CETSE 2023 SYLLABUS FOR ITEM No.

5 [Lab Assistant(Botany)]

PHYCOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT I Introduction to microbial world

General account of the Darwin’s theory of evolution; the evolution of populations,
concepts of species, Mechanism of speciation; Microbial nutrition, growth and
metabolism. Economic importance and scope of viruses and bacteria.

UNIT II Viruses
Discovery, general structure, physiochemical and biological characteristics;
classification (Baltimore), viroids and prions; replication (general account), DNA virus
(T-phage), lytic (T4 phage) and lysogenic cycle (Lambda phage); RNA types: RNA virus
(TMV), Retro virus (HIV), DNA virus (coliphage).

UNIT III Bacteria Discovery, general characteristics; Bergey’s classification of bacteria; Shapes
of bacteria; Types-archaebacteria, eubacteria, wall-less forms (mycoplasma and
spheroplasts); Cell structure; Nutritional types; Reproduction-vegetative, asexual and
recombination (conjugation, transformation and transduction), bacterial genome and
plasmid, gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

UNIT IV Algae I
General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; range of thallus organization; Cell
structure and components; cell wall, pigment system, reserve food (of only groups
represented in the syllabus), flagella; methods of reproduction; Classification; criteria,
system of Fritsch; Significant contributions of important phycologists (F.E. Fritsch,
G.M. Smith). Economic importance of algae.

UNIT V Algae II
General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, reproduction and
life cycle of Cyanophyta (Nostoc), Xanthophyta (Vaucheria), Chlorophyta (Oedogonium),
Charophyta (Chara), Phaeophyta (Ectocarpus) and Rhodophyta
(Polysiphonia)

BIOMOLECULES AND CELL BIOLOGY

UNIT I Biomolecules 1
Types and significance of chemical bonds; Structure and properties of water; pH and
buffers.
Carbohydrates: Nomenclature and classification; Monosaccharides; Disaccharides;
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Lipids: Definition and principle classes of lipids. Storage, metabolic and structural
lipids; Fatty acids Types, structure and functions; Essential fatty acids; Triacyl
glycerols structure, functions and properties; Phosphoglycerides.
UNIT II Biomolecules 2
Proteins: Structure and classification of amino acids; Levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary; Protein denaturation and biological roles
of proteins.
Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleotides;
Types of nucleic acids; Structure of A, B, C and Z types of DNA; Types of RNA; Structure
of tRNA.

UNIT III Bio energetic & enzymes

Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions,
coupled reactions, redox reactions. ATP: structure, its role as an energy currency
molecule.
Structure of enzyme: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic
group; Classification of enzymes; Features of active site, substrate specificity,
mechanism of action (activation energy, lock and key hypothesis, induced - fit theory),
Michaelis – Menten equation, enzyme inhibition and factors affecting enzyme activity.

UNIT IV The cell

Cell as a unit of structure and function; Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells; Chemistry, structure and function of Plant cell wall. Overview of membrane
function; fluid mosaic model; Chemical composition of membranes; Membrane
transport – Passive, active and facilitated transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
Phases of eukaryotic cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis; Regulation of cell cycle-
checkpoints, role of protein kinases.

UNIT V Cell organelles

Nucleus: Structure-nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex, nuclear lamina,
molecular organization of chromatin; nucleolus.
Cytoskeleton: Role and structure of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediary
filament.
Chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes: Structural organization; Function;
Semiautonomous nature of mitochondria and chloroplast.
Endomembrane system: Endoplasmic Reticulum – Structure and function. Golgi
Apparatus – structure and function. Lysosomes- structure and function.

MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY

UNIT I Introduction to true fungi, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota

General characteristics; Ecology, Nutrition; Classification, economic importance of
fungi, Mushroom Cultivation
Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota: Characteristic features; significance;
Reproduction; Life cycle with reference to Synchytrium, Rhizopus.

