QUARTER 2 – LEARNING COMPETENCY 4

Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value

Types of Claims
1. Claim of Fact: asserts that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist. To support-use factual evidence that is
sufficient, reliable, and appropriate.
Examples:
➢ Teens who engage in promiscuous, unprotected sex will develop STDs,
become pregnant, and/or contract AIDS.
➢ Smoking is an addiction that people are genetically predisposed to.
2. Claim of Value: makes a judgment (subjective); expresses approval or disapproval about something; attempts
to show that something is wrong/right, moral/immoral, beautiful/ugly. To support-you must establish standards
that you are using to measure the beauty or morality of your topic
Examples:
➢ Homosexuality is immoral because it violates religious, societal, and biological standards.
➢ Monet's art is more beautiful than Picasso's because of its use of soft color, uplifting subject matter, and unique
technique.

3. Claim of Policy: argues that something SHOULD/SHOULD not be done, believed, banned...; argues for a course
of action. Also called the Problem-Solution technique. To support-you must first convince the audience that a
problem exists and then prove that your policy will fix it.
Examples:
➢ Uniforms SHOULD be required at all public high schools.
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QUARTER 2 – LEARNING COMPETENCY 5

Structural Elements and Language Features in Expository Writing

What Is Exposition?
An exposition is a writing that explains, describes, or discusses a topic. To write an expository essay, it
should be built around a thesis statement. It includes facts to explain the thesis statement. The goal of the essay
is to explain clearly what the writer thinks about the topic and his stand. It tries to change the reader’s mind by
convincing the reader to agree with the writer’s point of view.

Structures of an Exposition
1. Introduction
It is where the statement of position is found. In doing so, introduce the topic and make it clear what your
position is. You need:
• A strong opening sentence that provides your reader’s interest or captures your reader’s attention
• An overview of your thesis statement (argument) on the topic and the points you will make.

2. Body
It is where the argument is found. In this section, you can make several points. Begin each paragraph with
a key statement or general statement. Give supporting reasons in the rest of the paragraph.
The body paragraphs contain the reasons. Each paragraph talks about one reason. The reason is stated
in the topic sentence and is supported by supporting details or materials. These supporting materials can be
either examples, statistics, personal experiences, or quotations.

3. Conclusion
Sum up your argument. A statement could be made about what you see as a solution to the problem or
what might happen if the situation is not resolved.
The conclusion restates the main claim and presents one or two general statements which accurately
summarize the arguments which support the main premise.

Language Features
An exposition includes varied language features. These features make the exposition an effective writing.
1. Conjunctions (joining words)
 • Join one part of a sentence to another
• Link the flow of an argument
Examples: so, and so, because, therefore, if, and, but

2. Modal Verbs
• A type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity,
suggestions, order, obligation, or advice.
• Modal verbs always accompany the base form of another verb having semantic content
• Express the writer’s attitude to the topic
Examples: can, could, should, must, might
3. Evaluative Language
• Suggests the degree of approval or helps compare ideas
• Positive or negative language that judges the worth of something. It includes language to express
feelings and opinions, to make judgments about aspects of people such as their behavior, and to assess
quality of objects such as literary works
Examples: important, best, most, truth, largest, most popular

4. Thinking Verbs
• Tell the reader what the writer is thinking about something
Examples: know, believe, feel, agreed

5. Connecting Words
• Link ideas in an argument
Examples: firstly, for that reason, for example, as a consequence, because of this, in particular, therefore,
finally

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QUARTER 2 – LEARNING COMPETENCY 6
Delivering a Talk and Employing Techniques in Public Speaking

