FINALS (Perdev) Reviewer

. 1 Personal Relationships

What is a Personal Relationship?

– Personal relationships are characterized by shared understanding,

mutual trust, and social bonding, with communication initially focusing on
exchanging personal information and later sharing mutual experiences.

3 Kinds of Personal Relationships

Family The Bureau of the Census defines
family as two or more individuals
1
related by birth, marriage, or
adoption, living together as one
household, a crucial aspect of any
relationship.
Friends A friendship is a close bond formed
through mutual experiences, shared
interests, proximity, and emotional
bonding, allowing friends to rely on
each other during times of need.
Partnerships Romantic partnerships, including
marriage, are intimate, affectionate,
and trusting relationships based on
love, typically experienced with only
one person at a time.

Elements of Personal Relationships

. The Attachment Theory

– John Bowlby, a renowned psychoanalyst, first introduced the

psychological theory of attachment, which focuses on the impact of
separation between infants and their parents.

– Bowlby suggested that extreme infant behaviors like crying, screaming,

and clinging as evolutionary mechanisms, possibly reinforced through
natural selection, enhance a child's chances of survival during separation
or reconnecting with a parent.

– These behaviors make up what Bowlby termed an “attachment behavioral

3
 –
system,” the system that guides us in our patterns and habits of forming
and maintaining relationships.

Bowlby’s 4 Stages of Attachment

Pre-attachment (newborn-6 Newborn infants display behaviors
weeks) that attract adults, such as crying,
smiling, cooing, and eye contact,
which are a source of comfort and
stimulation for them.
Attachment in making (6 weeks- 6 Infants develop trust in their
to 8 months) mothers, relying on them for comfort
and support. They experience faster
soothing and increased smiles when
they are close to their mother.
Clear cut attachment (6 to 8 The infant's attachment to their
months- 18 months to 2 years) mother is established, leading to
separation anxiety, influenced by
their temperament and caregivers'
response and soothing.
Formation of reciprocal Language development helps
relationship (18 months- to years reduce separation anxiety in infants
+) by allowing them to understand
mother's departure and return
times. This development also fosters
a sense of security, which Bowlby
called an internal working model.

Attachment Styles
Type Caregiver Behaviors Child Behaviors
Secure - The mother’s - feel secure and
behavior is consistent happy, and are eager
and sensitive to to explore their
the needs of her child. surroundings.
- They know they could
trust their mother to be
there for
them.
- they are assured she
will return.
Anxious Avoidant - do not trust their - The mother’s
insecure mother to fulfill their behavior is disengaged
needs. from her child and
- They act indifferent to emotionally distant.
 them.
- they are assured she
will return.
Anxious Avoidant - do not trust their - The mother’s
insecure mother to fulfill their behavior is disengaged
needs. from her child and
- They act indifferent to emotionally distant.
their mother’s presence
or
absence, but are
anxious inside.
- They are not
explorative, and are
emotionally distant.
Anxious resistant - show a mixture of - The mother’s
insecure anger and helplessness behavior is
towards their mother. inconsistent. At times
- they acts passively, she is responsive and
and feel insecure. at times neglects her
- Experience has taught child.
them that they cannot
rely on
their mother.
Disorganized/Disorien - These children could - Their mothers could
ted act depressed, angry, act in varying
passive, or extremes, such as
apathetical. swaying between
passivity and
aggression or being
scared and actually
being scary.

. Attraction

– A quality or force of someone or something that tends to pull others in or

create interest in the person or thing. (Cambridge Univesity Press, 2020).
– Dr. Helen Fisher's team at Rutgers identifies romantic love into three
categories: lust, attraction, and attachment, each characterized by
specific brain hormones.