UNIT II Ascomycota & Basidiomycota

Ascomycota: General characteristics (asexual and sexual fruiting bodies); Life cycle of
Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria
Basidiomycota: General characteristics; Life cycle of Puccinia (Physiological
Specialization), Agaricus life cycle; Bioluminescence, Fairy Rings.
CETSE 2023 SYLLABUS FOR ITEM No.5 [Lab Assistant(Botany)]
UNIT III Allied Fungi, Oomycota & Symbiotic associations
General characteristics; Status of Slime molds, Classification; Occurrence; Types of
plasmodia; Types of fruiting bodies.
Lichen – Occurrence; General characteristics; Growth forms and range of thallus
organization; Nature of associations of algal and fungal partners; Reproduction;
Mycorrhiza-Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza and their significance.

UNIT V Applied Mycology

Role of fungi in biotechnology; Application of fungi in food industry (Flavour & texture,
Fermentation, Baking, Organic acids, Enzymes, Mycoproteins); Secondary metabolites
(Pharmaceutical preparations); Agriculture (Biofertilizers); Mycotoxins; Biological
control (Mycofungicides, Mycoherbicides, Mycoinsecticides, Myconematicides); Medical
mycology.

UNIT V Phytopathology
Terms and concepts; General symptoms; Geographical distribution of diseases;
Etiology; Symptomology; Host-Pathogen relationships; Disease cycle and
environmental relation; prevention and control of plant diseases, and role of
quarantine.
Bacterial diseases – Citrus canker Viral diseases – Tobacco Mosaic viruses.
Algal disease- tea rust
Fungal diseases – Early & late blight of potato, Black stem rust of wheat.
Loose and covered smut (symptoms only)

ARCHEGONIATE

UNIT I Introduction to Bryophytes & Pteridophytes

Unifying features of archegoniates; Transition to land habit; Alternation of generations.
Bryophytes-General characteristics; Adaptations to land habit; Classification; Range of
thallus organization. Pteridophytes- General characteristics; Classification; Early land
plants (Cooksonia and Rhynia).

UNIT II Type Studies- Bryophytes Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy,

reproduction and evolutionary trends of Marchantia, Anthoceros, Sphagnum and
Funaria; Ecological and economic importance of bryophytes with special reference to
Sphagnum.

UNIT III Type Studies- Pteridophytes

Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Psilotum,
Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris (Developmental details not to be included). Apogamy
and apospory, heterospory and seed habit, telome theory, Stelar evolution; Ecological
and economic importance.

UNIT IV Gymnosperms
General characteristics, classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and
reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum (Developmental details not to be included);
Ecological and economic importance.

UNIT V Paleobotany
Geological time scale, fossil types and their formation, general account of dominant
fossil flora of different ages, paleobotany in relation to exploration of fossil fuels

ANATOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
UNIT I Introduction, Structure and Development of Plant Body
Internal organization of plant body: The three tissue systems, types of cells and tissues.
Development of plant body: Polarity, Cyto-differentiation and organogenesis during
embryogenic development.

UNIT II Tissues
Classification of tissues; Simple and complex tissues (no phylogeny); cytodifferentiation
of tracheary elements and sieve elements; Pits and plasmodesmata; Wall ingrowths and
transfer cells, Ergastic substances. Hydathodes, cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.

UNIT III Apical meristems

Evolution of concept of organization of shoot apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory,
Tunica Corpus theory); Types of vascular bundles; Structure of dicot and monocot
stem. Origin, development, arrangement and diversity in size and shape of leaves;
Structure of dicot and monocot leaf, Kranz anatomy. Organization of root apex (Apical
cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory); Quiescent centre; Root cap;
Structure of dicot and monocot root; Endodermis, exodermis and origin of lateral root.

UNIT IV Vascular Cambium and Wood

Structure, function and seasonal activity of cambium; Secondary growth in root and
stem. Axially and radially oriented elements; Types of rays and axial parenchyma;
Cyclic aspects and reaction wood; Sapwood and heartwood; Ring and diffuse porous
wood; Early and late wood, tyloses; Dendrochronology. Development and composition
of periderm, rhytidome and lenticels.

