Module 3 Stage Check Study Guide

Pilot Qualifications

· List the durations and privileges of each class of FAA Medical certificate

<40 years old First Class-ATP

First Class-12months Second Class- Commercial

Second Class-12months Third Class-Private/Recreational/others

Third Class-60months

>40 years old

First Class-6months

Second Class-12months

Third Class-24months

· Explain which pilot documents must be produced during a FAA ramp inspection

Pilots license, valid form of government ID, medical certificate

o With a valid FAA Medical certificate

o With BasicMed in lieu of a FAA Medical certificate

§ Recordkeeping requirements

Comply with general BasicMed reqs. (US driver's license, held medical after July 14, 2006

Physical exam with state-licensed physician

Complete BasicMed medical education course

§ Aircraft and operating limitations

Aircraft

Any aircraft authorized under federal law to carry not more than 6 occupants

Max certified T/O weight of not more than 6000 lbs

Operating

Carries not more than 5 passengers

Operates in VFR or IFR less than 18000 MSL not exceeding 250kts

Not operated for compensation or hire

· List the privileges and limitations of a Private Pilot

 o Compensation

o Pro-rata share

o Glider towing

o Category/Class ratings

o Endorsement requirements (Complex, High Performance, etc.)

Complex- has flaps, retractable landing gear, and variable pitch prop

High Performance- any one engine has above 200hp

Tail Wheel

High Altitude-any airplane with service ceiling or max operating altitude above FL250

· Explain the requirements related to completing a Flight Review

o Frequency

Every 24 calendar months

o Duration and content

1 hour ground instruction and 1 hour in flight with qualified instructor

o Exceptions

Glider pilots – min 3 instructional flights in glider

Persons who hold a flight instructor certificate – completed renewal and does not need 1 hour of ground
training

· Explain passenger carrying currency requirements

o Frequency of takeoffs and landings

Must have 3 T/O and LDGs

o Category, class, and type requirements

Category-with respect to certification of airmen: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, and lighter-than-air

With respect to certification of aircraft: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and
provisional

Class- With respect to certification of airmen: single engine, multiengine, land, water, gyroplane, helicopter,
airship, and free balloon

With respect to aircraft: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, balloon, landplane, and seaplane

Type- Aircraft with above 12,500lb Max T/O weight, turbojet-powered aircraft, other

o Day and night considerations

· Explain what a pilot is required to log in his or her logbook

 Flight review and endorsements

Aircraft Airworthiness

· List the required aircraft documents

Airworthiness Cert.- doesn’t expire unless alterations impacting airworthiness are made

Registration- every 7 years

FOM-doesn’t expire

Weight and Balance- doesn’t expire unless major alterations are made to aircraft

o Certificate location and expiration dates

Airworthiness Cert. must be displayed so that crew and passengers can see it

· List the required inspections and their durations

· Annual- every 12 calendar months

· VOR- every 30 days

100 hr- every 100 hrs, 10hrs wiggle room
Airspeed/PitotStatic- every 24 calendar months
Transponder- every 24 calendar months
ELT-every 12 calendar months, replace after half battery life or 1hr cumulative usage

o Operations requiring a 100-hour inspection

For hire ops

o Types of certifications required for Annual and 100 Hour Inspections

o ELT inspection and battery replacement requirements

· Explain Airworthiness Directives (AD’s), Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins (SAIB’s) and Service
Bulletins (SB’s)

AD’s- mandatory from FAA

SAIB’s- recommendations from FAA

SB’s- recommendations from manufacturers

· Determine the airworthiness of the aircraft with inoperative equipment (FAR 91.213)

o Day and Night VFR required equipment in part 91.205

A ltimeter

T ach

O il Temp gauge
 M anifold pressure gauge

A irspeed indicator

T emperature gauge

O il pressure gauge

F uel gauge

L anding gear indicator lights

A nti collision lights

M agnetic compass

E LT

S afety belts and harnesses

F uses

L anding light

A nti collision light

P osition light

S ource of power

o Use of Kinds of Operations list in AFM

o Placarding requirements

Remove and disconnect power and label INOP

o Purpose and use of an MEL

· Explain the purpose of a Special Flight Permit and how to obtain one

If aircraft is not airworthy, can use this to take aircraft somewhere to be fixed. Must call up local FSDO to obtain one

