VAATSALYA SCHOOL
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC :- TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE
ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING
HOLLOW PRISM FILLED WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT
FLUIDS
BY – DEV MODI
CLASS – XII-A(MATHS)
Certificate
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DEV MODI, STUDENT OF CLASS –
12TH SCIENCE HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HIS
PHYSICS PROJECT ON “TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE,
OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE,
USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED, ONE BY ONE, WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS”
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETING THIS PROJECT, MANY PEOPLE HAVE
HELPED ME. I WOULD LIKE TO THANK ALL THOSE WHO ARE RELATED
TO THIS PROJECT.
PRIMARILY, I WOULD THANK GOD FOR BEING ABLE TO COMPLETE
THIS PROJECT WITH SUCCESS. THEN I WILL THANK MY PRINCIPAL SIR
MR. PRADEEP PANIGRAHI AND SUBJECT TEACHER MR.
JIGAR TANDEL, UNDER WHOSE GUIDANCE I LEARNED A
LOT ABOUT THIS PROJECT. HIS SUGGESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS
HAVE HELPED IN THE COMPLETION OF THIS
PROJECT.
FINALLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO
HAVE HELPED ME WITH THEIR VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS AND
GUIDANCE AND HAVE BEEN VERY HELPFUL IN VARIOUS STAGES OF
PROJECT COMPLETION.
DEV MODI
12TH SCIENCE
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
PROJECT OVERVIEW
o Aim
o Apparatus Required
o Theory Procedure
o Observations
o Conclusions
o Precautions
o Bibliography
o
INTRODUCTION
In the field of optics, a prism is a clear optical element
featuring flat, polished surfaces that refract light. The
specific angles between these surfaces vary according to
their intended use. The most common geometric shape is
that of a triangular prism, characterized by a triangular
base and rectangular sides; in everyday language, "prism"
typically refers to this form. However, some optical prisms
do not conform to the geometric prism shape. Prisms can
be crafted from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths they are designed for, with common
materials including glass, plastic, and fluorite. They are
capable of dispersing light into its individual spectral
colors, much like the colors of a rainbow. Additionally,
prisms can reflect light or separate it into components
with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light
was colorless, and that the prism itself produced the
color. Newton's experiments demonstrated that all
the colors already existed in the light in a
heterogeneous fashion, and that "corpuscles"
(particles) of light were fanned out because particles
with different colors traveled with different speeds
through the prism.It was only later that Young and
Fresnel combined Newton's particle theory with
Huygens' wave theory to show that color is the visible
manifestation of light's wavelength.
Newton reached his conclusion by passing red light
through a second prism and observing that the color
remained unchanged. From this experiment, he deduced
that the colors were already embedded in the incoming
light, suggesting that white light is made up of a
spectrum of colors. When white light travels through a
triangular prism, it disperses into the array of colors: red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. This array
of colors creates a remarkable spectrum.
the prism is called the spectrum. The separation of
white light into its spectrum is known as dispersion.
Dispersion happens because each color moves
through the prism at varying speeds. Violet travels
the slowest, which is why we observe it refracting
the most. In contrast, red moves at a significantly
faster pace, resulting in a smaller angle of refraction;
therefore, it is less visible.
AIM
TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE
ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE USING HOLLOW PRISM FILLED WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS
APPARATUS REQURIED
o WHITE SHEETS OF PAPER
o HOLLOW PRISM
o DIFFERENT LIQUIDS (WATER, KEROSENE
o OIL, ETC) DRAWING PINS,
o PENCIL
o HALF METER SCALE
o THUMP PINS
o GRAPH PAPERS
o PROTRACTOR
THEORY
A PRISM IS ATRANSPARENTOPTICAL ELEMENT
WITH FLAT, POLISHED SURFACES THAT REFRACT
LIGHT. PRISMS CAN BE MADE FROM ANY
MATERIAL THAT IS TRANSPARENT INCLUDING
GLASS, PLASTIC AND FLUORITE. A PRISM CAN
BE USED TO BREAK LIGHT UP INTO ITS
CONSTITUENT SPECTRAL COLORS. PRISM CAN
ALSO BE USED TO REFLECT LIGHT, OR TO SPLIT
LIGHT INTO COMPONENTSWITH DIFFERENT
POLARIZATIONS. THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
THE LIQUID’S GIVEN BY THE
FORMULA: U=SINI/SINR=SIN((A+D)/2)/SIN(A/2)
WHERE, U-REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE LIQUID.A=
THE ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION=ANGLE OF
PRISM ANGLE OF INCIDENCER=ANGLE OF
REFRACTION.
PROCEDURE
Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with
help of drawing pins.
1) Keep the prism and mark the outline of it
as ABC.
2) Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
3) Draw the angle of incidence in accordance
with the normal PQ and
4) Place 2 pins so that they appear to be in
the straight line.
5) Place the prism filled with given sample of
liquid, on the marked outline ABC.
6) Remove the prism and draw the line joining
the points so obtained.
7) Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
8) Repeat this with different liquid and
different angle of incidence.
OBSERVATION
BENZALDEHYDE
deviation)
U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30) = 1.504
WATER
A (angle of
deviation)
U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30) = 1.306
CONCLUSION
Refractive indices at room temperature:
Benzaldehyde
Actual: 1.546
• Experimental: 1.504
Water
Actual: 1.33
• Experimental: 1.306
PRECAUTIONS
Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60
degree.
Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie
in same line.
Distance b/w two points should not be less
than 10mm.
Same angle of prism should be used for all
observation.
Arrow head should be marked to represent
emergent and incident ray.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following sources were used for the appropriate
information required to complete the project:
Comprehensive: Practical Physics Class XII
NCERT textbook of class XII
