graceful dancing.
the peninsulares and another for the
natives. Rizal submitted this poem. He won
first prize and received a silver pen for it.
Manuel Alberto – This uncle of Rizal The poem that Rizal wrote for the contest
taught him athletics. It was this uncle of his inspired the youth to develop their talents,
who developed in him a great admiration to be forward-looking, and to break the
for the beauty of nature. chain of their “bondage.”

Chapter IV: Education El Consejo de los Dioses – In 1880-1881,

Justiniano Aquino Cruz – This was the Liceo Artisco de Manila, in commemoration
teacher of Jose Rizal when he was in of the death anniversary of Cervantes, held
Binan, Laguna. Rizal described him as “He a contest, this time without discrimination.
was a tall man, lean and long-necked, with Rizal joined and submitted this poem and
a sharp nose and a body slightly bent won first prize and a gold ring with the bust
forward. He used to wear a sinamay shirt of Cervantes carved in cameo at the top.
woven by the deft hands of Batangas
women. He knew by memory the grammars
of Nebrija and Gainza.” He was a severe Junto al Pasig – In 1880, the Jesuits asked
disciplinarian. Rizal to participate in the preparations for
the annual feast of Virgen de la Purisima.
Within a short time, he wrote the script this
Marian Congregation Sodality of Our musical play. It was set to music by Maestro
Lady and The Academy of Spanish Blas Echegoyon.
Literature – Jose Rizal became the
secretary of these two societies.
Jose Mercado – Rizal left for Europe on
May 5, 1882 under this name. He was then
Ateneo Municipal – The old name of the nearly 21 years old. His brother gave him
Colegio de Ateneo de Manila. 700 pesos for the voyage.
Dr. Loius de Wecker – Jose Rizal went to Deathb of Cleopatra – Jose Rizal helped
Paris for advanced studies in Juan Luna by posing as a model in several
ophthalmology. Together with other of his paintings including as an Egyptian
foreigners, he worked as an assistant in the priest in this painting.
clinic of this doctor, a leading French
ophthalmologist at that time.
“To the Flowers of Heidelberg” – Rizal
was fascinated with the beautiful spring
Dr. Otto Becker – Rizal’s limited allowance flowers of Heidelberg, which reminded him
and his desire to learn more about eye of the flowers at the garden of his home in
ailments prompted him to go to Germany, Calamba. His homesickness then prodded
where the cost of living was lower. He him to write a beautiful poem entitled “To
practiced in a hospital in Heidelberg under the Flowers of Heidelberg.”
the supervision of this hospital director, a
renowned German doctor.
Wilhelmsfeld Vicarage – This was
Reverend Karl Ullmer’s former house where
Chapter 5: Rizal in Europe Jose Rizal stayed and wrote the last few
chapters of his novel Noli Me Tangere.
Salvadora – The ship Jose Rizal boarded
when he arrived in Singapore. He was the
only indio on this ship.
Jose Rizal Strasse – The street where the
house of Reverend Karl Ullmer’s house
located was renamed as this.
Djemnah – This ship was boarded by Jose
Rizal from Singapore to Spain. He was
fascinated by the unusual cleanliness of
William Tell – In Leipzig, Jose Rizal
this ship.
translated this story of Schiller from
German to Tagalog so that the Filipinos
would know the story of that champion of
Amor Patrio – This article was sent by Jose
Swiss independence.
Rizal to the administrator of the Diariong
Tagalog. This was the first essay Rizal wrote
in Europe, when he was 21 years old. He
Berlin – The place Jose Rizal stayed for six
signed as Laong Laan on this article and it
weeks to publish his first novel, Noli Me
was published in the no. 20 August 1883
Tangere.
issue.

Aritmetica – The book Jose Rizal sent to

Laong Laan – This pen name of Rizal
Ferdinand Blumentritt which started their
means “prepared long since” or
friendship.
“predestined.”