3 Stages of Falling in Love

 Lust Sexual desire is the evolutionary
basis for our need to reproduce a
shared need among all living things.
Attraction The brain pathways controlling
reward behavior play a significant
role in the excitement and
exhaustion experienced during the
initial weeks or months of a
relationship.
Attachment is the predominant factor in long-
term
relationships

Theories of Attraction

– Interpersonal attraction theories explain the conditions that lead people

to like or love each other, a two-way process involving both the attracted
person and the attractor.
– Interpersonal attraction theories primarily focus on reinforcement, which
suggests that behaviors rewarded with desirable outcomes are more
likely to be repeated.
Reinforcement-affect model of The theory suggests that individuals
attraction are attracted to people who reward
them and those they associate with
rewards, implying that individuals
learn to like others through positive
experiences.

Social exchange theory People often assess social

situations, particularly in
relationships, by comparing the
costs and benefits of initiating or
maintaining the relationship.
Equity Theory The social exchange theory
emphasizes the importance of
considering the cost and benefit
assessments of both parties
involved in a relationship.

Factors of Attraction - Social psychological research has established specific

principles for attraction that can be applied within the reward framework.
Reciprocity people tend to like others who like
them
Proximity simple physical closeness tends to
promote attraction
Mere exposure phenomenon repeated exposure to
something new tends to increase
one's liking for it
Physical attractiveness person’s physical
stereotype features are considered
aesthetically beautiful
Matching phenomenon people tend to select romantic
partners whose degree of
attractiveness is very similar to their
own.
Similarity the more similar two people are,
especially
attitudinally, the more they will like
each other

. Love and Intimacy

– Love is crucial for our well-being, yet its definition varies among
individuals, despite their personal experiences with it.
– The triangular theory of love, developed by psychologist Dr. Robert
Sternberg in the late 1980s, suggests that people can experience varying
degrees of intimacy, passion, and commitment at any given moment.
 . Commitment

– Making a commitment involves intellectually or emotionally binding

oneself to a specific action, such as dedicating oneself to a person or a
cause.

Three Variables of Commitment (Rozenberg Quarterly)

. Investment made by the couple in a relationship
. Accumulation of all rewards of the relationship
. Templation of Alternative partners

Spoilers of Commitment
. Contempt
. Criticism
. Denial of the existence of conflict

Responsibilities in a Relationships

. Be responsible for what you think and say to the other person.
. Be responsible for what you promise to do or not to do.
. Ensure the relationship is mutually beneficial.
 . Respect the other party or parties involved.
. Be ready to provide support when needed.

