LESSON 1:

Contemporary Culture and the

ANTHROPOLOGICAL Agents of Socialization
PERSPECTIVE OF Culture- derived from the Latin word
THE SELF culture or cultus meaning care or
cultivation. It is analogous for an infant.
Edward Taylor- culture is a system of
Anthropology behavior thought.

-The study of people throughout the

world, their evolutionary history, how
Cultural Influences that shape the
they behave, and adapt to different
self
environments, communicate and
socialize with one another. The Material Component- pertains to
all tangible materials.
-It concerned both with the biological
features that make us human and with Cognitive Component- are divided
social aspects. into ideas, knowledge and belief,
values and accounts.
-Is the study of man and how cultures
have evolved through time and how Normative Component- Social Norms
does it influence human behavior are accepted standards of behavior of
social groups subheading.
-How we see ourselves shapes our
lives, and is shaped by our cultural
context.
Social Norms
Folkways- customary and habitual
Anthropologist- Scientist who want to ways and patterns of expected
explore, study, and understand behavior in society.
humankind.
Mores- deemed necessary for the
welfare of the society.
Anthropology: Sub-Disciplines
1. Cultural Cultural Change- happens because
no society is in constant state. Society
2. Ethnography
continuously evolves.
3. Ethnology
Cultural Lag- both a social need and
4. Archeological the cultural goal; every cultural is
anchored on social media.
5. Biological
Cultural borrowing- one society
6. Linguistic borrows the culture of another society.
 -Functionalist suggest that it is a
requirement for both society and
Socialization
individual because it serves manifest
-the process whereby an individual and latent functions.
learns to adjust to a group (or society)
RELIGION
and behave in a manner approved by
the group (or society). -provides mental peace.
-whole process of learning throughout -inculcates social virtues.
the life course and is a central
-promotes social solidarity.
influence on the behavior.
-converts animal qualities to human
qualities.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
-is an agent of socialization and social
FAMILY: control.
-Decreased control of the marriage -promotes welfare.
concept.
-gives recreation.
-Changes in the relationship of man
-influences economy.
and woman.
-influences political system.
-Sex relationship.
-strengthens self-confidence.
-Economic independence.
MEDIA
SCHOOL
-music, books and internet stand out
-Technology is being used more
as three of the main strands that
frequently on a regular basis.
influences people the most.
-ICTS have emerged as important
-invaluable resources of knowledge
tools for teaching and learning.
and entertainment.
-Education comes out as a
MEDIA: Functions
prerequisite.
-provides news and information
PEERS
required by the people.
-Peer culture is an important source of
-can educate the public.
identity.
-helps a democracy effectively.
RELIGION
-can entertain people.
-Is a cultural universal because it
fulfills several basic functions within -can act as an agent of change in
human societies. development.
-Is a basic requirement of group life. -has brought people of the world closer
to each other.
–promote trade and industry though
advertisement.
-can help the political and democratic -Self awareness
process of a country.
-Self-image
-can bring in positive social changes.
Development of Self
Preparatory Stage: Through symbols,
MEDIA: studies related to social gestures, words, sounds.
media
Play Stage: Take on different roles;
-Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) role-playing.
ruins lives by causing neurological
Game Stage: Adhere to the rules;
complications, psychological
rules in which one must abide.
disturbances, and social problems.
-His theory of the social self includes
-The American Journal of Public
the concept of “I” and “me”.
Health noted that more people using
the internet is positively correlated to a
higher general population suicide rate.
Charles Cooley
-Social media is used by girls to make
themselves cooler than they really are. -Looking Glass Self, person’s self
grows out of society’s interpersonal
--------------------------------------------------- interactions.
-
Steps in Looking Glass Self
LESSON 2: 1.You imagine how you appear.
SOCIOLOGICAL 2.You imagine the judgment.

PERSPECTIVE OF 3. You feel some sense of pride,

happiness, guilt, or shame.
THE SELF
Erving Goffman

Sociology- a social science that We use “impression management” to

studies human societies, their present ourselves to others as how we
interactions, and the processes that hope to be perceived
preserve and change them. (DRAMATURGY).

George Herbert Mead Each situation is a new scene and we

perform different roles depending on
-Self is completely social. who is present,
-Yourself develops through interacting Dramaturgical analysis- people live
with others, through reflecting on that their likes much like actors performing
interaction, to thinking how others on a stage.
perceive you, and that helps you
generate an image of yourself.
Self has two parts:
 -reason (philosophical and seek
LESSON 3: THE SELF knowledge)
FROM -appetite or physical urges (profit
PHILOSOPHICAL loving and seek material gain).

