International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)

Volume 13, Issue 5, May 2022, pp.77-87 Article ID: IJARET_13_05_008

Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=13&Issue=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/N9QKS

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

TEACHERS AWARENESS ON THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCHOOL-BASED
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM: BASES
FOR A PROPOSED ACTION PLAN
Jeremias G. Gabion and Lebni T. Bernardino Jr.
Northern Iloilo State University,
Estancia, Iloilo, Philippines

ABSTRACT
Objectives: This study aimed to determine teachers' level of awareness on the
implementation of a school-based disaster risk reduction management program in the
public elementary schools in the Northern Iloilo, Province of Iloilo, the Philippines,
during the school year 2020-2021. Methods: It utilized descriptive research and a
researcher-made questionnaire to obtain the level of awareness of the 179 teachers on
the implementation of a school-based disaster risk reduction management program on
the identified six calamities, namely earthquake, typhoon, flood, tsunami, fire, and
landslide. The researcher-made questionnaire has been submitted for validity and
reliability testing and Cronbach's Alpha was used to determine its reliability. The
statistical tools used were frequency count, percentage, Mean, Median, standard
deviation, Mann- Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis H test. The level of significance
was all set at 0.05 alpha level. Findings: Results revealed that when the respondents
were taken as an entire group, their level of awareness in terms of the earthquake,
typhoon, flood, and landslide was described as "Extremely aware" while in terms of
tsunami and fire were described as "Moderately aware." No significant differences were
found in the level of awareness on implementing school-based disaster risk reduction
management programs when classified as sex, age, length of service, and school
distance, in all the calamities identified in this study. Likewise, no significant differences
were found in the level of awareness on implementing a school-based disaster risk
reduction management program when classified as the place of residence in terms of
the earthquake, typhoon, flood, tsunami, and fire. But there is a significant difference
in teachers' level of awareness on implementing school-based disaster risk reduction
management programs of those teachers living in the Poblacion and Barangay in terms
of landslides.
Key words: Teachers, Awareness, School-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Program.

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 Teachers Awareness on the Implementation of the School-Based Disaster Management Program:
Bases for a Proposed Action Plan

Cite this Article: Jeremias G. Gabion, and Lebni T. Bernardino Jr., Teachers
Awareness on the Implementation of the School-Based Disaster Management Program:
Bases for a Proposed Action Plan, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 13(5), 2022, pp. 77-87.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is prone to disasters and vulnerable to different natural hazards in typhoons,
floods, flash floods, earthquakes, tidal waves, tsunamis, landslides, fires, and armed conflict
[1]. Since then, disaster management has been a part of school practices. A synchronized and
national earthquake drill or simulation in schools all over the Philippines was then being
conducted. Disaster management is an emerging answer to the significant challenges of
calamities. Through an ethic of prevention, disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to reduce the
damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts, and cyclones [2]. DRR
includes disciplines like disaster management, mitigation, and preparedness [3], but DRR is
also part of sustainable development. For development activities to be sustainable, they must
also reduce disaster risk [4]. On the other hand, unsound development policies will increase
disaster risk and losses. Thus, DRR involves every part of society, the government, and every
part of the professional and private sectors [5].
As school administrators and teachers are the frontiers of education, they have a significant
role in the well-being of the children who are in school. So their awareness of disaster risk
reduction management must be wide enough to help children cope with the disastrous effects
of calamities [6]. But sometimes, it is said that teachers also have little knowledge about risks
and skills in risk reduction, and teachers and administrators have a low capacity in disaster
preparedness and response [7]. So, teachers must also be well educated about disaster
management and risk reduction program.
Children are the most vulnerable, but they are also among their school lessons' most
influential and effective communicators. So in practicing drills in school [8], they would be
able to share them with their family members. That is why teachers must be knowledgeable
enough about what they teach to pupils regarding disaster risk reduction management because
teachers are responsible for disseminating information on disaster management [9].
Nonetheless, an academic institution needs to assess the awareness of its teachers towards the
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program, especially in its local setting.

Teachers:
-Age Awareness of the
-Sex Implementation of School-
-Length of Service Based Disaster Risk
-Place of Residence Reduction Management
-Distance from School Program

Figure 1 The relationship between teachers' profile (as to age, sex, length of service, place of
residence, and distance from school) and their awareness of the implementation of school-based
disaster risk reduction management program

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 Jeremias G. Gabion, and Lebni T. Bernardino Jr.

