3) Ash test is conducted with the group ppt ANALYSIS OF GROUP 4(Zn?*) I) The white ppt obtained in gp.4 is dissolved in dil. HCl Blue ash + Pre. of aluminium cont Cy And divided into two a) White ppt soluble | Pre. of Zn** confirmed a) To one part add NaOH in in excess of NaOH drops b) White/bluish Pre. of Zn** confirmed b) To the second part add white ppt pot.ferrocyanide solution 2) Ash test is conducted with the | Green ash Pre. of Zn®* confirmed group ppt ANALYSIS OF GROUP 5(Ba**,Sr’*,Ca’ Test for Ba : Potassium chromate test : 1) To the salt solution add K,CrO. 1) Yellow ppt Pre. of Ba confirmed solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Grassy green Pre. of Ba confirmed the group ppt. flame Test for Sr: 1) Add ammonium sulphate to the 1) White ppt Pre. of Sr confirmed salt solution, 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Crimson red Pre. of Sr confirmed the group ppt. flame Test for Ca : 1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre, of Ca confirmed ammonium oxalate solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Brick red flame Pre. of Ca confirmed the group ppt. ANALYSIS OF GROUP 6(Mg?*) Test for Mg” : 1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre. of magnesium confirmed ammonium phosphate solution. 2) Ash test is conducted with group ppt 2) Pale pink ash Pre. of magnesium confirmedANALYSIS OF GROUP O(AMMONIUM) cf 1) To the salt solution add NaOH =| Smell of ammonia. solution. Warm Gives white dense fumes when a glass rod dipped in HCl is introduced. 2) To the salt solution add NaOH =| Brown ppt solution. Warm. Add Nesslers reagent ANALYSIS OF GROUP 1(LEAD) Pre. of ammonium confirmed Pre. of ammonium confirmed 1) Potassium iodide test : Yellow ppt To the salt solution add KI solution Pre. of lead confirmed 2) Potassium chromate Yellow ppt test: To the salt solution add k2CrO,solution Pre. of lead confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 2(Copper) 1) To the salt solution add few Chocolate coloured drops of potassium precipitate ferrocyanide solution and acetic acid. Pre. of Cu” confirmed 2) To the salt solution add acetic _| White ppt acid and potassium iodide solution. Pre. of Cu®* confirmed 3) To the salt solution add NH.OH | Deep blue colour solution. Pre. of Cu’* confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 3(Aluminium) 1) The white ppt obtained is Blue ppt floating in dissolved in dil. HCI colourless solution Add 2 drops of blue litmus solution. Then add ammonium hydroxide dropwise till blue colour develops. Pre. of aluminium confirmed 2) Add excess of NaOH to the salt | White ppt solublein solution excess of NaOH Pre. of aluminium confirmedheat b) Magnesia mixture test : To the salt solution add b) White ppt Hi Pre. of phosphate cont ammonium chloride and excess of ammonium hydroxide. Add sodium hydrogen phosphate magnesia mixture and allow to stand. 6) Bromide : a) To salt add conc.H,SO, and a) Dense brown Pre. of bromide confirmed MnO fumes b) To salt add dil. HCl and AgCl b) Pale yellow ppt Pre. of bromide confirmed partially soluble inNH,OH 7) Nitrate : a) Toalittle salt add a) Brown vapours Pre. of nitrate confirmed conc. H2SO, and add cu and green turnings and heat. solution b) To salt solution add fresh b) Brownring at the | Pre. of nitrate confirmed FeSO, and cool. Add junction between conc.H2SO two layer. ANALYSIS OF CATIONS: 1) To the salt solution add sodium | No ppt Pre. of zero group carbonate solution (Ammonium) 2) To the solution add dil. HCI White ppt Pre. of group 1 (Pb?) 3) To the solution add dil. HCl and | Black ppt Pre. of group 2 pass H.S (Cu) 4) To the solution add solid White gelatinous ppt Pre. of group 3 ammonium chloride and excess (al) of ammonium hydroxide 5) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group4 ammonium chloride and excess (Zn) of ammonium hydroxide. Pass HAS 6) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group S ammonium chloride and excess (Ba**,Sr?