PERSPECTIVE -will or emotion, passion, spirit (victory

loving and seek reputation).
-Reason ought to rule the will and
“Philosophy” comes from the Greek appetites.
roots (Philo-love and Sophos-wisdom).
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were
considered as great Greek St. Augustine: “The self has an
philosophers. immortal soul”
The self- one hot topic -One of the Latin Fathers of the
Church and one of the most significant
Christian thinkers.
Socrates: “An unexamined life is not
-Agreed with Plato that human being is
worth living”
dualistic, and he then combined his
-Invented “Know Thyself”. beliefs in the newfound doctrine of
Christianity.
“How much does a person known of
himself” would mean that a person -Viewed the "self" as an immaterial
must stand and live according to (but rational) soul.
his/her nature. One has to look at
BODY – bound to die on earth.
him/herself.
SOUL –living eternally in a realm of
-The first philosopher.
spiritual bliss in communion with God.
-The dialogue between the soul and
itself is Socratic Method.
Rene Descartes: “Cogito Ergo Sum”
-Without striving to know and
or I think therefore I am
understand ourselves, life is worthless.
-Father of Modern Philosophy
-Human person as having a body and
Plato: “The self is an immortal soul”
a mind.
-Student of Socrates and elaborated
-In the meditation of first philosophy,
on his philosophy.
he claims that there is so much that we
-Dualist; the self has both immaterial should doubt.
mind (soul) and material body, and it is
the soul that knows the forms (ideas).
David Hume: “There is no self”
Soul (mind) itself is divided into 3
parts: -Scottish philosopher.
-Believed that one can know only -Rejected the mind-body dualism,
through one’s senses and mind and body are intertwined.
experiences.
-Body is part of the mind and the mind
-Self is nothing but what his/her is part of the body.
predecessors thought of it. It is not an
-Body senses experience from the
entity over and beyond the physical
external world, then the body acts out
body.
of what the mind perceives.
Immanuel Kant: “Respect for self”
-Combination of impression is
problematic as we think of our “self”. LESSON 4:
-Acknowledged Hume’s reliability PSYCHOLOGICAL
account that everything starts with
perception and sensation of VIEW OF THE SELF
impression.
-Morality is about respect for person’s
Psychoanalytic Theory
2 components of the self:
-Dr. Sigmund Freud (1856-1839) is the
-inner self
father of Psychoanalysis, a method for
-outer self treating mental illness and also a
theory which explains human behavior.
-Motivated by the unconscious.
Gilbert Ryle: “The self is the way
people behave” -Motivated by sexual (eros) and
aggressive (thanatos) drives.
-Philosopher and professor.
-Influence by early childhood
-Solves the mind-body concept of
experience.
internal and non- physical self.
-Events in our childhood have a great
-Behavior of a human in his daily life is
influence on our adult lives, shaping
what truly matter.
our personality.
-Daily behavior that a person
manifests.
Three Levels of Human Psyche
-Actions and behaviors of a person
define the sense of self. 1.Conscious Mind- Mental processes
of which you are aware of and this is
-"I act, therefore I am."
seen in the tip of the iceberg.
2.Preconscious Mind- Aware of, but
Maurice Merleau Ponty: “The self is can easily be brought to
embodied subjectivity” consciousness.

-Philosopher and author. 3.Unconscious Mind- Inaccessible to

consciousness but influences your
judgments, feelings, or behavior. True Self- sense of self; who you
Primary source of human behavior. really are.
The False self- protective shield the
vulnerable true self.

Structure of Personality
Defense Mechanism- ways that we
The Id
protect ourselves from things that we
-Present at birth don’t want to think about or deal with.
Invented by the ego to resolve the
-Biological drives conflict between Id and superego.
-Pleasure Principle 1. Compensation- way a person
-Goal: Achieve satisfaction NOW! makes up for lack of some particular
ability
The Ego
 Direct Compensation- tries to be
-In contact with reality. better in the area of activity where
-Reality Principle. he is weak.
 Indirect Compensation- weak in
-Goal: Satisfy id’s request reasonably. one area tries to be better in
The Superego another.