· Explain preventive maintenance and determine what is considered to be preventive maintenance

Aircraft able to be done by a non-certified mechanic, eg. Changing oil, replacing tire

Weather

· Obtain a preflight weather briefing from an appropriate source for the assigned cross country

· Decode and explain information on all applicable weather products:

o METAR change per hr

 o TAF Terminal Aerodrome Forecast 4x a day and last fir 24-30 hr

o Pirep Pilot Report

o Winds Aloft 4x per day last 6 hr, 12hr, 24hr

o Airmets/Sigmets/Convective Sigmets sigmets 4 hr period

Tango-turbulence

Sierra- low visibility or mountain obscuration

Zulu- icing

o G-AIRMET’s 4x per day last up to 6 hr

o GFA (Graphical Forecasts for Aviation)

o Surface analysis chart 8x per day

o Prognostic charts

o Radar and radar summary chart

o Convective outlook chart

o Winds and temperatures aloft chart 4x per day last 6 hr, 12hr, 24hr

· List the durations, times of issuance, and valid times for all weather products

· Define IFR, MVFR, and VFR

LIFR – <500 foot ceilings; <1SM Visibility (MAGENTA)

IFR – 500-1000 foot ceilings; 1-3SM Visibility (RED)

MVFR – 1000-3000 foot ceilings; 3-5SM Visibility (BLUE)

VFR - >3000 foot ceilings; >5SM Visibility (GREEN)

· Define atmospheric stability and explain the flight conditions typically associated with stable and unstable air

The resistance of the atmosphere to vertical motion

· Define fronts and explain the different types of frontal systems

o Warm, Cold, Occluded, Stationary

Warm- warm, typically lower pressure air moving in

Cold- cold, typically higher pressure air moving in

Occluded- warm front overtaken by cold front

Stationary- no warm or cold front can overtake the other

o Associated weather

Warm- light/moderate precipitation, poor visibility

 Cold- heavy precipitation, eventually good visibility

Occluded- embedded thunderstorms, rain, fog

Stationary- mix of warm and cold

o Chart symbology

Warm-red w/ half circles

Cold- blue w/ points

Occluded- purple w/ half circles and points

Stationary- mix of warm and cold

· Explain high and low pressure systems

o Expected weather

Bad visibility and stable air -Low

Good visibility and unstable air -High

o Airflow

CCW Low

CW High

· Describe the hazards associated with thunderstorms

o Proper avoidance procedures

Stay 20NM away and out from under the anvil

o Formation and phases of a thunderstorm

Requires: instability, lifting action, and moisture

Cumulus

Mature

Dissipating

· Explain the hazards associated with frost and inflight icing

Ice on wings can cause higher stall speed due to heavier wing and not good airflow around airfoil

o Types of structural icing and associated flight conditions

Rime

Mixed

Clear
 o Freezing level information

o Methods of detecting structural icing

Observe it

Electronic detection

o Procedures for exiting icing conditions

Turn around and descend out to lower warmer altitude or a temp inversion

o Induction icing formation and effect on engine performance

o Equipment available to handle induction and structural icing

Redirection of engine heat to parts of wing

Inflation of rubber boot on wing or propeller

o Tailplane Icing

Ice on tail of plane causes tail to stall results in down nose pitch

o Proper airspeeds and flap configuration during landing

· Define wind shear and explain wind shear hazards and avoidance procedures

Sudden dramatic change of wind speed or direction in a very short distance

· Describe wake turbulence avoidance procedures

T/O and stay above departure path

LDG stay above approach path and land beyond their touchdown point

· List and describe the types of fog

Advection

Upslope

Precipitation

Radiation

· Make an appropriate Go/No-go decision for the proposed cross-country based on the weather

Cross Country Planning

Note:

On the day of the stage check, the final flight plan shall be to the first fuel stop, based on the assigned weights of passengers and
baggage.
· Explain how assess risk using the elements of the PAVE checklist