UNIT V Adaptive and Protective Systems

Epidermal tissue system, cuticle, epicuticular waxes, trichomes (uni-and multicellular,
glandular and nonglandular, two examples of each), stomata (classification);
Adcrustation and incrustation; Anatomical adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes.

ECONOMIC BOTANY

NIT I Origin of Cultivated Plants; Sources of sugars and starches

Concept of Centres of Origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s work.
Examples of major plant introductions; Crop domestication and loss of genetic
diversity; evolution of new crops/varieties, importance of germplasm diversity.
sugars and starches -Morphology and processing of sugarcane, products and
byproducts of sugarcane industry. Potato – morphology, propagation & uses.

UNIT II Cereals & Legumes: Spices & Beverages

Wheat and Rice (origin, morphology, processing & uses); Brief account of millets.
Legumes- Origin, morphology and uses of Chick pea, Pigeon pea and fodder legumes.
Importance to man and ecosystem.
Listing of important spices, their family and part used. Economic importance with
special reference to black pepper, ginger, turmeric and chillies.
Beverages- Tea, Coffee (morphology, processing & uses)
CETSE 2023 SYLLABUS FOR ITEM No.5 [Lab Assistant(Botany)]
UNIT III Agro ecosystem
Agro-ecosystem in Nagaland. Jhum cultivation, terrace cultivation, water harvesting
methods, irrigation methods, types of crops grown, cropping system, land use pattern
and its importance to ecosystem.

UNIT IV Sources of oils and fats; Natural Rubber

General description, classification, extraction, their uses and health implications of
groundnut, linseed, soyabean, mustard and coconut (Botanical name, family & uses).
Essential Oils: General account, extraction methods, comparison with fatty oils & their
uses.
Natural Rubber -Para-rubber: tapping, processing and uses.

UNIT V Drug-yielding plants, Timber plants & Fibers

Therapeutic and habit-forming drugs with special reference to Cinchona, Digitalis,
Papaver and Cannabis; Tobacco (Morphology, processing, uses and health hazards).

Timber plants-General account with special reference to teak and pine.

Fibers-Classification based on the origin of fibers; Cotton, Nettle, Coir and Jute
(morphology, extraction and uses).

CORE 7 (BOC 3.31) GENETICS

UNIT I Mendelian genetics and its extension

Mendelism: History; Principles of inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance;
Autosomes and sex chromosomes; Probability and pedigree analysis; Incomplete
dominance and co-dominance; Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy,
Recessive and Dominant traits, Penetrance and Expressivity, Numericals; Polygenic
inheritance.

UNIT II Extrachromosomal Inheritance

Chloroplast mutation: Variegation in Four o’clock plant; Mitochondrial mutations in
yeast; Maternal effects- shell coiling in snail; Infective heredity- Kappa particles in
Paramecium.

UNIT III Linkage, crossing over and chromosome mapping

Linkage and crossing over-Cytological basis of crossing over; Recombination frequency,
two factor and three factor crosses; Interference and coincidence; Numericals based on
gene mapping; Sex Linkage.

UNIT IV Variation in chromosome number and structure; Gene mutations

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Position effect, Euploidy and
Aneuploidy Gene mutations -Types of mutations; Molecular basis of Mutations;
Mutagens – physical and chemical (Baseanalogs, deaminating, alkylating and
intercalating agents); Detection of mutations: ClB method. Role of Transposons in
mutation. DNA repair mechanisms.

UNIT V Fine structure of gene; Population and Evolutionary Genetics

Classical vs molecular concepts of gene; Cis-Trans complementation test for functional
allelism; Structure of Phage T4, rII Locus.
Population and Evolutionary Genetics - Allele frequencies, Genotype frequencies, Hardy-
Weinberg Law, role of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift. Genetic variation and
Speciation.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIT I Nucleic acids: Structures of DNA and RNA