Hotel Metropole – On May 20, Rizal and

Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me for
Viola arrived in the beautiful city of Vienna.
Verses) – Jose Rizal frequently exchanged
They stayed at this hotel and visited the
letters with his family at home. He poured
interesting places in the city, such as
all his feelings then into this tender poem
churches, museums, art galleries, and
that he wrote for his dear mother. He
public parks.
personally recited the poem during the New
Year’ Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos
held in the evening of December 31, 1882.
Jose Rizal – This doctor made the first eye
operation in the Philippines.
Doctor Uliman – Jose Rizal was called as The Elected Officers of the Asociacion
this as his fame spread and patients from La Solidaridad:
all over the country flocked to his clinic.
o Jose Rizal – Honorary President
o Galicano Apacible – President
o Graciano Lopez-Jaena – Vice
Governor General Emilio Terrero – Jose
President
Rizal received a letter from this governor
o Manuel Santa Maria – Secretary
general, requesting him to bring a copy of
Noli Me Tangere to Malacanang Palace. This o Mariano Ponce – Treasurer
man read the novel and found it beautiful o Jose Maria Panganiban –
and truthful. Knowing that Rizal’s life was Accountant
gravely in danger, he provided him with a
bodyguard.
The Filipino Farmers – The title of the
first article that Jose Rizal wrote in La
Jose Taviel de Andrade – This man was Solidaridad. It came out in issue no. 3,
the bodyguard of Jose Rizal. dated March 3, 1889.

Himno al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor) – Barrantes and the Tagalog Theatre –

Before Rizal left Calamba in 1888, he wrote Another important article that Jose Rizal
this poem dedicated to the industrious wrote in La Solidaridad was this which
workers of Lipa. appeared in issues 9 and 10 in June 1889.
In this article, Rizal exposes Barrantes’
ignorance of the Tagalog theatrical art.
Chapter 6: The Second Tour to Europe
Juan Perez Caballero -Jose Rizal went to The Philippines a Century Hence – This
Yokohama and stayed at the Tokyo Hotel. article can be considered among Rizal’s
There, he was visited by this head of the best writings. In this article, Rizal analyzes
Spanish Legation. Jose Rizal became good the history of the Philippines from the start
friends during his stay at the headquarters of the Spanish rule and discusses how
of the Spanish Legation. things deteriorated gradually through three
centuries of the regime until it reached the
deplorable state it was in the time the
Belgic – When Rizal arrived in San article was written.
Francisco, California, he was quarantined
for six days aboard this ship, anchored off
San Francisco Bay. Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques – During his stay
in Hong Kong, Jose Rizal opened a medical
clinic. With the help of this Portuguese
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas – This physician, Rizal gained many patients.
book of Antonio de Morga was copied and
annotated by Jose Rizal in London.
Borneo – Jose Rizal wanted to make this
place the base of his operations given its
Asociacion La Solidaridad – While busy proximity to the Philippines (only 500
with historical studies in London, Jose Rizal kilometers from Mindanao). He thus
received a letter from the Filipinos in planned to establish La Liga Filipina and a
Madrid, inviting him to direct this society Filipino community in this place while still in
that they planned to put up. He was elected Hong Kong.
honorary president of the association in
spite of his opposition to it.
Pedro Serrano Laktaw – Panday Pira, he
was a Mason and school teacher.
 Muntjuich – Upon his arrival at Barcelona,
Jose Rizal was thrown into this dungeon.
Jose A. Ramos – Socorro, an engraver and
printer, owner of Bazar Gran Bretana, and
the first worshipful Master of Nilad, the first
Chapter 8: Trial and Execution
Filipino Masonic lodge.
Fort Santiago – Jose Rizal arrived in
The officers elected of La Liga Filipina:
Manila after traveling for almost 27 days
o Ambrosio Salvador – President from Barcelona, where he left on October 6,
o Deodato Arellano – Secretary 1896. He was immediately committed to
o Bonifacio Arevalo – Treasurer this fort.
o Agustin dela Rosa – Fiscal
Colonel Jose Tagores Arjona – The
military court that tried Rizal was
composed of six officers and was presided
Chapter 7: Practical Nationalism in over by this colonel.
Dapitan
Governor Ricardo Carnicero – The
politico-military commander of the district Enrique de Alcocer – This Auxiliary
of casa real which Jose Rizal stayed with in Advocate General was the prosecutor of the
Dapitan for about eight months. military court that tried Rizal.

George Taufer – This Englishman paid Jose Colonel Rafael Dominguez – The
Rizal 500 pesos for medical services. preliminary investigation on the trial of Jose
Rizal was conducted by this special judge.

Jose Rizal taught some of his nephews who

stayed with him in Talisay Spanish, English, Captain Francisco de Oliva – The
arithmetic, gymnastics, swimming, etc. evidences that were preliminary
These fortunate lads were: investigation on the trial of Jose Rizal was
gathered by this captain.
o Emilio (son of Narcisa)
o Teodosio and Estanislao (sons of
Lucia) Lt. Taviel de Andrade – The defender of
o Mauricio (son of Maria) Jose Rizal during the court trial against him.