This study aims to determine the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation of
the School-based Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program (SDRRMP). This intends to
empower DRR education to communities through well-groomed school teachers to reduce
disaster risk in the community and establish a disaster-safe society.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design
This descriptive research study was determined to obtain information about the awareness of
one hundred seventy-nine (179) purposively selected teachers in the public elementary schools
in the Northern I, Philippines, for the school year 2019-2020 about the implementation of
SDRRMP. This study is part of the research output conducted last 2017-2018.

2.2 Research Instrument

The data for this study was gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire
got two parts; part I was about the respondents' personal and professional information, such as
age, sex, length of service (in years), place of residence, and distance of the school from the
district office where the teacher is teaching. Part II was divided into 6 parts: II-A with 17 items
referring to earthquake, II-B with 18 items about the typhoon, II-C consists of 20 items about
the flood, II-D with 20 items also about the tsunami, II-E about fire, and II-F with 20 items
referring to landslide.

2.3 Coding and Analysis of Data

The results were analyzed and interpreted to identify teachers' level of awareness on the
implementation of SDRRMP.

2.4 Validity and Reliability of the Coding Process

For the instrument to be valid, it was submitted for content validation. The researcher-made
questionnaire was submitted to the panel and five (5) jurors for suggestions and corrections.
The jurors examined each item of the questionnaire thoroughly using reading it and assessed
whether the items were appropriate for the study or not. Most of the items were revised by the
jurors for the validity of the questionnaire.
In terms of reliability, the questionnaire was tested on forty (40) teachers in the District of
Carles, in the Province of Iloilo, Philippines, wherein twenty (29) teachers came from Bancal
ES and eleven (11) teachers from Barosbos ES.
The responses were computed using Cronbach's Alpha. The computation resulted in a
Cronbach's coefficient alpha of .895 for earthquake, 0.946 for the typhoon, 0.955 for flood, .970
for tsunami, 0.969 for fire, and 0.981 for a landslide.

2.5 Data Gathering Procedure

To gather the data needed for this study, the researcher sent a letter to the District Supervisor
to conduct the study. The researcher personally distributed and retrieved the questionnaire.
After retrieving the questionnaire, the results were then encoded and were submitted to the
statistician. The results were analyzed and interpreted to identify teachers' level of awareness
on the implementation of SDRRMP.

2.6 Ethical Considerations

Ethics was observed in accomplishing the design and purpose of the study. The participants
were given a choice to refuse to participate if they wanted to; once they confirmed their

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 Teachers Awareness on the Implementation of the School-Based Disaster Management Program:
Bases for a Proposed Action Plan

participation, they were given a detailed explanation about the study and briefing ethical issues.
After which, they were asked to sign informed consent forms that stated the consent of their
voluntary participation and assured them of the confidentiality of their responses. All data, such
as the participants' information sheets, informed consent forms, answered the questionnaire,
were safely kept.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation of school-based disaster
risk reduction management programs when teachers were taken as an entire group

Table 1 Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Program when teachers were taken as an Entire Group
Categories M SD Description
Entire Group
Earthquake 4.52 0.48 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.66 0.39 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.5 0.56 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.15 0.77 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.14 0.76 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.23 0.77 Extremely Aware
Legend: 4.21- 5.00 Extremely Aware, 3.14- 4.20 Moderately Aware, 2.61- 3.40 Somewhat Aware,
1.81- 2.60 Slightly Aware, 1.00-1.80 Not at all
Teachers' level of awareness on the implementation of SDRRMP, when taken as an entire
group in terms of earthquake, typhoon, flood, and landslide, was found "Extremely aware"
while in terms of tsunami and fire were found to be "Moderately aware."
The present study conforms with the survey of Lopez et al., which states that the key
personnel in the public schools and all the respondents were aware of the DepEd-related policies
in disaster management, and schools were conducting drills once a year, specifically fire and
earthquake drills (10).
The findings of this study also conform with the study of Zhang et al., which states that
general awareness of the disaster risk reduction and management plan is based on four thematic
areas: disaster prevention and mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster
rehabilitation and recovery (11).
Table 2 represent the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation of school-based
disaster risk reduction management program when teachers were classified as to age

Table 2 Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Program when teachers were classified as to age
Categories M SD Description
Age
Below 30 years old
Earthquake 4.48 0.47 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.61 0.41 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.41 0.73 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.06 0.78 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.2 0.75 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.21 0.89 Extremely Aware

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 Jeremias G. Gabion, and Lebni T. Bernardino Jr.