P ilot

A ircraft

en V ironment

E xternal pressures

· Define and differentiate between pilotage and dead reckoning

Pilotage- navigation by landmarks

Dead reckoning- computation of distance and direction from a known position

· Complete a navigation log and flight plan form for an assigned VFR cross country

· Explain calculated wind correction angle, variation, and deviation

· Explain the factors considered when selecting a cruising altitude

o Regulatory cruise altitude requirements

WEEO

o Regulatory minimum safe altitude requirements

Congested Areas- 1000ft above tallest thing withing 2000 ft horzi

Other than Congested Areas- 500 ft above surface

Sparsely populated and open water- 500 ft away from nearest human made thing

o Wind considerations

o Performance considerations

· Explain how to determine maximum elevations along a route

· Estimate the total time, fuel, and distance necessary to climb to cruising altitude

· Estimate the total time enroute and fuel burn for the flight

o Explain regulatory fuel reserve requirements day and night

· Identify all symbols on appropriate terminal and sectional charts

· Reference and explain appropriate Chart Supplement entries and Airport Diagrams

· Obtain and apply all applicable NOTAM’s and TFR’s

· Describe how VOR’s and GPS may be utilized for navigation

· Describe how to open and close a VFR flight plan

 o Locating FSS frequencies

· Describe how to request radar flight following

· Describe the methods for obtaining an inflight weather briefing

National Airspace System

· List and describe all types of normal-use airspace

A- 18,000- FL600, IFR only

B- Surface-10,000

C- Surface-4,000

D- Surface-2,500

E- 700 or 1,200- 17,999, when not depicted- 14,500-17,999, FL600-above

G- Anywhere not ABCDE

· Describe the locations and expected services of all types of airspace

B- busy airports

C-busy but not busy enough to be B

D-Not super busy

E-Not busy

· Identify all types of airspace on a terminal or sectional chart

Solid Blue- B

Solid Red- C

Dashed Blue- D

Magenta Fade- E

o Ceilings and floors of all airspace

o Class E/G symbology

Solid side of magenta transition line means Echo is at 1,200 and lighter side is 700

· List the VFR weather minimums in all classes of airspace

A-N/A

B-3sm clear of clouds

C-3512
D-3512
E-Above 10,000MSL 5111
 Below 10,000MSL 3512
G- <=1,200 AGL

Day 1sm clear of clouds

Night 3512

>1,200 AGL <10,000 MSL

Day 1512

Night 3512

>1,200 AGL >10,000 MSL

5111

· List the requirements for entering all classes of airspace

o Communication, equipment, pilot qualification

B-Must be cleared, two-way radio need Mode-C Transponder

C- two way comms, two-way radio and Mode-C transponder
D- two way comms, two-way radio
E
G

o Describe the process of establishing two-way communication

ATC must say call sign

· Define Special VFR and explain how to request a SVFR clearance

o Weather minimums

1SM, clear of clouds

o Acceptable locations

o Equipment and certification requirements

(At Night) IFR equipped airplane w/ IFR rated PIC

· List the regulatory aircraft speed limits in all altitudes and types of airspace

<10,000, <=250kts IAS

Under Class B, <=200kts IAS

<2,500 and within 4NM of D or C, <=200kts IAS

· List all areas where an operable altitude reporting transponder is required

In Class A,B,C or altitude of >10,000MSL

· List all areas where ADS-B Out equipment is required

Within Class A,B,C or above and within lateral boundaries of Class B and C up to 10,000MSL
 · \ List and describe all types of special use airspace

Prohibited-established for national welfare

Restricted-areas where almost invisible hazards exist

Warning Areas-3NM out from coasts

MOAs-Military Operations Area

Alert Areas-high volume of pilot training or unusual aerial activity

Controlled Firing Areas-activities that may be hazardous to non participating aircraft, do not have to change course

National Security Areas-in areas where there is a requirement for increased security and safety of ground facilities

o Operational limitations

o Expected hazards and activities

o Operational times, altitudes, and controlling agencies

· Describe the training requirements for VFR entry into the DC Special Flight Rules Area per FAR 91.161