Dr. Jose P. Bantug – In this doctor’s Governor General Camilo de Polavieja

brochure entitled Rizal: Scholar and – The Governor General who approved the
Scientist, briefly discussed Rizal’s death penalty of Jose Rizal.
achievements as a horticulturist, farmer,
botanist, pharmacologist, zoologist,
entomologist, conchologist, ichthyologist, Paang Bundok – The place where Jose
anthropologist, ethnologist, cartographer, Rizal would like to be buried.
archaeologist, sanitary engineer, and
physician-specialist.
December 30, 1896 – The date Jose Rizal
was executed at Bagumbayan or Luneta.
Isla de Panay – Jose Rizal proceeded to
Spain aboard this boat to participate as a
military doctor in Cuba.
Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo – This Spanish
doctor took Jose Rizal’s pulse and
pronounced it perfectly before his
execution.
 Eduardo de Lete – He was Jose Rizal’s
colleague and became Rizal’s secret enemy
Chapter 9: The Women in Rizal’s Life
because of Consuelo Ortiga.
Segunda Katigbak – When Rizal was 14
years old, he fell in love with this woman
which he referred to in his diary simply a Gertrude Becket – She was an English
“K”. He described this girl as “virginal, woman who became romantically involved
attractive, and engaging” rather than as with Rizal when he was in England in 1889.
the most beautiful woman he had ever She was the daughter of the landlord of the
seen. room in London where Rizal stayed.