30 to 40 years old
Earthquake 4.52 0.49 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.67 0.39 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.54 0.53 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.15 0.76 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.17 0.76 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.29 0.75 Extremely Aware
41 to 50 years old
Earthquake 4.48 0.4 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.65 0.35 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.43 0.55 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.04 0.86 Moderately Aware
Fire 3.95 0.79 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.04 0.79 Moderately Aware
Above 50 years old
Earthquake 4.59 0.56 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.73 0.43 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.62 0.44 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.37 0.61 Extremely Aware
Fire 4.31 0.68 Extremely Aware
Landslide 4.37 0.61 Extremely Aware
Legend: 4.21- 5.00 Extremely Aware, 3.14- 4.20 Moderately Aware, 2.61- 3.40 Somewhat Aware,
1.81- 2.60 Slightly Aware, 1.00-1.80 Not at all
When the participants were classified according to age, those teachers whose age belongs
to below 30 years old, in terms of the earthquake, typhoon, flood, and landslide they were found
to be "Extremely aware" and in terms of tsunami and fire they were found to be "Moderately
aware." Teachers ages 30 to 40 years old were found to be "Extremely aware" in terms of
earthquake, typhoon, flood, and landslide, while in terms of tsunami and fire, they were found
"Moderately aware." For 41 to 50, in terms of the earthquake, typhoon, and flood, they were
found to be "Extremely aware," and in terms of tsunami, fire, and landslide, they were
"Moderately aware," respectively. Teachers ages above 50 years old were found to be
"Extremely aware" of all the calamities mentioned identified in this study.
Table 3 demonstrates the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation of school-
based disaster risk reduction management programs when teachers were classified as sex

Table 3 Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-based Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Program when Teachers were classified as to sex

Categories M SD Description
Sex
Male
Earthquake 4.53 0.55 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.73 0.34 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.54 0.48 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.13 0.83 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.17 0.92 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.19 0.87 Moderately Aware

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 Teachers Awareness on the Implementation of the School-Based Disaster Management Program:
Bases for a Proposed Action Plan

Female
Earthquake 4.51 0.47 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.65 0.4 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.5 0.57 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.15 0.77 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.14 0.74 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.23 0.76 Extremely Aware
When the participants were classified according to sex, both male and female teachers in
terms of earthquake, typhoon, and flood were found to be "Extremely aware," respectively.
Male teachers were found to be "Moderately aware" in terms of tsunami, fire, and landslide,
and female teachers were likewise found to be "Moderately aware" in terms of tsunami and fire.
Still, they were found to be "Extremely aware of landslides."
Good practices of gender-inclusive disaster risk reduction worldwide provide strong
evidence that a gender-balanced approach to DRR benefits both men and women. Their equal
and active participation of men and women in DRR makes it possible to achieve the millennium
development goal, sustainable socio-economic development, an overarching goal of the Hyogo
Framework for Action of building the resilience of nation and communities to disasters [12] [13].
Table 4 exposes teachers' level of awareness on the implementation of school-based disaster
risk reduction management programs when teachers were classified as to the length of service.

Table 4 Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Program when Teachers were classified as to Length of Service

Categories M SD Description
Length of Service
Below 10 years
Earthquake 4.54 0.44 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.71 0.34 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.52 0.63 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.16 0.76 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.13 0.81 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.31 0.81 Moderately Aware
10 to 20 years
Earthquake 4.45 0.51 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.55 0.45 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.43 0.54 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.06 0.82 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.1 0.74 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.09 0.76 Moderately Aware
Above 20 years
Earthquake 4.55 0.51 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.72 0.38 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.56 0.47 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.23 0.73 Extremely Aware
Fire 4.21 0.7 Extremely Aware
Landslide 4.23 0.71 Extremely Aware

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 Jeremias G. Gabion, and Lebni T. Bernardino Jr.