. 2 Social Relationships in Middle and Late Adolescence

– Social interactions over time, both positive and negative, can be

categorized into momentary interactions like parental care, dominant-
subordinate, or aggressive-fearful interactions (Psychology Dictionary,
2013).
Self concept “The organized structure of
cognitions or thoughts we
have about ourselves.”
– Delamater & Myers, 2011.
Direct appraisals involve evaluating
one's actions and experiences, while
reflective appraisals involve defining
oneself by considering others'
perceptions of oneself.
Social Intelligence Social Intelligence (SI) is the ability
to successfully build
relationships and navigate social
environments.
Your Social Brain - Goleman Spindle cells are the fastest-acting
neurons in the brain, guiding social
decisions. Mirror neurons predict
people's behavior by subconsciously
mimicking their movements, allowing
us to feel and move as they do.
When a man sees an attractive
woman, his brain releases
dopamine, causing pleasure.
Goleman's book reveals that human
minds and bodies communicate,
creating invisible bridges that can
change people's moods, emotions,
and health. Social intelligence,
unlike emotional intelligence,
focuses on the intimate connection
between two minds, focusing on
self-motivation, self-awareness,
anxiety, and detecting social cues.
Neuroscience indicates that humans
are wired to connect instantly,
 When a man sees an attractive
woman, his brain releases
dopamine, causing pleasure.
Goleman's book reveals that human
minds and bodies communicate,
creating invisible bridges that can
change people's moods, emotions,
and health. Social intelligence,
unlike emotional intelligence,
focuses on the intimate connection
between two minds, focusing on
self-motivation, self-awareness,
anxiety, and detecting social cues.
Neuroscience indicates that humans
are wired to connect instantly,
shaping emotional states,
psychological experiences, and
physiology. Interactions with others
influence immune system,
circulation, hormones, and
breathing. Theories of social
intelligence focus on cognitive
context.
High Road is a slow neurological
pathway used for analysis and
thinking, while Low Road is hidden
neural circuitry functioning at
incredible speeds, indicating social
intelligence.
Fun fact! Social intelligence is beyond the
intelligence quotient (I.Q.) and
emotional intelligence.
Person Perception “The ability to execute a process
creating a generalized description of
an individual, no matter complex his
or her personality is.”
– Asch, 1946.
Social Influence Rashotte (2018) defines change in
behavior as intentional or
unintentional alteration in one
person's perception of themselves
in relation to an influencer, others,
and society.
Herbert Kelman, suggested that Compliance - A person appears to
there are three varieties agree and follow the instructions or
of social influence, namely requirements to do, believe, or agree
 an individual, no matter complex his
or her personality is.”
– Asch, 1946.
Social Influence Rashotte (2018) defines change in
behavior as intentional or
unintentional alteration in one
person's perception of themselves
in relation to an influencer, others,
and society.
Herbert Kelman, suggested that Compliance - A person appears to
there are three varieties agree and follow the instructions or
of social influence, namely requirements to do, believe, or agree
to.
Identification - When a person is
influenced by someone he or she
likes or looks ups to, like a movie
star, a social celebrity, or a
superhero
Conformity - Influence that involves
a change in behavior, belief, or
thinking to be like other
Leadership The ability of a superior to influence
the behavior of subordinates and
persuade them to follow a particular
course of action. (Barnard 1938)
Leadership theories Trait Theory - The leader is assumed
to possess unique personality traits
such as intelligence, perseverance,
and ambition, distinguishing them
from the average person.

Traits o Adaptable to situations

Alert to social environment
Ambitious and achievement
orientated
Assertive
Cooperative
Decisive
Dependable
Dominant (desire to influence
others)
Energetic (high activity level)
Persistent
Self-confident
Tolerant of stress
Willing to assume responsibility
 the behavior of subordinates and
persuade them to follow a particular
course of action. (Barnard 1938)
Leadership theories Trait Theory - The leader is assumed
to possess unique personality traits
such as intelligence, perseverance,
and ambition, distinguishing them
from the average person.

Traits o Adaptable to situations

Alert to social environment
Ambitious and achievement
orientated
Assertive
Cooperative
Decisive
Dependable
Dominant (desire to influence
others)
Energetic (high activity level)
Persistent
Self-confident
Tolerant of stress
Willing to assume responsibility
Behavorial Theory Successful leadership is a result of
defineable and learnable behavior,
rather than being born.

Two general types of behavior

exhibited by leaders:
Concern for People
Concern for Production
Participative Theory A Participative Participative Leader
actively engages with others,
including subordinates, peers,
superiors, and other stakeholders,
rather than making autocratic
decisions.

Lewin s' Three Participatory

Leadership Styles (1939)
Autocratic
Democratic
The laissez-faire style

Lewin discovered that democratic

styles were most effective, while
 exhibited by leaders:
Concern for People
Concern for Production
Participative Theory A Participative Participative Leader
actively engages with others,
including subordinates, peers,
superiors, and other stakeholders,
rather than making autocratic
decisions.

Lewin s' Three Participatory

Leadership Styles (1939)
Autocratic
Democratic
The laissez-faire style

Lewin discovered that democratic

styles were most effective, while
excessive autocratic styles led to
revolution and Laissez-faire resulted
in less coherent work patterns and
energy exertion.
Situational Theory An effective leader's best actions
depend on various situational
factors and do not solely fit into a
single preferred style when making
decisions.