Leonor Valenzuela – She was another of Nelly Bousted – This woman was the
the girls who were courted by Rizal. She reason that Jose Rizal and Antonio Luna
was much taller than Rizal was, and her almost had a duel. She was the eldest
nickname was Orang. daughter of a very rich Englishman and a
Filipina mestiza. She was also a devout
Protestant.
Leonor Rivera – She was Jose Rizal’s
sweetheart for 11 years. She and Rizal
were second cousins. She and Rizal became Seiko Uzui – Her nickname was O-Sei-San,
sweethearts while they were both studying as Rizal called her. She appears to have
in Manila. been the only daughter of a samurai. She
was an educated woman who was fluent in
French, English, and Japanese.
Sylvestra Bauson – She was Leonor
Rivera’s mother and Rizal’s maternal aunt.
Her nickname was “Tia Betang”. Juan Perez Caballero – He was the
Spanish Consul in Japan who invited Jose
Rizal to live in the Spanish consulate to
Henry Kipping – Jose Rizal and Leonor save on expenses.
Rivera’s relationship had to end, when
Leonor had to marry this English Engineer
who was heading the Manila-Dagupan Josephine Bracken – This woman was
Railway Project. perhaps the closest woman to Jose Rizal.
She claimed to have been born to Irish
parents James Brown and Elizabeth
The Song of Maria Clara – Jose Rizal Macbride.
immortalized Leonor in his Noli Me Tangere
and wrote this poem for her.
Fr. Victor Balaguer – The officiating priest
who married Josephine Bracken and Jose
Consuelo Ortiga y Perez – She was the Rizal. The marriage the engaged couple at
elder daughters of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey. 5:30 a.m. on December 30, 1896, only
In the summer of 1882, Rizal composed an about an hour and a half before Rizal was
enigmatic poem entitled A Senorita C. O. y shot at Bagumbayan.
P., wherein “a second graveyard” was
mentioned. There were indications that
Rizal and Consuelo later had romantic Diego Mojica – Bonifacio asked if he could
dates at the Madrid Botanical Garden copy Rizal’s poem, Mi Ultimo Adios (written
during the lazy afternoons of the autumn of in Spanish). He would like translate it to
the same year. Tagalog with the assistance of this man, the
president of the popular Council Mapagtiis
and a local Caviteno poet and writer in loving, and patriotic son of a wealthy
Tagalog. landlord and a liberal European-
educated Filipino
 Crispin – The younger of the two
La Viuda de Rizal – As this, Josephine sacristan of the church in San Diego
Bracken acted as a morale booster of the who was falsely accused of stealing
soldiers while making day and night rounds 32 pesos worth of gold from the
of the sick at the hospital. church and was tortured and not
allowed to go home until his
payment of the same
Vicente Abad – Josephine Bracken married  Basilio – The elder of the two
this Cebuano who was working in Hong sacristan of the church in San Diego
Kong in a cigar factory.  Maria Clara – The lovely woman
betrothed to Crisostomo Ibarra,
baptized “Maria Clara” in honor of
the Virgin of Salambaw and Sta.
Dolores – The name of the daughter of
Clara
Josephine Bracken and Vicente Abad.
 Padre Damaso – A vociferous
Franciscan priest who is the main
villain in the novel and who Maria
Tuberculosis – The disease that caused Clara told Ibarra was her real father
the death of Josephine Bracken.  Don Pia Alba – Maria Clara’s mother
and the wife of Capitan Tiago, a rich
Binondo proprietor and Pampanga
Chapter 10: Literary Works and Laguna landlord; she fell victim
to Padre Damaso and bore a child by
him (Maria Clara)
 Elias – A victim of injustice whose
incidental story is interwoven with
Chapter 11: Nationalistic Novels
the main plot of the novel
Berlin Buchdrukrei Action Gesselschaft  Capitan Tiago – A rich landowner
– Noli Me Tangere was printed in this whose wealth makes him an oligarch;
publication on February 21, 1887. he represents the Filipinos during the
Spanish times in the Philippines who
submitted themselves to the whims
Segismundo Moret – This Spaniard was a of the authorities to secure their
former minister of the Spanish King personal interests
defended the Noli Me Tangere against  Don Rafael Ibarra – Crisostomo’s
people who criticized it. father, a rich landlord with a social
conscience
 Sisa – A loving wife and mother,
whose tragic life story is interwoven
Maximo Viola – Rizal’s friend who lent him
with the novel’s main plot; her
300.00 pesos for the printing of 2,000
husband was her god, and her
copies of the Noli Me Tangere.
children, her angels
 Padre Salvi – A Spanish friar who is
secretly in love with Maria Clara and
John 20:17 – The translation of Noli Me
who thus plots to eliminate Ibarra,
Tangere “touch me not” was taken from
her fiancé
this verse in the Bible.
 Senior Pasta – An affluent lawyer
who was once a servant of the friars,
and a mercenary
The Characters of Noli Me Tangere:  Dona Victorina delos Reyes de
 Crisostomo Ibarra – The Espadana – A paragon of colonial
courageous, civic-minded, liberty- mentality
  Dona Consolacion – A vulgar, inspired by the spirit of reform; he
imprudent, quarrelsome, and cruel symbolizes the educated Filipino
mistress of an alferez youths during the Spanish times
 Paulita Gomez – The niece of Dona whose idealism was untested and
Victorina, who represents the unreliable
aristocrats during the Spanish times  Placido Penitente – Who leaves the
in the Philippines who yielded to the university in spite of the pleadings
practice of ethnicopolitical selection and sacrifices of his mother, who
of marriage wants him to become a lawyer;
disillusioned by the state of affairs he
finds himself in as a student, he later
GOMBURZA – El Filibusterismo was develops the desire to go abroad
dedicated to the memory of these three  Paulita Gomez – The niece of Dona
priests who had been unjustly executed on Victorina, representing the
February 17, 1872. aristocrats during the Spanish times
in the Philippines who yielded to the
practice of ethnicopolitical selection
F. Meyer Van Loo – El Filibusterismo was in marriage; she disdains morality
printed at this publisher at No. 66 and talent of Isagani, her sweetheart,
Vlanderstaat, near the house of Jose and instead chooses Juanito Pelaez,
Alejandro. an ignorant and foolish mestizo
 Basilio – A medical student whose
family undergoes much suffering; an
educated Filipino who experiences
Valentin Ventura – The friend of Jose Rizal
cruelties in the hands of the Spanish
who sent him 200 francs to cover El
friars and who ends up becoming
Filibusterismo’s publication expensed.
insensitive to the needs of the
society
 Don Custodio de Salazar y
The Characters of El Filibusterismo: Sanchez de Monteredondo – A
 Simoun – Crisostomo Ibarra reborn, Spanish official occupying many
who returns to the Philippines after positions in the government but who
13 years of absence to destroy the has neither the time nor the
Philippine society, having become a qualifications for some of such
victim of the vicious system therein positions; he finds pleasure in
 Maria Clara – Ibarra-Simoun’s love developing a feeling of inferiority in
interest who suffers from physical the Filipinos.
and spiritual abuse for 13 years,  Cabesang Tales – A victim of land
which eventually leads to her death grabbing friars who becomes
 Elias – A humble, courageous, desperate and joins the outlaws to
thoughtful, and farsighted native avenge the wrong done to him
Filipino coming from a persecuted  Capitan Pablo – Whose daughter
family who symbolizes the common was raped and whose son was
people tortured, the head of a band of
 Senior Pasta – An affluent lawyer outlaws determined to annihilate the
who was once a servant of the friars society
and who now acts as a consultant for
them; concerned only with his own
interests, he refuses to help the The El Filibusterismo has only 38
students petitioning for the opening chapters compared to Noli Me Tangere’s
of an academy for the teaching of 64.
Castilian
 Isagani – A young student who has
high ideals and big dreams for his
country, full of enthusiasm and