FIRE SAFETY AND EMERGENCY PLANS

HOW TO DEAL WITH SITUATIONS CAUSED BY

THE FIRE EXPLOSIONS?

Textile Engineering Utilities and Services [TE-3111]

Department of Textile Engineering

National Textile University, Faisalabad
 Contents

The classes of Fire Hazards related to fire and

explosions

Injury, Damage, Or Loss Types Of Fire Extinguishing

Caused By Fire Options And Materials

✓ Risk Management,
✓ Safety Planning
✓ Design Of Fire Fighting References
Systems To Prevent
Fire And Explosions
 What is fire?

❑ In order to have a fire, there must be 3 elements:

❑ Fuel -- something which will burn

❑ Heat -- enough to make the fuel burn

❑ Oxygen -- air

Usually, these three elements are expressed as a triangle, called

the Fire Triangle
 Classes of fire

❑ There are six different classes of fire and several different types of fire extinguishers.

✓ Class A - fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper or textiles.

✓ Class B - fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or oils.

✓ Class C - fires involving gases.

✓ Class D - fires involving metals.

✓ Class E - fires involving live electrical apparatus. (Technically ‘Class E’ doesn’t exist however this is used

for convenience here)

✓ Class k- fires involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat fryers.

.
 Sources of fire hazards

❑ Gas cylinders ❑ Hot surfaces

❑ Ovens and furnaces ❑ Combustible and flammable liquids

❑ Reactor ❑ Heat utilization equipment's (over heating)

❑ Welding and cutting ❑ Chemical process equipment’s

❑ Spark from metal-to-metal contact ❑ Carelessness

 Hazards related to fire and
expulsions
❑ Fire and explosion can occur when the temperature has reached the flash point of the volatile material, and
where there is sufficient vapor present in the atmosphere.

✓ Improper storage of flammable oils, greases and fluids, etc.

✓ Smoking by employees.

✓ Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment and wiring.

✓ Explosive gas leakage.

✓ Ignition of gases, vapors or combustible dusts.

✓ Inadequate of electric motors.

✓ Sparking in electric wires and equipment.

 Fire and expulsions

Injury Caused By Fire Damage Caused By Fire Loss Caused By Fire

One of the most painful injuries that one can ever experience is an injury
which caused by fire.
 Injury caused by fire and fire
❑
expulsions
Mass trauma and disasters such as explosions and fires can cause a variety of serious injuries, including burns.

✓ These can include,

✓ Thermal burns, which caused by contact with flames,

✓ Hot liquids, hot surfaces, and other sources of high heat.

✓ Chemical burns and electrical burns.

✓ Light - burns caused by intense light sources or

ultraviolet light, which includes sunlight.

 Fire and expulsions, damage
caused by fire
➢ During an industrial fire, there's an increased level of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as well

as damaging levels of chemical and thermal irritants. These irritants can permanently damage a

person's or animal's respiratory system and cause death.

➢ Carbon monoxide is the chemical result of incompletely burned fuel sources such as gasoline,

wood and oil. Early signs of carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, dizziness, weakness and

confusion. High levels of carbon monoxide can cause loss of consciousness and death.

➢ Carbon dioxide is created from chemical reactions that occur during fires. In the presence of too

much carbon dioxide, individuals often experience respiratory issues.

 Fire and expulsions, loss caused
by fire
❑ According to the most recent fire statistics from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), an

average of 37,000 fires occur at industrial and manufacturing properties every year. These incidents result

in 18 civilian deaths, 279 civilian injuries, and $1 billion in direct property damage.

❑ Businesses Operation

❑ Property & Stock Damage

❑ Data Issues

❑ Brand Reputation

❑ Environmental Damage
 Types of fire extinguishing
options and materials
➢ Depending on their intended use,

portable extinguishers store specific

"extinguishing agents," which are

expelled onto the fire.

❑ Water ❑ Ammonium Phosphate

❑ Carbon Dioxide ❑ Sodium Bicarbonate

❑ Dry Chemical ❑ Potassium Bicarbonate

 Types of fire extinguishing

❑ Five main types of fire extinguishers.

i. Water, water mist or water spray

ii. Foam

iii. Dry Powder – standard or specialist

iv. Carbon Dioxide (‘CO2’)

v. Wet Chemical

✓ This chart visualizes the fire

extinguisher types and the types of
fire for which they are suitable.
 TYPES OF FIRE EXTENGUISHERS
Which fire extinguisher types to use?
Class A fires – water, water mist, foam, dry

powder, wet chemical

Class B – water mist, foam, dry powder, CO2,

some wet chemical

Class C – water mist, dry powder

Class D – specialist dry powder

Electrical – water mist, foam, CO2

Class F – water mist, wet chemical.