Cannot act as PIC within 60NM of DCA VOR/DME under VFR unless you have completed Special Awareness
Training and holds certificate of training completion

Performance and Limitations

· List and explain all aircraft v-speeds

VS0 – 36kts; stalling speed with full flaps

VS1 – 44kts, stalling speed with no flaps

VR – 44kts, rotate speed

Vx (T/O) - 57kts, best angle

Vx (Cruise) - 60kts, best angle

Vy (T/O) - 68kts, best rate

Vy (Cruise) - 75kts, best rate

VFE (LDG) – 78kts, max speed for Landing Flaps

VFE (T/O) – 100kts, max speed for Take-off Flaps

Va – 106kts, max structural speed

VNO – 118kts, max speed in non-clean air

VNE – 164kts, never exceed speed

· Discuss the factors that affect stall speed

CG- forward increases stall speed; aft decreases stall speed

Load Factor- higher load factor means higher stall speed

Weight- increased weight increased stall speed, vice versa

· Describe a spin and explain spin recovery procedures

Aggravated Stall, one wing is more stalled than the other

P ower idle

A ilerons Neutral
R udder Opposite
E levator slight forward pressure

· Define load factor and list the load factor limitations

Ratio between lift and weight

Cruise: 4.4 and -2.0
T/O LDG: 2.2 and 0

· List and describe the four turning tendencies

P-Factor- asymmetric thrust, one blade takes bigger “bite”, Left HighAOA, Right LowAOA

Gyroscopic Procession- Force occurs 90 deg. ahead of where it is applied, Left HighAOA, Right LowAOA

Torque- crankshaft spins one way, rest of the plane wants to turn the other, N3, Left

Spiraling Slipstream- airflow spirals around the fuselage and hits vert. stabilizer, Left

· Explain the aerodynamic forces present in a turn

o Vertical and horizontal components of lift

o Rate and radius of turn

Rate- how fast/slow turn is

Radius- how large/small turn is

· Explain adverse yaw and overbanking tendency

Adverse yaw- in a turn, high wing has aileron deflected down thus creating drag which can cause a slip if not corrected

Overbanking tendency- outward high wing is traveling a larger distance therefore at a higher speed thus creating more
lift

· Define all terms related to weight and balance

CG- center of gravity of aircraft

Datum- imaginary line of which you take measurements for arm

Arm- horizontal distance in inches

Moment- arm multiplied by weight

Standard Empty Weight- weight of airplane including unusable fuel and full operating fluids (oil, hydraulic fluid)

Basic Empty Weight- Standard Empty Weight plus optional equipment

Useful Load- Total of Fuel, cargo, passengers

Payload- Fuel, cargo, passengers

· List all weight limitations

1770 Max Ramp Weight

1764 Max T/O and LDG Weight

44 Max Baggage compartment weight

· Complete an aircraft weight and balance for given conditions

· Describe the effects of CG location on aircraft performance, controllability, and stability

Forward CG- decrease performance, decrease controllability, increase stability

Aft CG- increase performance, increase controllability, decrease stability

· Describe the effects of aircraft weight on performance

Increase weight, decrease performance, vice versa

· Demonstrate the use of all aircraft performance charts

· Calculate and explain pressure altitude and density altitude

PA- height above standard datum plane (29.92- field alt. setting)x1000+Field Elevation

DA- altitude corrected for nonstandard temp. (Field temp – 15)x120+PA

· Calculate the headwind and crosswind component for the expected runway

· Calculate and explain takeoff and landing distances

· Calculate all necessary climb, cruise, and descent performance numbers

Operation of Systems

· Describe the engine

o Make, model, horsepower, RPM

Continental IO-240B, 125BHP, 2800RPM

o Oil quantity min/max and allowed grades

4-6, 20W50

o Four-stroke operating cycle

Intake, Compression, Combustion, Exhaust

· Explain the purpose of magnetos and spark plugs

Magnetos- provide spark for spark plugs

Spark Plugs- create spark causing explosion

o Magneto check procedure

Throttle to 1700, Engine gauges stable, ignition to left, verify RPM drop and EGT increase, back to both,
regain RPM and decrease EGT, ignition to right, verify RPM drop and EGT increase, back to both, regain
RPM and decrease EGT

o Magneto abnormalities during runup

No drop in RPM. Could mean that p-lead is broken (not grounding)

