Key Notes on Computer Fundamentals
1. Definition of a Computer
- A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks based on a set of
instructions (programs).
- It operates using two main components: hardware (physical parts) and software (programs and
operating systems).
2. Basic Components of a Computer
- Input Devices: Devices used to enter data into the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone).
- Output Devices: Devices used to display or convey information from the computer (e.g., monitor,
printer, speakers).
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): Known as the "brain" of the computer, it processes instructions and
manages operations.
- Memory:
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage used while a computer is running.
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage containing essential instructions.
- Storage Devices: Devices used to store data permanently, such as hard drives, SSDs, and USB
drives.
3. Types of Software
- System Software: Manages hardware and provides basic functions (e.g., operating systems like
Windows, Linux, macOS).
- Application Software: Programs designed for specific tasks (e.g., Microsoft Word, web browsers,
games).
- Utility Software: Tools for system maintenance (e.g., antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools).
4. Data Representation
- Computers process data in binary (0s and 1s).
- Data is measured in bits and bytes:
- 1 Byte = 8 Bits
- Units: KB, MB, GB, TB
5. Types of Computers
- Desktop Computers: For personal and professional use.
- Laptops: Portable computers with built-in hardware.
- Tablets/Smartphones: Compact devices for personal use.
- Servers: High-performance machines used for managing networks and hosting data.
6. Networking Basics
- Internet: A global network that connects millions of devices.
- IP Address: A unique identifier for each device on a network.
- Protocols: Rules for communication (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP).
7. Common Operating Systems
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
8. Storage Types
- Primary Storage: RAM (temporary, fast).
- Secondary Storage: Hard drives, SSDs (permanent, slower).
- Cloud Storage: Online data storage accessed over the internet.
9. Basic Computer Functions
- Input: Accepting data.
- Processing: Performing operations on data.
- Storage: Saving data for future use.
- Output: Displaying results.
10. Importance of Computers
- Used in various fields like education, business, healthcare, and entertainment.
- Enhance productivity, communication, and access to information.