When the participants were classified according to the length of service, teachers whose
experience is below ten years their level of awareness in terms of earthquake, typhoon, flood,
and landslide were found to be "Extremely aware" and "Moderately aware" in terms of tsunami
and fire. Teachers with 10 to 20 years of experience in earthquakes, typhoons, and floods were
found to be "Extremely aware" and "Moderately aware" in terms of tsunami, fire, and landslide.
Teachers with experience of above 20 years were found to be "Extremely aware" of all the
identified calamities identified in this study.
This study contradicts the study of Sleeter about the knowledge and practices in school
regarding disaster management among individuals, which states that an increase in teaching
experience may not necessarily be useful in disaster management [14].
Table 5 displays the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation of school-based
disaster risk reduction management programs when teachers were classified as to the place of
residence

Table 5 Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Program when Teachers were classified as to Place of Residence

Category M SD Description
Place of Residence
Poblacion
Earthquake 4.59 0.62 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.6 0.45 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.37 0.74 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.17 0.77 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.06 0.7 Moderately Aware
Landslide 3.9 0.99 Moderately Aware
Barangay
Earthquake 4.5 0.44 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.68 0.38 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.53 0.51 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.14 0.77 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.16 0.77 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.29 0.7 Extremely Aware
When the participants were classified according to the place of residence, the level of
awareness of teachers living in the Poblacion in terms of earthquake, typhoon, and flood were
found to be "Extremely aware" and "Moderately aware" in terms of tsunami, fire, and landslide.
For those living in the Barangay, in terms of the earthquake, typhoon, flood, and landslide, they
were found to be "Extremely aware" and "Moderately aware" in terms of tsunami and fire.
Table 6 exposes teachers' level of awareness on the implementation of school-based disaster
risk reduction management program when teachers were classified as to the distance of the
school.

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 Teachers Awareness on the Implementation of the School-Based Disaster Management Program:
Bases for a Proposed Action Plan

Table 6 Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Program when Teachers were classified as to Distance of the School

Category M SD Description
Distance of the School (where the teacher is teaching)
Near
Earthquake 4.53 0.48 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.98 0.38 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.48 0.61 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.12 0.82 Moderately Aware
Fire 4.18 0.72 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.21 79 Extremely Aware
Far
Earthquake 4.48 0.48 Extremely Aware
Typhoon 4.61 0.4 Extremely Aware
Flood 4.56 0.41 Extremely Aware
Tsunami 4.21 0.61 Extremely Aware
Fire 4.04 0.83 Moderately Aware
Landslide 4.27 0.72 Extremely Aware
When the participants were classified according to the distance of school (where the teacher
is teaching), the level of awareness of teachers in near schools in terms of earthquake, typhoon,
flood, and landslide was found to be "Extremely aware" and in terms of tsunami and fire were
found to be "Moderately aware." Teachers teach in far schools from the district office, their
level of awareness in terms of earthquake, typhoon, flood, tsunami, and landslide was found
"Extremely aware" and "Moderately aware" in the fire.
The findings of this study contradicted the results of the study of Hirsh et al. that educators
lacked knowledge on vulnerability assessment, planning, public education and training,
warning systems, and rehearsal (15).
The findings of this study also contradict the study of Simpas, which states that teachers are
aware of disaster management yet still awareness on disaster management should be improved
and both male and female teachers should be given in-service training in general awareness
activities and related administration related to disaster management (16).
Table 7 represents the differences in the level of awareness of teachers on the
implementation of school-based disaster risk reduction management programs when teachers
were classified as sex

Table 7 Differences on the Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program when Teachers were classified as to sex
Earthquake Typhoon Flood Tsunami Fire Landslide
Mann-Whitney U 134.5 1272 1398 1441.5 1303.5 1407
Z -0.6 -0.855 -0.246 -0.036 -0.699 -0.202
p 0.548 0.392 0.806 0.971 0.484 0.84
r 0.04 0.06 0.02 0 0.05 0.02
Table 8 shows the. differences in the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation
of school-based disaster risk reduction management programs when teachers were classified as
to the place of residence

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 Jeremias G. Gabion, and Lebni T. Bernardino Jr.