Public speaking is the process of communicating information to an audience. It is usually done before a
large audience, like in school, the workplace and even in our personal lives. The benefits of knowing how to
communicate to an audience include sharpening critical thinking and verbal/non-verbal communication skills.
In public speaking, the information is purposeful and meant to inform, influence or entertain a group of listeners.
There are five elements of public speaking, and it basically boils down to who is saying what to whom
using what medium with what effect. In other words, who is the source of the message. What is the message itself.
Whom is the audience, while the medium is the actual delivery method and ending in the effect. Think of the
effect as the speaker's intent for the speech.
According to Stephen Lucas (2011), author of The Art of Public Speaking, a good delivery means that you
are capable and able to present your message in a clear, coherent and interesting way.
METHODS OF DELIVERY
There are four main kinds of speech delivery: manuscript, and memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous.
1. Impromptu speaking involves delivering a message on the spur of the moment, as when someone is asked to
“say a few words”. Unlike with manuscript and memorized, in an impromptu the speaker is not given any time to
prepare. It is derived from a Latin phrase meaning “in readiness”.
Some situations in which impromptu is often expected are during an interview, first day in class or in an
event where you are asked to say a few words.
ADVANTAGES
➢ Spontaneous or natural speaking
➢ More focused
DISADVANTAGES
➢ Tendency to be disorganized
➢ Lacks connection with the audience
➢ Nerve-racking for inexperienced speakers and beginners
TIPS
➢ Once you are requested to say something, pause for a moment to plan in your head what to say.
➢ State your main point briefly and deliver it at a pace your audience can follow
➢ End by saying thank you
2. Extemporaneous speaking consists of delivering a speech in a conversational
fashion using notes and a limited time is given to the speaker to prepare. This is
the style most speeches call for.
When you are candidate for a post in a student government and you deliver your campaign speech before
a voting public and when you are assigned to report in class are some of the situations in which extemporaneous
speech is done.
ADVANTAGES
➢ Helps you look confident
➢ Engages the audience
DISADVANTAGES
➢ May not have adequate time to plan, organize, and rehearse
TIPS
➢ Create an outline
➢ Organize your points logically
➢ Use facts and real-life experiences as your examples
3. Manuscript speaking consists of reading a fully scripted speech. It is useful when a message needs to be
delivered in precise words. This is speaking with advanced preparation where the speaker planned and
rehearsed the speech.
This type of public speaking is common in news casting and reading rules and criteria in a contest.
ADVANTAGES
➢ Exact repetition of the written words
➢ Guided speech
DISADVANTAGES
➢ Boring and uninteresting presentation
➢ Lacks audience rapport or connection
TIPS
➢ Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural.
4. Memorized speaking consists of reciting a scripted speech word-for-word from memory. Memorization allows
the speaker to be free of notes. The same as manuscript, it is done with advanced preparation.
When you perform in a stage play or perform an oratorical or declamation, then you are engaged in
memorized speech.
ADVANTAGES
➢ Exact repetition of written words from memory.
➢ Free to move around the stage.
DISADVANTAGES
➢ Speakers might end up speaking in the monotone pattern.
➢ When the speaker cannot control his/her stage fright, he/she might have difficulty in remembering the
memorized speech.
TIPS
➢ Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural and feel confident.
TECHNIQUES AND TIPS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
1. Use a conversational style more often. This is the style that is more natural; it is the style that you always use
when you express yourself with your family and friends.
2. Look at your audience in the eye so they will feel that they are part of your speech. Eye contact should be
maintained to keep the attention of your audience and enhance your delivery.
3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of the audience and venue. When addressing a large audience,
modulate your voice in such a way that you speak loudly without sounding like shouting or yelling.
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience interested and to avoid a monotone pattern. The audience might
get bored if you speak very slowly and they might get confused if you speak very fast.
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level (high or low). If you have a high pitch level, modulate or slightly
moved it down. If you have a low pitch level, modulate or slightly move it up.
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most important words, phrases or sentences. Your pauses should not last
for three seconds.
7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly. You will confuse the audience if you mispronounce words and it
could distract them and affect your credibility.
8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute actual words in your speech because these words are distracting.
Examples of fillers are “ like”, “ah”, “uh” and “er”.
9. Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight.
10. Use precise movements. Avoid distracting mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning on the podium,
licking or biting your lips, playing with your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts of your body, frowning and
others.
11.Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated face. These facial expressions appear distracting and may even
be annoying. Instead, follow the most highly suggested tip: smile. However, make sure that the meaning of your
speech reflects in your facial expressions; do not smile if you are talking about something bad.
12. Dress properly and appropriately.
13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being honest with your words, being polite, avoiding offensive words or
talking negative things about other people or copying someone’s work without proper documentation.
14. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech. Most importantly, have fun.
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QUARTER 2 – LEARNING COMPETENCY 7
Composing Texts with Multimodal Elements