Factors Influence Situational

Leadership

Tannenbaum and Schmidt(1958)

identified three forces that led to the
leader's action:
the forces in the situation
the forces in the follower
the forces in the leader
Transactional Theory People are driven by rewards and
punishments, and social systems are
most effective when there is a clear
chain of command.

Transactional leader works through

creating clear structures
Work requirements are clear
Reward structure is clear
Punishments are not always
 the forces in the situation
the forces in the follower
the forces in the leader
Transactional Theory People are driven by rewards and
punishments, and social systems are
most effective when there is a clear
chain of command.

Transactional leader works through

creating clear structures
Work requirements are clear
Reward structure is clear
Punishments are not always
mentioned, but they are also well-
understood and formal systems of
discipline are usually in place
Negotiate the contract whereby
whereby the subordinate is given a
salary and other benefits, and the
company (and by implication the
subordinate's manager) gets
authorityover the subordinate.
Transformational Theory People are drawn to those who
inspire them, and those with vision
and passion can achieve great
things through enthusiasm and
energy.

Components of Transformational
Leadership
Develop the vision
Starts with the development of a
vision, a view of the future that will
excite and convert potential
followers followers. (This
vision may be developed by the
leader, by the senior team or may
emerge from a broad series of
discussions. The leader
must buy in completely.)
Sell the vision
Sell the vision immediately and
continually.
Create trust
Rely on personal integrity
 company (and by implication the
subordinate's manager) gets
authorityover the subordinate.
Transformational Theory People are drawn to those who
inspire them, and those with vision
and passion can achieve great
things through enthusiasm and
energy.

Components of Transformational
Leadership
Develop the vision
Starts with the development of a
vision, a view of the future that will
excite and convert potential
followers followers. (This
vision may be developed by the
leader, by the senior team or may
emerge from a broad series of
discussions. The leader
must buy in completely.)
Sell the vision
Sell the vision immediately and
continually.
Create trust
Rely on personal integrity

. 3 Family Structures and Legacies

Family “Two or more persons who share

resources, share
responsibility for decisions, share
values and goals and
have a commitment to each other
over time.”
– Medina, 2001.
Family structures Nuclear - This type of family is
comprised of a father, a mother and
their offspring/s
Step - Two families brought
together due to divorce, separation,
and remarriage.
Single parent - The parent who is
singly
responsible for the raising of a child.
The child can be by birth or
 Step - Two families brought
together due to divorce, separation,
and remarriage.
Single parent - The parent who is
singly
responsible for the raising of a child.
The child can be by birth or
adoption. They may be a single
parent by choice or by life
circumstances.
Extended - This type of family is the
nuclear family plus
relatives. Either the parents of the
husband or
the wife.
Blended - A family that consists of
members from two
(or more) previous families.
Adoptive - A family where one or
more of the children
has been adopted.
Mattering A perception that its members feel
that they are
significant.
- Elliot, 2009
A family that values love,
acceptance, and forgiveness fosters
a healthier understanding of life and
better adjustment to its
complexities. Children feel loved,
belong, and needed, recognizing
their importance and worth. The
care provided by the family
influences their growth and
character. Therefore, it is crucial for
the family to ensure children feel
valued, important, and needed,
fostering a sense of their existence
and worth.
Family Legacy A heritage passed on from parents
to the children which could social,
emotional, spiritual or even
sometimes material in nature.
- Bruner and Ledbetter, 1996
EMOTIONAL LEGACY
A healthy emotional legacy uplifts
 valued, important, and needed,
fostering a sense of their existence
and worth.
Family Legacy A heritage passed on from parents
to the children which could social,
emotional, spiritual or even
sometimes material in nature.
- Bruner and Ledbetter, 1996
EMOTIONAL LEGACY
A healthy emotional legacy uplifts
the children as they grow
SOCIAL LEGACY
A very good foundation of dealing
with people inside the
family is basic for them to have a
better social life.
MORAL LEGACY
A very good foundation of dealing
with people inside the
family is basic for them to have a
better social life.