Table 8 Differences on the Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program when Teachers were Classified as to Place of
Residence
Earthquake Typhoon Flood Tsunami Fire Landslide
Mann-Whitney U 1784 2009 1928.5 2286 2025 1669
Z -1.955 -1.095 -1.399 -0.031 -1.027 -2.387
p 0.051 0.274 0.162 0.976 0.304 0.017*
r -0.15 -0.08 -0.1 0 -0.08 -0.17
*p<0.05, Significant at 0.05 alpha level
Table 9 shows the differences in the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation
of school-based disaster risk reduction management programs when teachers were classified as
to the distance of the school

Table 9 Differences on the Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program when Teachers were Classified as to Distance of the
School
Earthquake Typhoon Flood Tsunami Fire Landslide
Mann-Whitney U 3035 2841 3074.5 3175.5 2934.5 3023.5
Z -0.488 -1.121 -0.359 -0.031 -1.812 -0.523
p 0.626 0.262 0.72 0.975 0.417 0.601
r -0.04 -0.08 -0.03 0 -0.13 -0.04
Table 10 denotes the differences in teachers' level of awareness on the implementation of
school-based disaster risk reduction management programs when teachers were classified as to
age.

Table 10 Differences on the Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program when Teachers were Classified as to Age
Earthquake Typhoon Flood Tsunami Fire Landslide
Chi-Square 3.757 4.397 3.332 4.646 5.124 5.607
df 3 3 3 3 3 3
p 0.289 0.222 0.343 0.2 0.163 0.132
No significant difference was revealed in the level of awareness on the implementation of
SDRRMP when classified according to age, sex, length of service, and distance of the school
in all the calamities identified in this study.
Table 11 indicates the differences in the level of awareness of teachers on the
implementation of school-based disaster risk reduction management programs when teachers
were classified as to the length of service.

Table 11 Differences on the Level of Awareness of Teachers on the Implementation of School-Based

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program when Teachers were Classified as to Length of Service
Earthquake Typhoon Flood Tsunami Fire Landslide
Chi-Square 1.713 5.501 2.041 1.578 0.491 5.141
df 2 2 2 2 2 2
p 0.425 0.064 0.36 0.454 0.782 0.076
No significant differences were also revealed in the level of awareness on the
implementation of SDRRMP when classified according to a place of residence in terms of
earthquake, typhoon, flood, tsunami, and fire, but there is a significant difference in the level

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 Teachers Awareness on the Implementation of the School-Based Disaster Management Program:
Bases for a Proposed Action Plan

of awareness of teachers on the implementation of SDRRMP of those teachers who were living
in the Poblacion and Barangay in terms of landslide. Furthermore, teachers living in the
Barangay were more aware than teachers who were living in the Poblacion.
Thus, the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis, which states that "there are no
significant differences in the level of awareness of teachers on the implementation of SDRRMP
when classified according to age, sex, length of service, and distance of the school" in terms of
earthquake, typhoon, flood, tsunami, fire, and landslide. When classified as the place of
residence in terms of earthquake, typhoon, flood, tsunami, and fire, the researcher also failed to
reject the null hypothesis but rejected it in terms of landslide.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The study sought to determine teachers' awareness of the implementation of SDRRMP. They
were classified as to their profile (age, sex, length of service, and distance from school) in terms
of earthquake, typhoon, flood, tsunami, fire, and landslide. The findings confirmed that their
respondents were generally aware of the implementation of SDRRM Programs. On this, there
were no significant differences in their above-stated awareness levels when classified into their
profiles and in terms of specific natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons, floods,
tsunamis, fires, and landslides. This means that the academic institution is well equipped with
teachers to facilitate DRR education for their students and communities to reduce disaster risk
in the community and establish a disaster-safe society.

5. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that the school governing institutions such as the Department of Education
and the Commission on Higher Education should further strengthen and reintroduce disaster
preparedness and resiliency programs to all members of the academe. Also, a training
curriculum on all levels to better equip stakeholders with proper skills in management and
prevention of disasters is required. Policies and guidelines should be backed by appropriate
regulation/s, and continuous effective monitoring should be implemented to conduct the
activities and programs for disaster properly. Lastly, the current study can be replicated by other
academic institutions to build a larger perspective on disaster preparedness and resiliency
programs of the government. Further research should also be conducted regarding disaster
preparedness programs and variables not stated in this study.

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