-Moral and ideal aspects of personality. 2. Sublimation or substitution- act out

unacceptable impulses by converting
-Moral Principle. these behaviors into a more
-No contact with the outside world and acceptable form.
therefore is unrealistic in its demands 3. Rationalization- excuse for
for perfection. something already done.
-Two subsystems:  Sour-Grape Attitude- the true
-Conscience “should not do” motive.
 Sweet-Lemon Attitude- blessing in
-Ego-Ideal “should do” disguise.
4. Identification- individual’s
inclination to share another’s success
I Self- Subjective self
and satisfaction which he himself failed
Me Self- Empirical or objective self to attain.
(Material Self, Social Self, Spiritual
5. Reaction Formation- a person acts
Self).
just the opposite of real motive.
6. Displacement- attacks on innocent
Ideal self- Person that you would like person or object rather than against
yourself to be; “best me”. the real cause of the frustration.
Real self- Person you actually are. 7. Projection- casting the feelings you
have onto another person; blaming
another person for the feelings you Socrates- Beauty as congruent with
have. that to which was defined as morally
good. Beauty coincident with the good.
8. Denial- refusing to accept an
obvious situation. Plato- The world of Forms is “ideal”
rather than material.
9. Regression- reverting to childlike
behavior. Aristotle- observed and is defined by
characteristics of the art object, such
10. Repression- unconsciously
as symmetry, order, balance, and
forgetting information that is too painful
proportion.
to recall.
David Hume- Beauty does not lie in
Behavior without choice- tendency
“things” but is entirely subjective, a
to repeat some types of behavior,
matter of feelings and emotion.
regardless of their inappropriateness.
Immanuel Kant- Beauty is defined by
1. Smoking- a common example of
judgment processes of the mind. It is
compulsive behavior.
not a feature of the thing judged to be
2. Narcotics- addicted to certain beautiful.
drugs.
3. Gambling- the individual addicted
Psychological Perspectives of
to gambling.
Beauty
4. Shyness- is common during
Halo effect- Cognitive bias or
adolescent and young adult years,
"physical attractiveness stereotype"
5. Obsessive Behavior- the individual and the "what is beautiful is also good"
has the urge to make certain principle. ◦
association, commit a certain action or
think certain thoughts.
Cognitive Psychology - Beauty is
6. Flight- a common characteristic of
defined by the eye –through our
frustration (wish to get away from the
perception.
place in which sorrow happen).
Goldstein (2011)- perception is
LESSON 5: comprised of:

PHYSICAL SELF -Bottom-up processing (physiological

and behavioral experiences)
-Top-down processing (prior beliefs). ◦
Physical self- refers to the body or
physical appearance.
Recognition-by-components theory-
We are not interpreting the face as a
Philosophical Definitions of Beauty whole (the entire face equals beauty)
but rather that we recognize the parts
of the face as examples of beauty
(Goldstein, p.51).
 lightening products to achieve the said
beauty ideals.
Goldstein (2011) - Why does the brain
interpret, "beauty" rather than, "ugly?" Torres (2012)- young Filipino women's
stated: It begins with a person’s dissatisfactions towards their bodies
prior knowledge or expectations. are mostly stemmed from
We already have an idea of what unreasonable weight concerns and
beauty is in our brain, and then the extreme drive to thinness.
brain simply tags the understanding of
beauty whenever it encounters it.
Evolutionary Psychology- Person's
quality as a romantic partner and as a Body Image & Self Esteem
mate.
Lowery, Robinson Kurpius, Befort,
-Attractive males in the eyes of Blanks, Sollenberger, Nicpon, et al.,
females- relatively prominent (2005)- The constant measures of
cheekbones and eyebrow ridges and a thinness and beauty lead people to
relatively long lower face. scrutinize their appearance as well as
those around them, usually resulting in
-While, for females are prominent
viewing their bodies harsher than
cheekbones, large eyes, small nose, a
reality.
taller forehead, smooth skin, and an
overall young or even childlike William James- first termed “self-
appearance that would highly attract esteem” in his theory of the self. For
males. him, self-esteem is a ratio of
successes to pretensions.
Socio-Cultural Aspects of Beauty
Wozniak (1999)- It can be increased
-Beauty underlies greatly within our
by lowering aspirations by increasing
societal and cultural norms.
successes and distinguished ideal
-Beauty ideals are formed by social selves from real selves.
relations and cultural categories and
Self Esteem formula:
practices (Peiss, 2000).
Self-Esteem = Success
Foo (2010)- Plumpness is considered
Pretensions
un-ideal it rather symbolizes the lack of
willpower in the Western culture which Morris Rosenberg (1965)- Self-
prides on smaller figures. esteem is quite simply one’s attitude
toward oneself. "Favorable or
Grogan (2008)- Slenderness in the unfavorable attitude toward the self".
Western norm represents social
success, happiness, and social
acceptability.
Effects of Body Image to Self-
Filipinos are also highly influenced by Esteem
Western culture, this is why many
Body image (how we view ourselves)
women are prompted to observe rigid
can affect our self-esteem (overall
diets, exercises or even undergo
feeling of worth).
surgery procedures, and use skin
Jung and Lee (2006)- Having low or -If sexual arousal is satisfied through
negative body image results in low or sexual intercourse, orgasm would be
poor self-esteem. reached. The refractory period or
period of rest after orgasm is likely to
Boyes, Fletcher, & Latner (2007)-
longer for men. Thus, women can
Having positive feelings towards one's
achieve multiple orgasms due to
appearance results in more positive
shorter refractory periods.
feelings towards one's overall worth.
Human Sexual Behavior
Too high body-image→too much of
self-esteem→narcissistic personality Masturbation or Solitary Sex
disorder (self-centeredness).
Masturbation- sexual self satisfaction.
LESSON 6: SEXUAL Feldman (2014)- men and women
typically start to masturbate for the first
SELF time at different ages ranging from 5-
21 years old with the highest peak at
9-13 years for males and 12-16 years
Sexual self- refers not just to the for females.
biological and physical domains but as
well as its emotional and social Heterosexually- attraction and
domains. behavior toward the other sex is far
more than male and female sexual act.
Sexuality- is a crucial aspect of Kissing, petting, caressing, necking
human as it affects one's thoughts and and massaging, and other forms of sex
behavior. play are parts of heterosexual
behavior.
Biology of Sex
Premarital Sex- particularly for
Biological characteristics-
women was a major taboo. Traditional
specifically sexual genitals differentiate
for women were prohibited by society
male and female; penis and testes for
that the “nice girls” never do it.
males and vagina and ovary for
“Permissiveness with affection”.
females.
Feldman (2014)- premarital sex is
Biological and physiological
permissible to both males and females
change- occurs during the puberty
who have long-termed commitment or
stage. Biologically, secondary sexual
loving relationship.
characteristics develop which you
have discovered already from the Marital Sex- sex in marriage is the
activity. most standard and acceptable sexual
behavior, and generally the gauge of
Testosterone- for males
wedded bliss.
Estrogen- for females
Extramarital Sex- extramarital sex is
Arousal- may be exhibited through a practice between a married person
penile erection in men and vaginal and someone who is not his/her
lubrication or wetness in women. spouse.
Sex- the traits that distinguish between economic opportunities for teenage
males and females. It refers especially mothers. It also entails physical risks
to physical and biological traits, such as miscarriage, emotional stress,
typically assigned at birth (or before and health risk for both mother and
during ultrasound) based on the child. For males, they also burdened
appearance of external genitalia. by the responsibilities of caring for a
new child.
Gender- the condition of being male,
female, or neuter. It implies the 2. Risk of acquiring Sexually
psychological, behavioral, social, and Transmitted Diseases (STDs)-
cultural aspects of being male or
Syphilis- is a bacterial infection
female.
usually spread by sexual contact. The
disease starts as a painless sore —
typically on your genitals, rectum, or
mouth.
Gender Identity
Gonorrhea- is an infection caused by
(APA, 2011)- one's sense of oneself as a sexually transmitted bacterium that
male, female, or something else, infects both males and females.
(APA, 2012; Gainor, 2000)- one's Chlamydia- is a sexually transmitted
gender identity and biological sex are infection (STI) caused by bacteria
not congruent, the individual may called chlamydia trachomatis.
identify along the transgender
Genital Warts- are one of the most
spectrum.
common types of sexually transmitted
Gender Expression- individual's infections.
presentation — including physical
AIDS/HIV- Acquired immunodeficiency
appearance, clothing choice, and
syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic,
accessories — and behavior that
potentially life-threatening condition
communicate aspects of gender or
caused by the human
gender role.
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By
Sexual orientation- relationship damaging your immune system, HIV
between our gender and the gender to interferes with your body's ability to
which we are sexually and emotionally fight infection and disease.
attracted.

Responsible Sexual Behaviors

Importance of Sexuality and Sexual (Macayan, Pinugu, & Castillo, 2018).
Attributes
1. Respect for one’s body- taking
care of one’s body.
Consequences of Sexual Choice 2. Maturity in thoughts and deeds- It
refers to being objective, rational, and
1. Early Pregnancy- Unintended
calm.
pregnancies can lead to poor
education and a lack of social and
3. Being guided by one’s personal
beliefs and core values. grounded by
his or her principles and self-worth.
4. Being future-oriented- Instead of
focusing on the present, a person
should always weigh his or her present
actions with possible consequences in
the future.