. 1 Persons & Career

Career The sequence or a collection of jobs

held over an individual’s life
Career Development “It is the balancing of recognizing
and meeting needs of the individual
while at the same time responding
to the outer forces and realities of
life.”
– Borchet, 2002
Career Choice “ It is the result of a well thought and
balanced
decision after having considered
both personal and
external factors that may actually
take into account
for it.”

Factors that influence Career choice and Planning: Personality, Interest,

Genetics, Experiences

. 2 Career Pathways
Career Planning: Link your major & career, Identify your skills, Research career
options, Learn about yourself, Know your values

Internal External
Personality Environment
Interest Economic Demands
Genetics Media references
Experiences Parents/Family
Career Counseling
Peers

Environment The environment significantly

influences a person's career choice
as it influences their interaction with
their reality.
Economic Demands Career opportunities are influenced
by a country's economic quality and
the financial capacity of the family to
support career choices.
Media references Adolescents are increasingly
utilizing media and other information
sources to evaluate various career
options.
Parents/Family Family plays a crucial role in shaping
an individual's career choice, with
parents serving as role models in
their children's work environment.

– Bochert (2002) suggest that the parents are said to provide children with
an image or feeling of how it is to work while siblings were found to set
some initial competition or point of comparison hence helping a person
know his/her identity more.

Career Counseling: It is one of the current advancement in helping people to

prosper in their career paths and career development.

– Career counseling involves assisting individuals in making better career

decisions through workshops, classes, consultation, and prevention,
enabling them to process their thoughts and abilities.
Peers: Having a “barkada” or peers have been considered as one of the support
systems of a person.

– Peers could also serve as an individual’s mentor whom he/she can

basically rely on to help him/her through in a particular situation

Myth Fact
“ Arts / humanities majors are
usually having a
hard time finding a job after college.
“ Skills matter in every stream.
“ Making a lot of money will make
me happy. “ The ingredient in a
fulfilling career also includes passion
and commitment to grow
“ If my friend is happy in that career
I will be
happy too. “ You are not your friend
“ If I wait long enough, fate will
eventually bring
me to the right career.
“ Procrastination is no substitute for
laziness
“ Once I choose in a career I’ll be
stuck in it
forever “ You are never too old to
follow your dreams

