ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

Q.1] What is circular motion? the tyres

Ans : Definition: Motion of an object  mg  fs --- (1)
around a circular path is called as
mv 2
circular motion.  N --- (2)
r
Q.2] State the characteristics of circular (2) In order to continue the horizontal
motion. motion,
Ans: Characteristics:  fs  N
(1) Accelerated Motion: As the
direction of velocity changes at  mv 2 
 mg   s   --- [From (1) and (2)]
every instant, it is an accelerated  r 
motion.
s v2
(2) Periodic motion: During the  g
r
motion, the particle repeats its path
along the same trajectory. Thus, the rg
 v2 
motion is periodic. s

Q.3] Define uniform circular rg

 v min 
motion. s
Ans: Definition : During circular
motion, if the speed of the particle PRACTICE PROBLEM - I
remains constant, it is called uni- (1) A fan is rotating at 90 r.p.m. It is
form circular motion (U.C.M.). then switched OFF. It stops after 21
revolutions. Calculate the time
NOTE :
taken by it to stop assuming that
(1) In U.C.M., only the direction of its the frictional torque is constant.
velocity changes at every instant in
Ans: 28 s.
such a way that the velocity is
always tangential to the path. (2) Coefficient of static friction between
a coin and a gramophone disc is
(2) The acceleration responsible for
0.5. Radius of the disc is 8 cm.
U.C.M. is the centripetal or radial
Initially the centre of the coin is
acceleration.
   cm away from the centre of the
ar   r disc. At what minimum frequency
Q.4] Derive an expression for minimum will it start slipping from there? By
safest velocity of a body to move what factor will the answer change
in well of death. if the coin is almost at the rim?
Ans: (Use g = 2 m/s2)
(1) The forces acting on the vehicle are Ans: (a) Minimum frequency at
(a) Normal reaction (N) towards which coin starts slipping is
centre (b) Weight (mg) acting 2 rev/s.
vertically downwards (c) Force of (b) Factor by which frequency
static friction (fs) acting vertically changes if coin is placed at
upwards between vertical wall and rim is 0.63.
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 1
(3) A coin placed on a revolving disc, relevant expression.
with its centre at a distance of 6 cm Ans :
from the axis of rotation just slips (1) While going round a curve, the
off when the speed of the revolving rider provides himself the
disc exceeds 45 r.p.m. What should necessary centripetal force by
be the maximum angular speed of leaning inward on a horizontal
the disc, so that when the coin is at track.
a distance of 12 cm from the axis of (2) Consider a rider of weight mg
rotation, it does not slip? taking a turn of radius ‘r’ with
Ans: 31.8 r.p.m. velocity ‘v’.
(3) The forces acting are ....
APPLICATIONS OF UNIFORM
(a) weight ‘mg’ acting vertically
CIRCULAR MOTION
downward.
Q.5] Derive an expression for (b) Normal reaction ‘N’ making
maximum possible speed for a angle q with the vertical.
vehicle to move on horizontal
unbanked road.
Ans :
(1) Consider a car taking turn along a
horizontal curvature.

(4) The normal reaction (N) can be

Let, m = mass of car, resolved into two components:
r = radius of curvature, (a) Ncos - vertical component
= coefficient of static friction balances mg
between tyres and road, (b) Nsin - Horizontal
component provides
Vmax = maximum safe speed
centripetal force
without skidding off
mv 2
 Necessary centripetal force = Force  N sin   --- (1)
r
of friction
2
N cos   mg --- (2)
i.e. mVmax   mg  Vmax  rg (5) Dividing equation (1) by (2),
r
N sin  mv2 /r
Q.6] While driving along an unbanked 
N cos  mg
circular road, a two - wheeler
rider has to lean with the vertical. v2
 tan  
Why is it so? With what angle rg
the rider has to lean? Derive the
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 2
 The rider should bend through an shown in the figure.
angle,
 v2 
  tan 1  
 rg 

Q.7] Why are curved roads banked?