Texts are classified as being multimodal when it uses two or more modes in presenting information.
Modes are channels of information, or anything that communicates meaning in some way other than just
sentences or paragraphs. These modes may include:
• Pictures
• Illustrations
• Audio
• Speech
• Writing and print
• Music
• Movement
• Gestures
• Facial expressions

These modes are then combined with words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs in composing texts or to
create and shape meaning.
Just like the examples of texts that you had in the first activity texts A and C are considered as multimodal
texts because they used not just sentence and paragraph, but also pictures and illustrations. Text A is an
Infographic text in a poster and Text C is a comic strip. Text B on the other hand is presented as a traditional text.
(REFER TO ACTIVITY 1)
Multimodality in Composition
In the composition field, multimodal elements are commonly defined in terms of the five modes of
communication: linguistic, visual, gestural, spatial, audio. These terms are often paired with the language of
design to create a more thorough conversation about the different modes, especially when referencing
compositions that combine words and images, such as posters, presentations and websites.

The Five Modes

Linguistic – word choice; delivery of spoken or written text (tone); organization into sentences, phrases,
paragraphs, etc.; coherence of individual words and ideas.
Visual – color, layout, style, size, perspective
Gestural – facial expressions, hand gestures, body language, interactions between people
Spatial – arrangement, organization, proximity between people and objects. Audio – music; sound effects;
ambient noise/sounds; silence; tone; emphasis and accent of voice in spoken language; volume of sound.

The Language of Design

Each mode uses different elements depending on how it wants to convey meaning using the different senses.
- Emphasis - The elements of an image that are most significant or pronounced.
- Repetition - The repeated pattern of the same or similar shapes or objects, which can also indicate an overall
emphasis or theme.
- Contrast - The sharp differences between elements that are noticeable based on their relationship to each other.
- Layout - The organization of elements on a page, including texts, images, shapes, and overall composition.
- Alignment - The way that elements are aligned on a page, especially text which is aligned at left, right or center.
- Proximity - The relationship between objects in a space, particularly how close they are to each other. Proximity
can indicate a relationship between objects.
The modes are experienced in different ways by each of the senses -- usually visual, auditory or tactile.
They often interact with each other, creating a dynamic learning experience. For instance, an educational video
might include speech, images, music and text at the same time-- all of which can enhance a student’s learning
experience

Types and Examples

The table below shows the types and examples of texts in the different modes.

Multimodal texts can be delivered via different media or technologies. They may be live, paper, or
digital electronic.
paper – such as books, comics, posters.
digital – from slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-posters, web pages, and social media, through to
animation, film and video games.
live – a performance or an event.
transmedia– where the story is told using ‘multiple delivery channels’ through a combination of media
platforms, for example, book, comic, magazine, film, web series, and video game mediums all working as part of
the same story.

Linear and Non-Linear Texts

Non-Linear texts are also considered as multimodal texts because they use other forms of mode in
presenting information such as tables, graphs, charts, diagrams and numbers. While, linear texts employ
traditional form of writing.

Let us then differentiate linear texts from non-linear.