Things to consider: Career choice based on your personality, Job availability,

Resume, Appearance and Interview

The Best Jobs for every Personality Types

Interaction with Absorption of Decision Making Organizers

the World Information
Introvert Sensors Thinkers Judgers
Extrovert Intuitive Feelers Perceivers
ESTJ Realists who are quick to make
practical decisions.
- Insurance sales agent
- Pharmacist
- Lawyer
- Project manager
- Judge
ESTP Pragmatists who love excitement
and excel in a crisis.
- Detective
- Banker
- Investor
- Entertainment agent
- Sports coach
ENTJ Natural leaders who are logical,
analytical, and good strategic
planners.
- Executive
- Lawyer
- Market research analyst
- Management / Business consultant
- Venture capitalist
ENTP Enterprising creative people who
enjoy new challenges.
- Entrepreneur
- Real estate developer
- Advertising creative director
- Marketing director
- Politician / Political consultant
ISTJ Hard workers who value their
responsibilities and commitments.
- Auditor
- Accountant
- Chief financial officer
- Web development engineer
- Government employee
ISTP Straightforward and honest people
who prefer action to conversation.
- Civil engineer
- Economist
- Pilot
- Date communications analyst
- Emergency room physician
 - Chief financial officer
- Web development engineer
- Government employee
ISTP Straightforward and honest people
who prefer action to conversation.
- Civil engineer
- Economist
- Pilot
- Date communications analyst
- Emergency room physician
INTJ Creative perfectionists who prefer to
do things their own way.
- Investment banker
- Personal financial adviser
- Soft developer
- Economist
- Executive
INTP Independent and creative problem-
solvers.
- Computer programmer / software
designer
- Financial analyst
- Architect
- College professor
- Economist
ESFJ Gregarious traditionalists motivated
to help others.
- Sales representative
- Nurse / healthcare worker
- Social worker
- PR account executive
- Loan officer
ESFP Lively and playful people who value
common sense.
- Child welfare counselor
- Primary care physician
- Actor
- Interior designer
- Environmental scientist
ENFJ People-lovers who are energetic,
articulate, and diplomatic.
- Advertising executive
- Public relatives specialist
- Corporate coach/trainer
- Sales manager
- Employment specialist / HR
 - Actor
- Interior designer
- Environmental scientist
ENFJ People-lovers who are energetic,
articulate, and diplomatic.
- Advertising executive
- Public relatives specialist
- Corporate coach/trainer
- Sales manager
- Employment specialist / HR
professional
ENFP Curious and confident creative types
who see possibilities
everywhere.
- Journalist
- Advertising creative director
- Consultant
- Restaurateur
- Event planner
ISFJ Modest and determined workers
who enjoy helping others.
- Dentist
- Elementary school teacher
- Librarian
- Franchise owner
- Customer service representive
ISFP Warm and sensitive types who like
to help people in tangible ways.
- Fashion designer
- Physical therapist
- Massage therapist
- Landscape architect
- Storekeeper
INFJ Thoughtful, creative people driven
by firm principles and personal
integrity.
- Therapist / Mental health
counselor
- Social worker
- HR diversity manager
- Organizational development
consultant
- Customer relations manager
INFP Sensitive idealist motivated by their
deeper personal values.
- Graphic designer
 - Organizational development
consultant
- Customer relations manager
INFP Sensitive idealist motivated by their
deeper personal values.
- Graphic designer
- Psychologist / Therapist
- Writer / editor
- Physical therapist
- HR development trainer

Resume: Career objectives, Contact Details, Skills, Educational Background,

Character References

Appearance & Interview: Dress to impress, Be who you are, Present good points
about yourself, Be comfortable, Be honest
Sample questions:
. What are your strengths?
. What are your weaknesses?
. Why are you interested in working for us?
. Where do you see yourself in 5 years? 10 years?
. What can you offer us that someone else can't?
. What is your dream job?
. How did you hear about this position?
. What would you accomplish in the first 30/60/90 days on the job?
. Discuss your resume.
. Discuss your educational background.
. Describe yourself.
. Tell me how you handled a difficult situation.
. Why should we hire you?

. 3 Insights into one’s Personal Development

Factors in Personal Development Important in Career Decisions: Strength and

Challenges, Preference, Passion, &Interest, Financial & Employment
Considerations, Life goals, Aptitude Skills, Personal Relationship / Peer Pressure,
Personality traits / Characteristic

Kuther & Morgan 7 factors that will help you in Career decision-making:
Critical thinking, Information Gathering Skills, Speaking and Writing Skills,
Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis, Computer Literacy, Intrapersonal
and Interpersonal Relationship, Adaptability

Randal Hansen’s 7 tips to lead you to success: Don't stop in high school,
Finalize college plans, Avoid the senior slump, Challenge yourself, Stay Involved,
Strive for balance, Set life and career goals
4 goals to accomplish according by Katherine Bradley: To be a lifelong learner,
To become Disciplined, To Develop Positive Attitudes, To know their limits

7 stressors that may affect individuals Personal Development: Peer pressures,

Geographical location, Responsibilities, School, Environmental concerns, Financial
Constrains, Health Problem

Steps in Developing your Career Plan:

Step 1: Define where you are now. What is your present situation?
Step 2: What is out there?
Step 3: Conduct Consultations
Step 4: Validate your preferences with your personal core values.
Step 5: Craft your career statement.

Prepared by: Anna Ramos STEM HA (11-Steadfast)