*,Ca”*) of ammonium hydroxide. Add ammonium carbonate solution 7) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 6 (Me™)b) Chromyl chloride test : Salt is heated with conc.sulphuric acid and pot.dichromate. The vapours are collected and passed through NaOH solution. Add lead acetate solution to this. Silver nitrate test : Acidify the salt solution with dil.nitric acid and add silver nitrate solution. c) b) Reddish brown vapours Yellow solution Yellow ppt ¢) White curdy ppt soluble in excess of NH.OH N Pre. of chloride confirmed Pre. of chloride confirmed 3) Acetates : a) Oxalic acid test : Make a paste of the salt with oxalic acid. Rub the paste and smell. b) Ester test : To the salt add conc.H2SOs and heat. Add alcohol. Shake. Pour the contents into a beaker containing water. Ferric chloride test : To the salt solution add neutral ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the filtrate into two portions : |. Toone add dil. HCl. ll, Tothe second, add water and boil 4) Sulphate : a) To the salt solution add dil, HCl and barium chloride solution. b) To the salt solution add acetic acid and lead acetate solution. ¢) a) Smell of vinegar b) Pleasant fruity smell c) Reddish coloured ppt |. Reddish colour disappears ll, Reddish ppt White ppt insoluble in HCI White ppt soluble in hot ammonium acetate Pre. of acetate Pre. of acetate confirmed Pre. of acetate confirmed Pre. of sulphate confirmed Pre. of sulphate confirmed 5) Phosphate: a) Ammonium molybdate test : To salt solution add conc.HNO; and boil. Add ammonium molybdate and a) Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphate2) Conc.H2SOs test : Treat a small quantity of the salt with Conc.H2SO., warm if necessary. 3) Paper ball test : Heat a little of the salt with Conc.H,SO, and introduce a paper ball to it. 4) Test for sulphates : Heat a little of the salt solution with dil.HCl and add BaCl, solution. 5) Test for phosphates : Add Conc.HNOsto the salt solution and boil. Add exess of ammonium molybdate solution and boil again. a) Colourless gas with pungent smell, give dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in NH.OH is shown. b) Brown gas with pungent smell c) Violet vapours with pungent smell d) Light brown gas with pungent smell on strong heating. e) Smell of vinegar Brown fumes White ppt insoluble in Conc.HC! Yellow ppt CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS : a) Pre. of Cl? Ci b) Pre. of Br* c) Pre. of I* d) Pre. of NO? e) Pre. of CH;COO™ Pre. of NOs? Pre. of sulphate Pre. of phosphate 1) Carbonates : Magnesium sulphate test : To the salt solution add MgSO« solution. 2) Chlorides : a) MnOptest : Heat a small quantity of salt with Conc.H2SO; and MnOz White ppt a) Greenish yellow gas with pungent smell Pre. of carbonates confirmed Pre. of chloride confirmedSALT ANALYSIS N SCHEME OF ANALYSIS [EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS : 1) Noted the colour Colourless Absence of Cu’’,Fe®*,Fe®*,Mn?*,Co™*,Ni* Blue Pre. of Cu’ Brown Pre. of Fe” Green Pre. of Ni?* Pale pink Pre. of Mn™ Pink Pre. of Co™ 2) Noted the solubility a) Inwater a) Soluble and no a) Pre. of NH," b) Indil.HCl ppt with Na,CO; b) Insoluble b) Pre. of Pb?” 3) Flame Test: ‘a) Blue surrounded a) Pre. of Cu” Alittle of the salt is made into bygreen paste with conc.HCl. A glass rod b) Brick red b) Pre. of Ca®* is dipped in it and introduced c) Crimsonred ¢) Pre. of Sr* into the flame. d) Bluish white d) Pre. of Pb?” e) Grassy greenon e) Pre. of Ba’ prolonged heating 4) AshTest : a) Green ash a) Pre. of Zn?” Alittle of the salt is heated with con.HNO; and cobalt nitrate solution. A filter paper is dipped in it and burnt. b) Blue tinted ash ©) Pale pink ash b) Pre. of AP ©) Pre. of Mg” SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS : 1) Dil. H;SOx test : To the salt add dil.HSO., warm if required. ‘a) Evolution of Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence, turns limewater milky. b) Smell of vinegar a) Pre. of carbonates b) Pre. of acetate