Ans:
(1) When a vehicle moves round a
horizontal curved road with high
speed, the necessary centripetal (2) Considering the vehicle to be a
force is provided by the friction point and ignoring friction.
between the tyres and the road. (3) There are two forces acting on the
(2) So, to increase the centripetal force, vehicle :
friction should be increased which (a) weight (mg), vertically
causes wear and tear of the tyres. downwards.
(3) If the road is banked on the curve, (b) normal reaction (N),
the necessary centripetal force is perpendicular to the surface
provided by the horizontal of the road
component of normal reaction,
(4) Thus, normal reaction (N) is
i.e. FC = N sin .
resolved into
Here, centripetal force can be
(a) Nsin - along the horizontal
increased by increasing the angle of
(b) Ncos - along the vertical
banking. So roads are banked on
(5) The vertical component Ncos
curved path.
balances the weight
Q.8] Do we need a banked road for a  N cos   mg --- (1)
two-wheeler? Explain.
(6) Horizontal component Nsinq
Ans:
provides necessary centripetal force
(1) Yes. When a two - wheeler
moves on a curved circular path, mv 
 Nsin  --- (2)
the necessary centripetal force is r
provided by friction, otherwise it Dividing equation (2) by (1),
may skid. v
(2) If the road is banked, two wheeler tan  
rg
moves safely on the curved circular
path, and so it doesn’t skid.  v2 
   tan 1  
Q.9] Derive expression for angle of  rg 
banking when a vehicle This is an expression for angle of
(consider to be a point) moves banking when a vehicle moves
along a curved banked road along a curved banked road
neglecting friction. neglecting friction.
Ans:
(1) The vertical section of a vehicle on a
curved road of radius ‘r’ banked at
an angle ‘’ with the horizontal is
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 3
Q.10] State an expression for (a) most mv12
safe speed and (b) banking angle  N sin   fs cos  --- (1)
r
for a vehicle moving on a curved
banked road. Also,
Ans: For a particular road, when r and  mg = N cos + fs cos  .... (2)
are fixed, then  From equation (1) and (2),
(a) Most safe speed,
 tan    s 
vs  rg tan   v1 min  vmin  rg  
 1   s tan  
(b) Banking angle,
 fs  sN 
 v2 
1
  tan   For s  tan , vmin  0
 rg 
The maximum speed limit and This is true for most of the rough
angle of banking is independent of roads, banked at smaller angles.
mass, hence maximum speed limit N cos = fs sin + mg
is same for all vehicles.  mg = N cos  - fs sin  --- (2)
Q.11] What is the need for lower and (5) For speeds, v 2  rg tan 
upper speed limit for a vehicle
moving on a banked road? Derive
expression for it (with effect of
friction).
Ans:
(1) If the vehicle is running exactly at
the speed vs  rg tan  , the
forces acting on the vehicle are:
(a) weight (mg), vertically
downwards
(b) normal reaction (N), (6) In this case, the direction of force of
perpendicular to the road static friction (fs) between road and
the tyres is directed along the
(2) For speeds, v1  r g tan 
inclination of the road, downwards.
 Necessary centripetal force,
mv 22
 N sin   fs cos  --- (3)
r
Also,
N cos   fs sin   mg
 mg  N cos   fs sin  --- (4)
(3) In this case, the direction (fs) is  From equation (3) and (4),
along the inclination of the road,
 tan    s 
upwards.  v2 max  vmax  rg  
 Necessary centripetal force,  1   s tan  

 fs  sN 
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 4
 NOTE
(1) Dividing equation (1) by (2),
mv12 /r N sin   fs cos 

mg  cos   fs sin 

v12 N sin   sN cos 

 
rg  cos   sN sin 

.....  fs  sN 
Dividing above equation by
‘Ncos ’
v 21 tan    s

rg 1  s tan 

 tan    s 
  v1 min  rg  
 1   s tan  
(1) At any point P, forces acting on the
(2) Dividing equation (3) by (4),
bob are:
mv 22 /r N sin   fs cos  (a) its weight (mg) acting

mg  cos   fs sin  vertically downwards and
(b) tension T’ in the string acting
v 22 N sin    sN cos 
  along PS.
rg  cos   sN sin 
(2) Tension T’ can be resolved into two
.....  fs  s N  components:
Dividing above equation by (a) Vertical component T’cos 
‘N cos ’ (b) Horizontal component
T’sin 
v 22 tan    s
 (3) From figure,
rg 1  s tan 
T'cos  = mg ..... (1)
 tan    s  and T’sin  = C.P.F. = mr .... (2)
2