 Types of fire extinguishers
Water fire extinguishers
❑ Water extinguishers are only suitable for Class A fires

consisting of paper, wood, straw, coal, rubber, solid

plastics and soft furnishings.

❑ Water extinguishers are the easiest to maintain variety

and the least hazardous, since they only contain water.

❑ They cool the fire by soaking it and the materials with

water. This extinguishes the flames, absorbing heat from

burning objects.
 Types of fire extinguishers
Water mist fire extinguishers
❑ The newest type of extinguisher. These very
powerful, but smaller, devices exude an
ultra-fine mist of microscopic ‘dry’
demineralized water particles.

❑ They work by cooling the fire and reducing

the oxygen supply.

❑ Water mist extinguishers are more expensive

than water extinguishers, costing from
around £50 for 1 liter to £100 for 6 liters.

❑ They cannot be used on Class D fires

(metals).
 Types of fire extinguishers
Water spray fire
➢ Available in three and six litres extinguishers
water spray fire

extinguishers are suitable to fires involving organic solid

materials such as wood, cloth, paper, plastics or coal.

➢ Use involves pointing the jet at the base of the flames and

moving it constantly and steadily across the fire until

extinguished.

➢ A jet nozzle is eschewed in favor of a spray nozzle, which

creates a fine spray courtesy of the higher pressure. Hitting

a broader surface area this extracts heat more rapidly.

 Types of fire extinguishers
foam extinguishers
❑ The foam smothers the fire in solids and liquids

(Class A and B), but not in burning fats or cooking

oils (Class F).

❑ They can be used on some electrical fires if they

have been tested and if fired from 1 meter away.

❑ However, they leave a residue that has to be

cleaned up, and they are more expensive than water

extinguishers, at around £25 for 1 liter and £55 for

9 liters.
 Types of fire extinguishers
Dry powder extinguisher
❑ These are suitable for fighting burning solids,

liquids and gases (Class A, B and C fires).

❑ Specialist powder extinguishers are designed to

tackle type D fires involving combustible

metals such as lithium, magnesium, or

aluminum.

❑ They work by the powder forming a crust

which smothers the fire and stops it from

spreading.
 Types of fire extinguishers
CO2 extinguisher
❑ These contain only pressurized carbon dioxide

gas and therefore leave no residue.

❑ They are suitable for use on fires involving

burning liquids (Class B), and electrical fires,

such as of large computer equipment, so are

practical in offices.

❑ CO2 works by suffocating the fire and does not

cause damage to the electrical items or cause the

system to short circuit.

 Types of fire extinguishers
Wet chemical extinguisher
❑ These are the only extinguishers apart from water mist suitable for Class

F fires (fats and cooking oils) and are mainly used in kitchens with deep

fat fryers.

❑ They can also be used on Class A, and some can be used on Class B fires.

❑ They consist of a pressurized solution of alkali salts in water, which,

when operated, creates a fine mist, cooling the flames and preventing

splashing.

❑ More expensive than some others, they cost around £35 for 2-litre, £70

for 3-litre and £110 for 6-litre sizes.

 Risk management
safety planning
❑ Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing and controlling

threats to an organization's capital and earnings. These threats, or risks,

could stem from a wide variety of sources, including financial

uncertainty, legal liabilities, strategic management errors, accidents and

natural disasters.

❑ A fire safety plan is a detailed document that covers all aspects of fire

safety for a specific building or property. The plan will outline: A safe and

orderly way for occupants to evacuate the building. Proper maintenance

and housekeeping required to prevent fires

 Design Of Fire Fighting Systems To
Prevent
Fire
❑ Avoiding or controlling sources of ignition;
And Explosions
➢Safe means of egress from the mine;

❑ Minimize the number of flammable materials below ➢Routes to any safe havens;

ground other than ➢Evacuation procedures;

❑ items intended for storage; ➢The organizational arrangements required to implement

❑ Detecting fires and giving warning in the event of fire-fighting measures and set the roles and

fire; responsibilities of those who have duties under it;

❑ Minimizing the spread of fire, smoke, fumes or toxic ➢Emergency arrangements, including where appropriate

gases; the procedures for contacting the mines rescue service

❑ The actions to be taken on discovering a fire. and, in the event of a fire on the surface, other emergency

services.