Historical perspective; DNA as the carrier of genetic information DNA structure, Salient
features of double helix, Types of DNA, Types of genetic material, denaturation and
renaturation, cot curves; Organization of DNA- Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes. RNA
Structure_Organelle DNA - mitochondria and chloroplast DNA. The
Nucleosome_Chromatin structure- Euchromatin, Heterochromatin- Constitutive and
Facultative heterochromatin.
Central dogma, Genetic code (deciphering & salient features)

UNIT II The replication of DNA

Chemistry of DNA synthesis (Kornberg’s discovery); General principles – bidirectional,
semiconservative and semi discontinuous replication, RNA priming; Various models of
DNA replication, including rolling circle, θ (theta) mode of replication, replication of
linear ds-DNA, replication of the 5’end of linear chromosome; Enzymes involved in DNA
replication.

UNIT III Transcription

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Principles of transcriptional regulation
Prokaryotes: Regulation of lactose metabolism and tryptophan synthesis in E.coli.
Eukaryotes: transcription factors, heat shock proteins, steroids and peptide hormones;
Gene silencing.

UNIT IV Processing and modification of RNA

Split genes-concept of introns and exons, removal of introns, spliceosome machinery,
splicing pathways, group I and group II intron splicing, alternative splicing eukaryotic
mRNA processing (5’ cap, 3’ polyA tail); Ribozymes; RNA editing and mRNA transport.

UNIT V Translation Ribosome structure and assembly, mRNA; Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl
tRNA synthetases; Various steps in protein synthesis, proteins involved in initiation,
elongation and termination of polypeptides; Fidelity of translation; Inhibitors of protein
synthesis; Post-translational modifications of proteins.

PLANT ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

UNIT I Introduction; soil & water

Basic concepts; Levels of organization. Inter-relationships between the living world and
the environment, the components and dynamism, homeostasis. Soil- Importance;
Origin; Formation, Composition; Physical, Chemical and Biological components. Soil
profile; Role of climate in soil development. Water- Importance: States of water in the
environment, Atmospheric moisture, Precipitation types (rain, fog, snow, hail, dew);
Hydrological Cycle, Water in soil, Water table.

UNIT II Light, temperature, wind and fire. Biotic interactions

Light, temperature, wind and fire- adaptations of plants to their variation. Biotic
interactions- Trophic organization, basic source of energy, autotrophy, heterotrophy;
symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism.
CETSE 2023 SYLLABUS FOR ITEM No.5 [Lab Assistant(Botany)]
UNIT III Population ecology and plant communities
Characteristics and Dynamics. Ecological Speciation Plant communities-Concept of
ecological amplitude; Habitat and niche; Characters: analytical and synthetic; Ecotone
and edge effect; Dynamics: succession – processes, types; climax concepts.

UNIT IV Ecosystems & Functional aspects of ecosystem

Structure; Processes; Trophic organisation; Food chains and Food webs; Ecological
pyramids. Functional aspects of ecosystem- Principles and models of energy flow,
Productivity, biomass, standing crop. Ecological efficiencies, Biogeochemical cycles-
Cycling of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

UNIT V Phytogeography
Principles of Continental drift, Theory of tolerance, Endemism. Brief description of
major terrestrial biomes (one each from tropical, temperate & tundra).
Phytogeographical division of India with special reference to North East region of India.

PLANT SYSTEMATICS

UNIT I Significance of Plant systematics

Introduction to systematics; Plant identification, Classification, Nomenclature.
Evidences from palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and molecular data. Field
inventory; Functions of Herbarium; Important herbaria and botanical gardens of the
world and India; Virtual herbarium; E-flora; Documentation: Flora, Monographs,
Journals; Keys: Single access and Multi-access.

UNIT II Angiosperm taxonomy

Critical study of the following families with emphasis on identification of local members
using flora, economic importance, interrelationship and evolutionary trends- Dicots;
Magnoliaceae, Brassicaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae,
Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae.
Monocots; Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae

UNIT III Taxonomic hierarchy & Taxonomical nomenclature

Concept of taxa (family, genus, species); Categories and taxonomic hierarchy; Species
concept (taxonomic, biological, evolutionary). Botanical nomenclature- Principles and
rules (ICN); Ranks and names; Typification, author citation, valid publication, rejection
of names, principle of priority and its limitations; Names of hybrids.