  v2 max  rg   Dividing equation (2) by (1),

 1  s tan  
T sin  mr2 r2
  tan   ....(3)
Q.12] Derive expression for time period  cos  mg g
of a conical pendulum.
This is the expression for angular
Ans: Expression for angular speed:
speed of the bob.
Let, m = mass of the bob,
r = radius of circle described by Expression for period of the bob:
bob, l = length of pendulum, We know that, period, T = 2 /
h = vertical height, 2
 = angle made by string with  T
g tan 
vertical, r
 = constant angular velocity of bob
r
 T2 .... (4)
g tan 
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 5
i.e. (3) Frequency at conical pendulum is
independet of mass of the bob.
 sin   sin 
 T  2  2
g tan  sin 
g PRACTICE PROBLEM - II
cos 
(4) A motorcyclist (to be treated as a
 cos  point mass) is to undertake
 T  2 ..... (5)
g horizontal circles inside the
cylindrical wall of a well of inner
 r  radius 4m. Coefficient of static
...  From SOP, sin   ,  r   sin  
   friction between the tyres and the
h wall is 0.4. Calculate the minimum
 T  2 ...... (6) speed and frequency necessary to
g
perform this stunt.
 h  (U se g= 10 m / s2)
 From SOP, cos   ,   cos   h 
   Ans: (a) Minimum speed = 10 ms-1,
This is the expression for period of (b) Minimum frequency =
conical endulum. 0.4 rev s-1.
(5) A vehicle is moving on a circular
Q.13] On what factors does the frequency
track whose surface is inclined
of a conical pendulum depends? Is
towards the horizon at an angle of
it independent of some factors?
100. The maximum velocity with
Ans: (1) We have,
which it can move safely is 36 km/
1 g hr. Calculate the length of the
n
2  L cos  circular track. (Take  = 3.142)
(2) Frequency of conical pendulum Ans: 363.7 m.
depends on following factors: (6) A train runs along an unbanked
(a) Length of pendulum (L): circular track of radius 30 m at a
Frequency of conical pendulum speed of 54 km h-1. The mass of the
increases with decrease in train is 106 kg. What is the angle
length of pendulum of banking?
Ans: (a) 37025’.
1
i.e. n (7) A motorcyclist at a speed of 5 m/s
L
in describing a circle of radius 25 m.
(b) Acceleration due to gravity (g):
Find his inclination with vertical.
Frequency of conical pendulum
What is the value of coefficient of
increases with increase in g
friction between tyre and ground?
i.e. n g Ans: (a) Inclination = 5050’,
(c) Angle of Inclination (): (b) Coefficient of friction =
As  increases, cos  decreases, 0.1021.
hence, frequency of conical
(8) The radius of curvature of meter
pendulum increases with increase
gauge railway line at a place where
in .
the train is moving with a speed of
1   10 m/s is 50 m. If there is no side
i.e. n  ....  For 0    
cos   2 thrust on the rails, find the
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 6
 elevation of the outer rail above the VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION
inner rail. Q.14] Using the energy conservation,
Ans : 20 cm. derive the expressions for the
minimum speeds at different
(9) A flat curve on a highway has a
locations along a vertical circular
radius of curvature 400 m. A car
motion controlled by gravity. Is
goes around a curve at a speed of
zero speed possible at the
32 m/s. What is the minimum
uppermost point? Under what
value of coefficient of friction that
conditions? Also prove that the
will prevent the car from sliding?
difference between the extreme
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
tensions (or normal forces)
Ans: 0.26. depends only upon the weight of
(10) A string of length 0.5 m carries a the object.
bob of mass 0.1 kg at its end. Ans:
It is used as conical pendulum with (1) Consider a bob (treated as a point
a period 1.41 s. Calculate angle of mass) tied to a (practically)
inclination of string with vertical massless, inextensible and flexible
and tension in the string. string.
Ans: (a) Angle with vertical = 9019;
(b) Tension in string = 0.993 N
(11) In a conical pendulum, a string of
length 120 cm is fixed at rigid
support and carries a mass of 150 g
at its free end. If the mass is
revolved in a horizontal circle of
radius 0.2 m around a vertical axis,
calculate tension in the string,
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
Ans: 1.491 N.

(12) A pendulum consisting of a

massless string of length 20 cm and (2) It is whirled along a vertical circle
a tiny bob of mass 100 g is set up as so that the bob performs a
a conical pendulum. Its bob now vertical circular motion and the
performs 75 r.p.m. Calculate kinetic string rotates in a vertical plane.
energy and increase in the (3) At any position of the bob, there are
gravitational potential energy of the only two forces acting on the bob:
bob. (Use p2 = 10, cos q = 0.8) (a) weight (mg), vertically
Ans: (a) Kinetic energy = 0.045 J, downwards, which is
(b) Increase in gravitational constant
P.E. = 0.04 J. (b) the force due to the tension
(T), directed along the string
and towards the centre.

Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 7

(4) Uppermost position (A):
 
v C2  5 rg  2rg ...  vB  5rg 
(a) Both mg and TA are downwards,
and together provides centripetal   vC  min  3rg
force.
(b) Thus, if vA is the speed at the Illy  vD min  3 rg
uppermost point, Note :
2
mv (1) Difference between the extreme
mg  TA  A
....... (1)
r tensions: Subtracting equation
(c) For minimum possible speed, (1) from (3)
TA = 0 m 2
  vA min  4 rg ...... (2)
TB  TA  2mg 
r
 vB  vA2  .....(6)
Using equation (4) and rearranging,
(5) Lowermost position (B):
 TB  TA  6 mg
(a) TB is vertically upwards, opposite to
mg and their resultant is the Hence, difference in tension at
centripetal force. extreme positions depends only on
(b) If vB is the speed at the lowermost weight
point, (2) At point (C),
mvB2 mvC2 m
 
2
TB  mg  ...... (3) TC   3rg  3mg
r r r
(c) While coming down from A to B,
Q.15] What is meant by mass tied to a
 Decrease in   Increase  rod? How is it different from mass
 gravitational PE    in KE 
    tied to a string?
Ans:
1 1
 mg  2r   mv B2  mvA2 (1) A bob (point mass) tied to a
2 2
(practically massless and rigid) rod
 v B2  vA2  4rg ..... (4) and whirled along a vertical circle.
From equation (2) and (4), (2) The basic difference between the
rod and the spring is that the string
v B2  4rg  rg needs some tension at all the points,
including the uppermost point.
  vB min  5rg ..... (5)
(3) Thus, certain min. special necessary
(6) Positions when the string is at uppermost point in case of string.
horizontal (C and D): (4) In case of rod, as the rod is rigid,
such condition not necessary,
(a) Weight mg is perpendicular to the
thus zero speed possible at upper
tension
most point.
(b) While coming from point B to D,
increase in the gravitational P.E. is  Uppermost point has only,
converted into K.E. P.E. = mgh = mg x 2r = 2mgr
1 1 Lower most point has only,
mgr  mv 2B  mv 2C
2 2 1
K.E.  mv 2L
 v  v  2 gr
2
B
2
C 2
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 8
 By law of conservation of energy, is an indication of contact. Thus, for
1 just maintaining contact, N = 0
mv L2  2 mgr
2  v max  rg
v L2  4 rg
PRACTICE PROBLEM - III
  vL min  2 rg
(13) A motorcyclist (as a particle) is
(5) At middle position, i.e. horizontal undergoing vertical circles inside a
position: sphere of death. The speed of the
1 1 motorcycle varies between 6 m/s
mv 2  mgr  m  vL min
2

2 2 and 10 m/s. Calculate diameter of

1 1 the sphere of death. How much
 
2
mv 2  m 2 rg  mgr  mgr minimum values are possible for
2 2
these two speeds?
v 2  2rg
Ans: (a) Diameter = 3.2 m,
vmin  2 rg (b) Min.velocity at lowest point
 Tlowermost  Tuppermost  6 mg = 4 5 m/s and at highest
point = 4m/s.
Q.16] Explain the expression for upper
(14) A small body of mass 0.3 kg
limit on the speed when vehicle is
oscillates in avertical plane with the
at the top of a convex overbridge.
help of a string 0.5 m long with a
Ans :
constant speed of 2 m/s. It makes
(1) Consider a vehicle at the top of a
an angle of 600 with the vertical.
convex over bridge as shown in the
Calculate the tension in the string.
figure.
(2) During its motion, forces acting on Ans: 8 m/s
the vehicle are : (15) A motorcyclist rides in vertical
(a) weight (mg) circles in a hollow sphere of radius
(b) normal reaction force (N) 5 m. Find the required minimum
speed and minimum angular speed,
so that he does not lose contact with
the sphere at the highest point.
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
Ans: 7 m/s, 1.4 rad/s

(16) The vertical section of a rod over

a bridge in the direction of its
length is in the form of a convex arc
of radius 4.4 m. Find the maximum
(3) The resultant of these provides the speed with which a vehicle can
necessary centripetal force across the bridge without losing
mv 2 contact with the road at the highest
 mg  N  point, if the centre of gravity of the
r
vehicle is 0.5 m from the ground.
(4) As the speed is increases, N goes on
decreasing. Normal reaction Ans: 7 m/s
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 9
 MOMENT OF INERTIA