Too great a drop in rpm- fouled plug or bad ignition wire or improper timing to a bad magneto

· Explain the purpose of the mixture control

How much fuel is in the fuel air mixture

o Manufacturer recommended aircraft leaning procedure

25 degrees rich of peak

· Explain the purpose of the alternate air control

As a precaution against possible blockage of the air filter by ice or impact ice (snow) build-up

o Describe how to tell if alternate air control needs to be activated

Unusual significant drop in RPM

· List the requirements for engine baffle usage

Under 0 C, inlet baffles installed. -10C and below, install both inlet and outlet baffles.

· Describe the process for dealing with engine emergencies

o Engine failure

A irspeed - 73kt
B est place to land
C hecklist
D eclare emergency
 E xecute

o Engine fire

Emergency descent

Fuel Shut off valve closed

Cabin Heat closed

Mixture Idle cutoff

Fuel Pump off

Ignition Switch off

· Describe the fuel system

o Fuel pumps, prime, tank capacity

Two pumps- electric and engine driven

Prime- higher RPM setting of electric fuel pump
Fuel capacity- 24.5, 24 useable, 0.5 unusable

o Fuel injection benefits and drawbacks

Benefits- efficient, not prone to carb icing

Drawbacks- vapor lock, hard to start

o Approved fuel grades and colors

100 - green 100LL - blue

· Describe the basic operation of a carburetor

Venturi creates a low pressure zone where fuel is injected into air. This fuel air mixture then enters into the combustion
chamber

o Carburetor ice considerations

Decrease in rpm can be noticed

o Use of carburetor heat

exhaust is introduced into carburetor to melt ice

· Describe the hydraulic brake system

Red fluid
Press right brake, right brake brakes and vice versa
If left seat brakes fail, right seat also fail. If right seat fail, left seat may still work.

· Explain the electrical system

Gen charges Batt

o Generator and battery

14V Gen, 12V Batt

 o Normal and abnormal voltmeter and ammeter indications

While flying- Voltmeter 14V and Ammeter at 0

o Instrument and panel lighting

· Describe the process for dealing with electrical emergencies

o Generator failure

GEN/BAT Master switch cycle

GEN circuit breaker reset if tripped

GEN CONTROL circuit breaker reset if tripped

If GEN can not be brought online switch to off and switch off all non essential electric using things

o Complete electrical failure

Battery circuit breaker reset if tripped

GEN/BAT Master switch on

Master switch off if power is not restored

Fly back to airport and circle 500 ft above pattern altitude and wait for lght gun signals

· Explain which systems are dependent on the electrical system and which are not

Dependent- avionics, lights, flaps

Independent- magnetos, sparkplugs

· Explain how to use the avionics

o Audio panel and intercom

o Communication radio

o VOR and GPS

o Selection of VOR or GPS on the CDI

· List the transponder codes and their purpose

7700-General Emergency

7600-Electrical Emergency

7500-Hijacking

· Describe lost communication procedures

o ATC light gun signals

Solid Red – Ground stop, air go-around

 Flashing Red – exit runway, air airport not safe to land

Solid Green – ground clear for takeoff, air clear to land

Flashing Green – ground clear to taxi, air clear to approach

Flashing White – ground return to starting point, air n/a

Alternating Green and Red- Proceed with extreme caution

· Explain the operation of cabin heat

Air flows around exhaust manifold and enters cabin

· List the flight instruments and their associated systems

Altimeter- static port

Airspeed Indicator- pitot static system

Attitude Indicator- vacuum and gyro

VSI- static port

HSI- vacuum and gyro

Turn/Slip Coordinator- vacuum and gyro

· Describe the basic operation of the pitot-static system

Human Factors

· Define hypoxia and explain the different types of hypoxia

Hypoxia- lack of oxygen in blood stream

Hypoxic Hypoxia- lack of pressure to allow oxygen to enter the lungs

Hypemic Hypoxia-red blood cells inability to transport oxygen to the tissues

Histotoxic Hypoxia-cells have problem receiving oxygen

Stagnant Hypoxia-inadequate circulation of oxygen molecules

o Symptoms

Increased breathing rate, headache, dizziness, poor coordination, lack of judgment