UNIT IV Systems of classification

Major contributions of Theophrastus, Bauhin, Tournefort, Linnaeus, Adanson, de
Candolle, Bessey, Hutchinson, Takhtajan and Cronquist; Classification systems of
Bentham and Hooker (upto series) and Engler and Prantl (upto series); Brief reference
of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) classification.

UNIT V Phylogeny of Angiosperms & Biometrics, numerical taxonomy and cladistics

Terms and concepts (primitive and advanced, homology and analogy, parallelism and
convergence, monophyly, Paraphyly, polyphyly and clades). Origin and evolution of
angiosperms; Co-evolution of angiosperms and animals. Characters; Variations; OTUs,
character weighting and coding; Cluster analysis; Phenograms, cladograms
(definitions and differences). Methods of illustrating evolutionary relationship
(phylogenetic tree, cladogram).
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

UNIT I Introduction; reproductive biology

History (contributions of G.B. Amici, W. Hofmeister, E. Strasburger, S.G. Nawaschin,
P. Maheshwari, B.M. Johri, W.A. Jensen, J. Heslop-Harrison) and scope. Reproductive
development-Induction of flowering; flower as a modified determinate shoot. Flower
development: genetic and molecular aspects.

UNIT II Anther and pollen biology

Anther wall: Structure and functions, microsporogenesis, callose deposition and its
significance. Microgametogenesis; Pollen wall structure, MGU (male germ unit)
structure, NPC system; Palynology and scope (a brief account); Pollen wall proteins;
Pollen viability, storage and germination; Abnormal features: Pseudomonads, polyads,
massulae, pollinia.

UNIT III Ovule

Structure; Types; Special structures–endothelium, obturator, aril, caruncle and
hypostase; Female gametophyte– megasporogenesis (monosporic, bisporic and
tetrasporic) and megagametogenesis (details of Polygonum type); Organization and
ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.

UNIT IV Pollination and fertilization; self incompatibility

Pollination types and significance; adaptations; structure of stigma and style; path of
pollen tube in pistil; double fertilization. Self incompatibility -Basic concepts
(interspecific, intraspecific, homomorphic, heteromorphic, GSI and SSI); Methods to
overcome self- incompatibility: mixed pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination;
Intra-ovarian and in vitro pollination; Modification of stigma surface, parasexual
hybridization; Cybrids, in vitro fertilization.

UNIT V Embryo, Endosperm, Seed, Polyembryony and apomixis

Structure and types; General pattern of development of dicot and monocot embryo and
endosperm; Endosperm haustoria, Suspensor: structure and functions;
Embryoendosperm relationship; Nutrition of embryo; Unusual features; Embryo
development in Paeonia. Seed structure, importance and dispersal mechanisms
Polyembryony and apomixis -Introduction; Classification; Causes and applications.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT I Plant-water relations

Water Potential and its components, water absorption by roots, pathway of water
movement- symplast, apoplast, transmembrane pathways, aquaporins. Ascent of sap–
cohesion-tension transpirational pull theory, Root pressure. Transpiration and factors
affecting transpiration, antitranspirants, mechanism of stomatal movement, guttation.

UNIT II Mineral nutrition

Essential and beneficial elements, macro and micronutrients, methods of study and
use of nutrient solutions, criteria for essentiality, mineral deficiency symptoms, roles
of essential elements, chelating agents.
CETSE 2023 SYLLABUS FOR ITEM No.5 [Lab Assistant(Botany)]
UNIT III Nutrient Uptake & translocation in the phloem
Soil as a nutrient reservoir, transport of ions across cell membrane, passive absorption,
electrochemical gradient, facilitated diffusion, active absorption, role of ATP, carrier
systems, proton ATPase pump and ion flux, uniport, co-transport, symport, antiport.
Translocation in the phloem -Experimental evidence in support of phloem as the site of
sugar translocation. Pressure–Flow Model; Phloem loading and unloading; Source–sink
relationship.