Q.17] State and explain the concept of

moment of inertia.
Ans: Definition : M.I. of a body about
the given axis of rotation is the sum
of product of mass of each particle
and square of its perpendicular
distance from the axis of rotation.
(1) The M.I. of a body depends upon:
(2) Let m1, m2, ..., mn are mass of
(a) The mass; shape and size of
particles, r1, r2, ..., rn are respective
the body,
perpendicular distances from axis
(b) The distribution of mass of
of rotation,
the body about an axis of
 = angular velocity of a body.
rotation,
(3) The linear velocity of the first
(c) The position and orientation
particle is,
of axis of rotation.
V1  r1 
 K.E. of first particle;
1 1
E1  m 1 v 12  m 1r12 
2 2
.....  v1  r1 
The K.E. of second particle is;
1
E2  m 2 r22 
2
(2) It’s S.I. unit is Kg m2 and dimension Illy, K.E. of nth particle is,
is [M1 L2 T0]. 1
En  m n rn2 
Let m1, m2, ..., mn = mass of 2
particles; r1, r2, ..., rn = respective  Total K.E. of rotation,
perpendicular distances from axis E = E1 + E2 + ... + En
of rotation. 1 1 1
 m 1 r12   m 2 r22   ...  m n rn2 
 M.I. of body is given by 2 2 2
n
1
I  m 1r12  m 2 r22  .....  m n rn2   m i i i2 
2
 m 1r12  m 2r22  ....  m nrn2  
i 1

1 n
Q.18] Derive an expression for kinetic  
2 i 1
 m i ri2  
energy of a rotating body.
Ans: 1 
 E I ...(where I = M.I. of body)
(1) Consider a rigid body rotating 2
about the given axis.

Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 10

Note : (5) The moment of inertia of this ring,
M.I. of ring about an axis passing I r  dm  r 2 
through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane is  Moment of inertia (I) of the disc is,
R R
I = MR2
I   I r   dm.r 2
0 0

R R
  2 r  dr  r 2  2   r 3  dr
0 0

 R4     R 
2
 2     2   2  
 4   R   4 
1
 I MR 2
Q.19] Derive expression for moment of 2
inertia of a uniform disc about
an axis passing through centre and RADIUS OF GYRATION
perpendicular to the plane. Q.20] Define radius of gyration.
Ans : (1) Consider a uniform disc of Ans: Definition: The radius of gyration
mass M and radius R rotating about of a body about a given axis of
its own axis, which is the line rotation is the distance from the
perpendicular to its plane and axis of rotation to the point at
passing through its centre. which the whole mass of the body
(2) Surface density of the disc is, is supposed to be concentrated
 M without changing its moment of
  inertia.
 R2
(3) Consider a ring of radius r and (1) It is denoted by K.
width dr of mass dm  I  MK2
Where, M = mass of the body,
K = Radius of gyration
I
 K
M
(2) Radius of gyration depends upon:
(a) distribution of mass of the body,
(b) position of axis of rotation,
(c) shape and size of the body.
(3) Radius of gyration of body is
(4) Area of the ring, independent of total mass of the
A   2  r  dr body.
dm Q.21] Why is it useful to define radius of
 
 2 r  dr gyration?
Ans:
 dm   2 r  dr
(1) The M.I. of the body about a given
axis depends upon:

Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 11

 (a) mass of the body and PM and PN = perpendiculars on
(b) distribution of mass about OX and OY respectively
the axis of rotation.  M.I. of element about X-axis =
(2) If the particles of a body are PM2.dm
distributed close to the axis of
 M.I. of lamina about X-axis,
rotation, the M.I. is less and hence,
the radius of gyration is less. I x   PM 2 .dm ..... (1)
(3) If the particles are distributed away
from the axis of rotation, the llly M.I. of lamina about Y-axis;
M.I. is more and hence, the radius I y   PN 2 .dm ..... (2)
of gyration is more. and M.I. of lamina about Z-axis;
(4) Thus, radius of gyration is a
I z   OP 2 .dm ..... (3)
measure of the distribution of mass
of a body about the given axis of (3) From figure,
rotation.
OP2 = PM2 + PN2 ... ( PN = OM)
THEOREM OF PERPENDICULAR AND
 I z   OP 2 .dm    PM 2  PN 2  dm
PARALLEL AXIS

Q.22] State and prove theorem of   PM 2 .dm   PN 2 .dm

perpendicular axes about moment  From (1) and (2); we get
of inertia.
Iz = I x + I y
Ans: Statement: The moment of inertia
of a laminar object about an axis Hence proved.
(Z) perpendicular to its plane is the
sum of its moment of inertia about Q.23] State and prove theorem of
two mutually perpendicular axes (X parallel axes I about moment of
and Y) in its plane, all the three inertia.
axes being concurrent. Ans: Statement: The M.I. of a body about
i.e. Iz  Ix  Iy any axis is equal to the sum of its
M.I. about a parallel axis passing
through its centre of mass and
product of mass of body and square
of the distance between two parallel
axes.
i.e. I O  I C  Mh 2