 Linear text is a source of information. It has an order or sequence. It refers to a traditional text that needs
to be read from beginning to the end to be fully understood. Examples are novels, poems, short stories, letters,
educational texts, and all those texts we read from the beginning to the end.
In a linear, written text, the reader makes sense of the text according to the arrangement of the words,
both grammatically and syntactically. In such a reading path, there is a sequential time to the text.

Here are some examples of linear texts.

1. Novels - It is an invented prose narrative that is usually long and complex and deals especially with human
experience through a usually connected sequence of events.
Ex. Lord of the Rings, Ulysses, Harry Potter, The Odyssey

2. Poems – It is a composition in verse.

Ex. Annabel Lee, Oh Captain! My Captain!, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, All Things Bright and Beautiful

3. Short Stories – An invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and
aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot. Ex. The Necklace, The
Lottery, Rip Van Winkle, The Scarlet

Educational texts
a. Essay – An analytic or interpretative literary composition usually dealing with its subject from a limited or
personal point of view.
b. Articles – a nonfictional prose composition usually forming an independent part of a publication.
c. Researches – the collecting of information about a particular subject.
d. Letters - It is a direct or personal written or printed message addressed to a person or organization.

What is Non-linear Text?

As its name suggests, non-linear text is non-sequential which means that the readers do not have to go
through the text in a sequential manner in order to make sense of the text. This type of text has many reading
paths since it’s the readers who decide the sequence of reading, not the author of the text.
Examples of non-linear text include flowcharts, charts, and graphs (ex: pie chart, bar graphs), graphical
organizers such as knowledge maps and story maps. In fact, any text that is not read from beginning to the end
falls into the category of nonlinear text.
Most of the times linear and non-linear texts are used to complement each other to give readers easier
access to important information.
Transcoding linear to non-linear texts and vice versa is an important skill to develop. As a reader
transcoding linear to non-linear text will help you gain better understanding and recall, and easier access to
information if you need to review. This is particularly useful if you are preparing for an examination. On the other
hand, you will need to transcode non-linear to linear texts especially if you are writing a magazine article, a
scientific or academic paper which often use both text types.

Here are examples of nonlinear texts:

Table is a systematic arrangement of data usually in rows and columns for ready reference. Here are some
examples of a table.
 This table shows the different scores of students and their class. It tells that Hansom Lim got the highest score
which is 258 and belongs to Class B.

This table shows kinds of fruits, vegetables, meat, and carbohydrates. It also presents adjectives and its
opposites.

Next would be graphs. What are graphs?

Graph is a diagram that represents the variation of a variable in comparison with that of one or more other
variables.

The following are some examples of graphs:

1. Bar graph

This is a graph that shows the people’s favorite type of movie.

2. Line Graph
 This graph shows the average monthly rainfall of City 1 and City 2 from January to December.

3. Pie Chart

This chart shows the different favorite pizza toppings.

Another way of presenting information is through the use of maps. What are maps?
A Map is a representation usually on a flat surface of the whole or a part of an area. There are two main
types of maps – political maps and physical maps. Physical maps show the shape of the land – hills, lakes, forests,
the coast and so on. Political maps show how the land is used by people – countries, provinces, countries, town
boundaries, etc.

Here are some Basic Rules for the Preparation of Table and Graphs
1. Be self-explanatory.
2. Present values with the same number of decimal places in all its cells (standardization).
3. Include a title informing what is being described and where, as well as the number of observations (N) and
when data were collected.

What is the most effective way to present information using graphs?

1. Be clear. Graphs should convey your information, not distract from it – an overloaded graph will surely distract.
2. Make sure to remove anything repetitive or ornamental.
3. If you have a lot of raw data, choose the few data points that deliver your message strongly and represent
those.

How do you present information in an interesting way?

1. Tell a story with your data.
2. Combine different types of data visualizations.
3. Use icons to emphasize important points.
4. Use bold fonts to make text information engaging.
5. Pick colors that make your points pop.
6. Show how parts make up a whole.
7. Focus on one amazing statistic.