UNIT IV Plant growth regulators

Discovery, chemical nature (basic structure), bioassay and physiological roles of Auxin,
Gibberellins, Cytokinin, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, Brassinosteroids and Jasmonic acid.

UNIT V Physiology of flowering: Phytochrome, cryptochromes and phototropins

Photoperiodism, flowering stimulus, florigen concept, vernalization, seed dormancy.

Phytochrome, cryptochromes and phototropins - Discovery, chemical nature, role in
photomorphogenesis, Low Energy Responses (LER) and High Irradiance Responses
(HIR), mode of action.

CORE 13 (BOC 6.11) PLANT METABOLISM

UNIT I Concept of metabolism: Carbohydrate metabolism

Introduction, anabolic and catabolic pathways, regulation of metabolism, role of
regulatory enzymes (allosteric, covalent modulation and Isozymes).
Carbohydrate metabolism- Synthesis and catabolism of sucrose and starch.

UNIT II Carbon assimilation

Historical background, photosynthetic pigments, role of photosynthetic pigments
(chlorophylls and accessory pigments), antenna molecules and reaction centres,
photochemical reactions, photosynthetic electron transport, PSI, PSII, Q cycle, CO2
reduction, photorespiration, C3 & C4 pathways; Crassulacean acid metabolism; Factors
affecting CO2 reduction.

UNIT III Carbon Oxidation

Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate, regulation of glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate
pathway, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, regulation of PDH, NADH shuttle; TCA
cycle, amphibolic role, anaplerotic reactions, regulation of the cycle, mitochondrial
electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, cyanide-resistant respiration, factors
affecting respiration.

UNIT IV ATP-Synthesis & Mechanisms of signal transduction

Mechanism of ATP synthesis, substrate level phosphorylation, chemiosmotic
mechanism (oxidative and photophosphorylation), ATP synthase, Boyers
conformational model, Racker’s experiment, Jagendorf’s experiment; role of
uncouplers.
Mechanisms of signal transduction- Receptor-ligand interactions; Second messenger
concept, Calcium calmodulin, MAP kinase cascade.
UNIT V Lipid & nitrogen metabolism
Synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides, β-oxidation, α-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle,
gluconeogenesis and its role in mobilisation of lipids during seed germination.
Nitrogen metabolism- Nitrate assimilation, biological nitrogen fixation (examples of
legumes and non-legumes); Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation; Ammonia
assimilation and transamination.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I Plant Tissue Culture

Historical perspective; Composition of media; Nutrient and hormone requirements (role
of vitamins and hormones); Totipotency; Organogenesis; Embryogenesis (somatic and
zygotic); Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; Tissue culture applications
(micropropagation, androgenesis, virus elimination, secondary metabolite production,
haploids, triploids and hybrids; Cryopreservation; Germplasm Conservation).

UNIT II Recombinant DNA technology

Restriction Endonucleases (History, Types, biological role and application); Restriction
Mapping (Linear and Circular); Cloning Vectors: Prokaryotic; Eukaryotic Vectors (YAC).

UNIT III Gene Cloning

Recombinant DNA, Bacterial Transformation and selection of recombinant clones, PCR
mediated gene cloning; Gene Construct; construction of genomic and cDNA libraries,
screening DNA libraries to obtain gene of interest by genetic selection;
complementation, colony hybridization; PCR

UNIT IV Methods of gene transfer

Agrobacterium-mediated, Direct gene transfer by Electroporation, Microinjection,
Microprojectile bombardment; Selection of transgenics– selectable marker and reporter
genes (Luciferase, GUS, GFP).

UNIT V Applications of Biotechnology

Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants (Round-Up Ready soybean);
Transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr tomato, Golden rice);
Improved horticultural varieties (Moondust carnations); Role of transgenics in
bioremediation (Superbug); edible vaccines; Industrial enzymes (Aspergillase, Protease,
Lipase); Gentically Engineered Products–Human Growth Hormone; Humulin; Biosafety
concerns.