(1) Consider a thin lamina rotating

about OZ axis perpendicular to its
plane.
OX and OY = perpendicular axis in
the plane of lamina.
(2) Consider a small element of mass
‘dm’ at point P.
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 12
(1) Consider a rigid body of mass ‘M’ Q.24 State the condition under which
rotating about an axis passing the theorems of parallel axes
through ‘O’. and pendicular axes are
(2) Let ‘C’ be the centre of mass of the applicable. State the respective
body and consider parallel axis mathematical expressions.
through C. Ans:
h = Distance between two parallel (1) In order to apply parallel axes
axis. theorem to any object, we need
(3) Consider a small element of mass two axes parallel to each other with
‘dm’ at P. Join PQ and PC and draw one of them passing through
PQ perpendicular to OC produced. the centre of mass of the object.
(4) Then M.I. of the element about an (2) Perpendicular axes theorem relates
axis through O = OP2.dm the moment of inertia of a laminar
 M.I.of the body about an axis object about three mutually
through ‘O’ is, perpendicular and concurrent
I 0   OP 2  dm axes, two of them in the plane of
the object and the third
Illy M.I. of the body about an axis perpendicular to the object.
through c ; Laminar object is like a leaf, or any
I c   CP 2 .dm two dimensional object, e.g., a ring,
 From figure; a disc, any plane sheet, etc.
(3) Mathematical expressions:
OP2 = OQ2 + PQ2
(a) Parallel axes theorem:
OP2 = (OC + CQ)2 + PQ2
I O  I c  Mh 2
OP 2  OC 2  2OC  CQ  CQ 2  PQ 2 (b) Perpendicular axes theorem :
OP  h  2h  CQ  CP
2 2 2
Iz  I x  I y

.....  CQ  PQ  CP 
2 2 2
PRACTICE PROBLEM - IV
(17) A metallic ring of radius of mass
  OP .dm   h 2 .dm
2

1 kg has moment of inertia 1 kg m2

 2h  CQ.dm   CP 2 .dm when rotating about one of its
diameters. It is molten and
 I O  h 2  dm  2h  CQ.dm  I c
remoulded into a thin uniform disc
But;  dm  M  Total mass of the of the same radius. How much will
its moment on inertia be, when
body and  CQ.dm  0; rotated about it own axis.
Ans: 1 kg m2.
(5) As C is centre of mass and algebric
sum of moments of all the particles (18) A solid sphere of mass 6 kg and
about centre of mass is always for a radius 2 metre is rotating about is
body in equilibrium diameter. Calculate the radius of
gyration of the sphere.
 I O  I c  Mh 2
Ans: 1.26 m.
Hence proved.
(19) If the radius of solid sphere is
doubled by keeping its mass
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 13
 constant, compare the moment of about the given axis.
inertia about any diameter.
Ans: 1:4.
(20) Calculate the M.I. and rotational
kinetic energy of a thin unifrom rod
of mass 10 g and length 60 cm when
it rotates about a transvrse axis
through its centre at 90 r.p.m.
Ans: 3 x 10-4 kg m2, 9.426 rad/s, 0.01333 J

(21) Calculate the M.I. of a solid sphere Let  = angular velocity of a body,
of mass 10 kg and radius 0.5 m, m1, m2, ....., mn are masses of
rotating about an axis passing particles, r1, r2, ....., rn are respective
through a point at a distance of perpendicular distances from axis
0.4 m from the centre of the sphere. of rotation.
Ans: 2.6 kg m2.  The linear velocity of the first
particle is
(22) A flywheel is a mechanical device
specifically designed to efficiently V1 = r1 
store rotational energy. For a  Linear momentum of the first
particular machine it is in the form particle is
of a uniform 20 kg disc of diameter P1 = m1 V1 = m1r1w --- (1)
50 cm, able to rotate about its own
(3) But;
axis. Calculate its kinetic energy
(Angular momentum) = (Linear
when rotating at 1200 r.p.m.
momentum) x (Perpendicular
(Use 2 = 10). Calculate its moment
distance)
of inertia, in case it is rotates
about a tangent in its plane. (4) Angular momentum of the first
particle is,
Ans: (a) Rotational K.E. = 5000 J,
(b) Moment of inertia = 1.5625  1  P1 r1  m 1 r1  r1
kg m2.
 1  m 1 r12  ..... (2)
(23) A uniform solid sphere has radius
Illly Angular momentum of the second
0.2 m and density 8 x 103 kg/m3.
particle is,
find the moment of inertia about
the tangent to its surface. ( = 3.142)  2  m 2 r22  ..... (3)
Ans : 15.02 kg m2 (5) Total angular momentum;,
ANGULAR MOMENTUM OR L   1   2  ....   n
MOMENT OF LINEAR MOMENTUM  m 1 r12   m 2 r22   ......  m n rn2 
Q.25] Derive an expression that relates
 n 
angular momeiituin with the    m i ri2  
 i1 
angular velocity of a rigid body.
Ans:  L  I ...... (4)
(1) Consider a rigid body rotating

Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 14

  n   m 1 r12   m  r22     m n rn2 
Where; I    m i ri2 
 i1   n 
   m i ri2  
= M.I. of the body about  i1 
the given axis of rotation
  I ....... (4)
EXPRESSION FOR TORQUE IN TERMS
 n 
OF MOMENT OF INERTIA Where; I    m i ri2 
 i1 
Q.26] Obtain an expression relating the
torque with angular acceleration = M.I. of the body about the
for a rigid body. given axis of rotation.
Ans: Consider a rigid body rotating
PRACTICE PROBLEM - V
about the given axis.
(24) A flywheel in the form of disc is
(2) Let m1, m2, ..., mn are masses of
rotating about an axis passing
particles, r1, r2, ..., rn are
through its centre and
respective perpendicular distances
perpendicular to its plane, looses
from axis of rotation,
100 J of energy, when slowing
 = angular acceleration of a body.
down from 60 r.p.m. to 30 r.p.m.
Find its moment of inertia about
the same axis and change in its
angular momentum.
Ans: (a) M.I. of the flywheel
= 6.753 kg m3,
(b) Change in the angular
momentum = 21.21 kg m2/s.

(25) A torque of 400 Nm acting on a

(3) The linear acceleration of first body of mass 40 kg produces an
particle is angular acceleration of 20 rad/s 2.
Calculate the moment of inertia and
a1 = r 1 
radius of gyration of the body.
 Force acting on first particle is
Ans: M.I. = 20 kg m2 and Radius of
F1  m 1 a1  m 1 r1  ..... (1) gyration = 0.707 m.
(4) But, Torque = force x perpendicular (26) Thin uniform rod of mass 3 kg and
distance length 2m starts from rest and
 Torque acting on first particle is, rotates about an axis passing
1  F1 r1  m 1 r1  r1  m 1 r12  .....(2) through its centre and
perpendicular to its length with a
Illy Torque acting on second
speed 900 r.p.m. for 10 second. Find
particle is,
torque acting on it.
2  m 2 r22  ..... (3)
Ans: 9.42 Nm.
(5) Total torque acting on all the
particles,
  1   2  ....   n
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 15
(27) Torques of equal magnitude are 
 dL
applied to a hollow cylinder and a  
dt
solid sphere, both having the same 
mass and radius. The cylinder is  dL 
Thus, if   0,  0 or L = constant,
free to rotate about its standard axis dt

of symmetry and the sphere is free Hence, angular momentum L is
to rotate about an axis passing conserved in the absence of external
through its centre. Which of the two unbalanced torque.
will acquire a greater angular speed
(5) Examples:
after a given time?
(a) A spinning skater or ballet dancer
Ans: Sphere.
uses the idea of the conservation of
CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR angular momentum while spinning;
MOMENTUM she brings her arms and extended
leg inward; close to the body to
Q.27] State and explain the principle of decrease her M.I. and hence angular
conservation of angular velocity increases i.e. she spins
momentum. Use a suitable faster.
illustration. Do we use it in our (b) When a diver executes a somersault
daily life? When? he takes his legs and arms close to
Ans: Principle: Angular momentum of his body so as to decrease his M.I.
an isolated system is conserved in Hence his angular velocity
the absence of an external increases. When he straightens out
unbalanced torque. his body; his M.I. increases and
angular velocity decreases.
Explanation:
(1) Angular momentum of a system is PRACTICE PROBLEM - VI
  
given by, L  r  p (28) A spherical water balloon is
 revolving at 60 r.p.m. In the course
where, r = position vector from the
 of time, 48.8% of its water leaks out.
axis of rotation and p = linear
With what frequency will the
momentum
remaining balloon revolve now?
(2) Differentiating with respect to time,
Neglect all non-conservative forces.
we get,
   Ans: 3.05 r.p.s.
dL d    dp dr 
  r  p  r   p (29) A ceiling fan having moment
dt dt dt dt
  of inertia 2 kg-m2 attains its
dr  dp 
(3) Now,  v and F maximum frequency of 60 r.p.m. in
dt dt
 ‘2’ seconds. Calculate its power
dL     rating.
  r  F  m  v  v
dt Ans: 50 W.