o Corrective actions

Supplemental oxygen

o Regulatory oxygen requirements

12500-14000 required crew must wear oxygen after 30min

 >14000 required crew must wear oxygen for entire duration of flight at that altitude

>15000 each occupant of the aircraft must be provided with oxygen

· Describe the causes, effects, and recognition of carbon monoxide poisoning

o Risks associated with operating an aircraft with a leak in the exhaust system

Carbon Monoxide cannot be seen, smelt, or tasted

o Corrective actions

Close cabin heat, open a window

o Time required to recover from CO poisoning and hypoxia

up to 24hrs

· Explain the causes, symptoms, risks, and corrective actions of:

o Hyperventilation

Stress, excessive loss of carbon in blood, imbalance of carbon and oxygen, can cause a person to pass out,
use paper bag or talk through your checklists

o Middle ear and sinus problems

Can cause added pain and pressure

o Spatial disorientation

During IMC or night typically, your body believes you are moving one way when you are not, rely
completely on instruments

o Motion sickness

Stare at horizon

o Dehydration

Drink water and bring water bottle with you when you fly

o Hypothermia

Caused by cold, can lead to heart and respiratory system failure, warm up

o Optical illusions

Understand when different illusions may occur and be aware of them

· List the regulatory requirements regarding alcohol consumption

Not above .04 BAC and 8 hours bottle to throttle or until effects of alcohol are no longer

· Explain the effects of drugs and over the counter medications

o Determining whether medication is appropriate for flight

 Refer to FAA website or AME

Recommended to wait 5x the dosage period

· Explain the effects of excess nitrogen during scuba dives on a pilot or passenger during flight

o Recommended waiting periods between diving and flying

12hrs after you get out of water and don’t need decompression

24hrs after if you have to decompress or controlled ascent

Night Operations

· Define “night” according to regulations

“means time between the end of evening civil twilight and beginning of morning civil twilight”

· Determine when night flight time can be legally logged

· Explain night currency requirements for carrying passengers

3 T/Os and LDGs full stop, 1 hr after sunset and 1 hr before sunrise

· Explain the parts of the eye as they relate to night vision

Rods provide you with ability to see at night

· Describe the proper night visual scanning technique and how it differs from the day

Refer to your peripheral vision

· Describe how the assigned cross country may be planned or executed differently at night

Checkpoints are lighted objects or cities, cannot see the ground so emergencies are planned for differently

· Explain aircraft lighting systems

o Appropriate times of use

Position lights in use from sunset to sunrise

o Determining aircraft position in flight based on lights

· List all equipment required for night flight

F uses

L DG Light

A nti Collision Lights

P osition Lights

S ource of Power
· Explain visual illusions including:

o Empty field myopia

Near sightedness when flying at night, associated with ifr conditions, counter by looking at another light
source

o Autokinesis

Something in distance appears to be moving, caused by staring at a light in the distance for a long time

o False horizon

Cannot find actual horizon so you use a fake one, can be caused when incoming wall of clouds or haze is
moving in.

o Somatogravic illusions

Feels like you’re pitched up more than you are

· Explain landing illusions including:

o Featureless terrain

Lack of reference to ground features, eg. Over water, snow, dark areas, higher approach

o Runway width and slope

Narrow runway- lower approach

Wider runway- higher approach

Down sloping runway- higher approach

Upsloping runway- lower approach

o Black hole approach

Occurs when going into dark area, typically you come in lower

· Discuss all airport, taxiway, and runway lighting systems

o Explain Pilot Controlled Lighting

RWY lighting- 3 clicks on mic for LIRL, 5 clicks on mic for MIRL, 7 clicks on mic for HIRL