Animal Tissues
• A group of animal cells that work together to
perform specific functions in an animal's body.
• B. Four general categories of animal tissue
– 1. epithelial
– 2. muscle
– 3. nerve
– 4. connective
I. Epithelial tissue: also known as epithelium, covers
the skin and lines body cavities and tracts. It protects,
absorbs, secretes, and senses.
1. found on a body surface
either internal or external
2. tightly packed cells
3. free border or free
surface
4. rest on a basement
membrane
5. nonvascular
Naming or classifying epithelial tissue
1. First Name
a. Simple
b. Stratified
c. Pseudostratified
2. Second name
a. Cuboidal
b. Squamous
c. Columnar
II. Muscle tissue
highly cellular tissue that contains contractile cells that can shorten
to produce movement.
General traits
• Contractility: Muscle tissue can contract.
• Extensibility: Muscle tissue can extend.
• Elasticity: Muscle tissue can be elastic.
• Atrophy: Muscle tissue can atrophy.
• Hypertrophy: Muscle tissue can
hypertrophy.
B. Types of muscle tissue
• 1. skeletal muscle
– a. multinucleate
– b. voluntary
– c. striated
2. Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of hollow organs like the liver, pancreas, and intestines, this
tissue is spindle-shaped and under involuntary control.
• a. Involuntary
• b. Visceral
• c. structure
3. Cardiac muscle-mixture of two
Found in the heart, this tissue is striated and under
involuntary control.
• a. One nucleus/cell
• b. Autorhythmic
• c. Striated
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• d. Intercalated disc
III. Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue controls body functions and activity, including
stimulating muscle contraction, creating an awareness of the
environment, and playing a major role in emotions, memory, and
reasoning.
• General Traits
– 1. Irritable
– 2. Conductive
B. Two cell types
• 1. neurons
– a. Cell body
– b. Axon
– c. Dendrite
2. Glia cells
(caretakers)
IV. Connective Tissues
Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance. It supports,
protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. It also helps
move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organ and helps repair
damaged tissue.
Common traits
– 1. possess fibers
– 2. widely scattered cells
– 3. ground tissue (matrix)
•Loose connective tissue: Made up of
collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers, this
tissue holds organs in place.
•Dense connective tissue: Made up of a higher
density of collagen fibers, this tissue forms
tendons and ligaments.
Specialized connective tissue: Includes
adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and
A. Areolar Connective Tissue-loose irregular
Made up of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers and this type of
connective tissue holds organs, tissues, and anatomic structures in place.
B. Tendon-dense regular
Tendons are made of dense regular connective tissue and connect muscles to
bones. They have great tensile strength and are generally resistant to extension
but are still flexible.
It is made up of
dense collagen
fibers that are
packed closely
together in
parallel bundles.
C. Cartilage
There are different types of cartilage, including elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage,
and hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage is found in the ears and larynx, while
fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs. Hyaline cartilage is found in movable
joints like the knee and shoulder.
D. Bone
Bone tissue is a specialized connective tissue that gives
structure and strength to bones
•Compact tissue: The hard,
outer layer of bone
•Cancellous tissue: The
spongy, inner layer of bone
that contains red marrow.
Subchondral tissue: The
smooth tissue at the ends of
bones, covered with cartilage
E. Blood
Blood is a connective tissue and a fluid and is made up of
cells and plasma. It contains RBC, WBC and platelets.
•Transportation: Blood carries oxygen and
nutrients to cells, and carbon dioxide and
waste products away from cells.
Regulation: Blood helps maintain internal
body temperature.
Protection: White blood cells fight
infection.
Clotting: Platelets help blood clot at the
site of injury.
F. Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue, also known as body fat, is a connective tissue
that stores energy, insulates the body, and cushions internal
organs. It's made up of fat cells called adipocytes, which store
triglycerides as lipid droplets. Adipose tissue is found
throughout the body.
•Subcutaneous fat: Located under the skin
•Visceral fat: Located between internal organs
Bone marrow adipose tissue: Located in the inner
cavities of bones
V. Membranes tissue
• A. Cutaneous
• B. Mucous
– 1. contain glands
– 2. open to outside
C. Serous
1. occur in paired sheets
2. don’t open to outside
3. no glandular tissue