dL     (30) A flywheel used to prepare
  rF ...   v  v   0 
dt earthenware pots is set into rotation
  at 100 r.p.m. It is in the form of a
(4) But r  F is the moment of force or
torque  disc of mass 10 kg and radius 0.4
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 16
 mA lump of clay (to be taken K.E. of rolling body =
equivalent to a particle) of mass 1.6
1 2  K2 
kg falls on it and adheres to it at a Mv  1  2 
2  R 
certain distance x from the centre.
Calculate x if the wheel now rotates K.E. of rolling body =
at 80 r.p.m. 1
M2  R 2  K 2  .....  v  R
Ans: 0.35 m. 2

(31) A ballet dancer spins about a

vertical axis at 90 r.p.m. with arms
outstretched. With the arms folded,
the moment of inertia about the
same axis of rotation changes to
75%. Calculate the new speed of
rotation.
Ans: 120 r.p.m. Q.29] A rigid object is rolling down an
(32) A disc rotates steadily at 45 rev/ inclined plane. Derive expressions
min on table. When small mass of for the acceleration along the track
0.02 kg is dropped gently on the and the speed after falling through
disc at a distance of 0.04 m from its a certain vertical distance.
axis and stuck to the disc, the rate Ans:
of revolution falls to 36 rev/min. (1) Consider a rigid body is rolling
Find the moment of inertia of disc down (without slipping) an
about its centre. inclined plane from height ‘h’
(2) Let, M = mass of body, R = Radius
Ans: 1.28 x 10-4 kg m2.
of body, S = displacement of body
ROLLING MOTION

Q.28] Obtain an expresion for the kinetic

energy of a rolling body.
Ans: Consider a circular body rolling on
a horizontal plane surface.
Let R and M = radius and mass of
the body,  = angular speed,
v = its linear speed.
 K.E. of rolling body = L.K.E. +  K.E.rolling  L.K.E.  R.K.E.
R.K.E. 1 1
K.E.rolling  Mv 2  I
K.E. of rolling body = 2 2
1 1 1  K2 
Mv 2  I   K.E.rolling  Mv 2
1 
2 2  
2  R2 
K.E. of rolling body =
(3) When body rolls, its total P.E.
1 1  v2  converted to T.K.E. if ‘v’ is velocity
Mv 2  MK 2  2 
2 2 R  of body at bottom

....  I  MK and   v /R 
2

Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 17

 Q.30] A uniform disc and a hollow right
1 2  K2 
 mgh  Mv  1  2  circular cone have the same
2  R 
formula for their M.I., when
2gh 2gh rotating about their central axes.
 v2  v Why is it so?
 K2   K2 
 1    1 
R 2 
Ans:
 R2  
(1) For a rotating object, if the
(4) If ‘a’ is the acceleration during the expression for moment of inertia is
rolling then of the for m n(M R 2), the numerical
v 2  u 2  2 as factor n gives the value of K2/R2
for that object.
 v 2  0  2 as
(2) A uniform disc and a hollow right
v2 2gh circular cone has the same value
 a 
2s  K2  h of K2/R2.
 1  R 2   sin 
  K2 1
i.e. 
R2 2
g sin 
 a Hence, they have the same formula
 K2 
 1  to their M.I.
 R 2 
1
(3) Displacement of body on inclined i.e. I MR 2
2
plane is,
PRACTICE PROBLEM - VII
v2 gh
S  (33) Starting from rest, an object rolls
2a  K2 
a1 2  down along an incline that rises by
 R 
3 in every 5 (along it). The object
(4) Time required to roll on inclined
plane is, gains a speed of 10 m /s as it

1 5
S  ut  at 2 travels a distance of m along the
2 3
incline. What can be the possible
2s
 t ....  u  0  shape/s of the object?
a
Ans: The possible shape of the object
 K  2
can be a ring or hollow cylinder.
2s  1  2 
 R  (34) A solid sphere of mass 1 kg rolls on
 t
g sin  a table with linear speed 2 m/s,
find its total kinetic energy.
 K2  Ans: 2.8 J
2s  1  2 
 R 
 t
g sin 

 
 
 g sin  
.....  a 
   
  R 2  
  
Notes By Bodkhe Sir [9422857766] Page No. 18